Introduction

Building Structure and System

 What does “construct” and
“construction” mean?
Construct
• To create, put together, assemble something.
• To build an object.

• To make something by combining materials or

thoughts/ideas.

Construction

• The process of constructing or building and other

structure.
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 What is “Construction Economics”
and why it is needed?
• Is the economics for construction.

• Is about managing costs and process – from project initiation to completion.

• Ensuring practical and sustainable financial decisions are made throughout the
project.

• It refers to practicing economical solutions while not sacrificing the benefits or

comfort one can obtained from that particular project.

• It is the process of achieving best of quality in least possible time with best
possible lowest cost.
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What do the following buildings
have in common?
• Commercial offices
• Once the world’s tallest buildings (1998 to 2004)
• 88 storey high (+5 basement floors)
• Costs RM5 Bil

• A shopping mall
• One of Malaysia's largest retail mall
• Has 4.5 million square feet of total floor area
• Costs RM1.5 Bil

• Malaysia's largest international airport

• Located 50km south of KL
• Voted as the World's Best Airport (15-25 mil passengers per
annum) from 2005 to 2007.
• Costs RM8.5 Bil 5
What do the following buildings
have in common?
Budget Measure
Procure

Idea
Finance

Maintain Construct
Manage

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 Construction
• Construction is one of the booming industries in the world especially in the developing
countries.
• Is mainly an urban based which is concerned with preparation as well as construction
of real estate.
• This includes repairing any existing building or making certain alterations to the
building.
• Three major parts:
• General construction
• Involve building of real estate for residential, commercial, township project.

• Specialty trades group

• Involve specialised works, i.e. brick layers, floor installers, carpenters electric related works, etc.

• Civil engineering
• Specialised in building roads, bridges, tunnels and other infrastructure. 7
General overview of the construction
industry
• Construction is an important sector of the MALAYSI
A
economy that contributes to the overall GDP.
• Construction is a complex sector of the
economy,
• covers a wide range of products, services
and activities
• which involves a broad range of
stakeholders and;
• has wide ranging linkages with other areas
of activity such as manufacturing and the
use of materials, energy, finance, labour and
equipment.
• It deals with all economic activities directed to the creation,
renovation, repair or extension of fixed assets in the form of 8

buildings and land improvements.

 The importance of construction
industry
• Fix asset – land – an important factor of production

• Generate employment - construction industry contributes significantly in terms

of scale and share in the development process

• It establishes the infrastructure and real estate development required socio-

economic development and contributed to the nation wealth.

• Forward and backward linkages – chain of other related industries and process.
The rapid expansion of infrastructure by both government and the private sector
has triggered off construction activities and fuelled demand in many key sectors
like cement, steel, paints and chemicals, glass, timber and earth moving
equipment and machinery.

• The construction products provides the necessary public infrastructure and

private physical structures for many productive activities such as services,
commerce, utilities and other industries
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Players in the construction industry
• The construction industry is large, complex and diverse and covers a wide range
of business interests and activities.

• The construction industry is comprised of:

• clients (including house-builders and property developers who determine

what should be built and where);

• designers (who decide on the detail of what should be built, ie. architect,
engineers, planners, land surveyor, quantity surveyor, etc.);

• materials and components suppliers (who extract and/or manufacture

materials and components); and

• contractors (who build the building).

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Players in the construction industry
• Suppliers of basic materials

• Machinery producers

• Manufacturer of building components

• Contractors who bring together components and materials

• Project managers and surveyors

• Developers, architects and engineers

• Property managers and facility managers

• Providers of goods and services, delivery, transportation, demolition, disposal

etc.
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Cycle process of building construction

❖ The main stages are:

1: Planning
2: Design
3: Tendering
4: Construction Process
5: Handover
6: Evaluation
Major project phases in the construction industry
• The major phases in the project cycle that are common to most design
and construction projects are :
• Project Planning
• Design
• Schematic Design

• Design Development

• Contract Documents

• Construction Procurement (Bidding Phase)

• Construction
• Occupancy 12

• Manage and Maintain

Why do we need buildings?
❖ We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow.
❖ We need dry, level platforms for our activities.
❖ we need to stack these platforms to multiply available ground
space.
❖ On these platforms, and within our shelter, we need air that is
warmer or cooler, more or less humid, than outdoors.
❖ We need less light by day, and more light by night, than is
offered by the natural world.
❖ We need services that provide energy, communications and
water and disposal of wastes.
❖ So we gather materials and assemble them into the
constructions we call buildings to satisfy these needs.
 What is building structure?
• A building consists of many components and
complex systems.
• Building components can be categorised into
two main group: Substructure and
superstructure.
• Structural system bears weights or loads that
are act upon from many direction.
 Building Loads (Beban)
• Structure of a building is constructed to be
strong enough to support all types of loads.
• Type of building loads;
– Dead Loads (Beban Mati)
– Live Loads (Beban hidup)
– Wind Loads (Beban Angin)
 Elements create building loading
❖ Various loads are taken into account while designing the
foundation of a structure loads coming on a structure are:
❖ Two broad categories:
- Dead loads
- Live loads

❖ Specific terms for dead loads and live loads:

-Concentrated load
- Distributed load
- Design load
- Undesigned load
-Fire load
 Imposition of Loads
❖ Loads must be transmitted to structural elements
❖ Terms associated with imposition:
– Axial load
– Eccentric load
– Torsion load
 Structural
Elements
❖ Buildings are an assembly of structural elements designed to
transfer loads to the earth
❖ Can be defined simply as:
– Beams
– Columns
– Walls
– Connections
 Beam
s
❖ Transfers loads perpendicular to its length
❖ Types of beams:
– Simple beam
– Continuous beam
– Cantilever beam
– Lintel
– Girder
– Joist
– Truss and Purlin
 Column
s
❖ Any structural component that transmits a compressive force
parallel through its center
❖ Typically support beams and other columns
❖ Generally vertical supports of building
❖ Can be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal
 Walls
❖ Really long, but slender, column
❖ Two categories:
– Load-bearing walls
• Carries weight of beams, other walls, floors, roofs, other
structural elements
• Also carries weight of the wall itself
– Non-load-bearing walls
• Need only support its own weight
• Example: partition wall between two stores in a strip
mall
 Connections
❖ Weak link as it relates to structural failure during fires
– Often small, low-mass material that lacks capacity to
absorb heat
❖ Three categories:
– Pinned
– Rigid
– Gravity
 Basic building components

Substructer
SUPER
STURCTURE Foundation
Plinth
D.P.C
Walls and colums
Floors
Beams
Roofs and slabs
Lintels and Aechers
Doors and Window
Chajjas
Parapet
Steps and Stairs
Cupboard and Shelves
Example: Dead Loads
Example: Live Loads
 Types of superstructure systems
• It can be constructed in two main systems;
– Load-Bearing Wall system
– Column and Beam System
Bearing Wall System
Column and Beam System
 Foundation
Foundation
The lowest part of a building or other
construction, partly or wholly below the
surface of the ground, It is designed to support
and secure the superstructure and transmit its
weights directly to the earth.
Shallow foundation (Raft, Strip & Pad)
transfer the load to the earth at the base of
column or wall of the substructure
Deep foundation (Piled)
Piles are used to penetrate through upper
layers of incompetent soil in order to transfer
the load to competent load bearing soil or
rock deeper within the earth
building construction
Pad Foundation
Suitable for most subsoil except loose sands,
loose gravels and filled areas. Pad foundations
are usually constructed of reinforced concrete
and usually square in plan
Strip Foundation
Suitable for most subsoil and light structural
loadings such as those encountered in low to
medium rise domestic dwellings where mass
concrete can be used. Reinforced concrete is
usually required.
Raft Foundation
These are used to spread the load of the
superstructure overall large base to reduce the
load per unit area being imposed on the ground
and this is particularly useful where low bearing
capacity soils are encountered and where single
column loads are heavy
Piled Foundation
This is the type of foundation used at the site. The
reason why this foundation is chosen is because
the site is located near to sea where the soil
condition is loose. So, a series of columns are
inserted into the ground to transmit the load(s)
of the structure to a stable load bearing subsoil
 Slab building construction
Concrete Slab

Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced

to span either one or both directions of a structural bay. Reinforce rebar

Damp proof membrane

Concrete slab
Sequence of constructing a concrete slab

Sand and Gravel

Prepare the ground

Fix the formwork

Ground soil
Install service pipe

Fix the reinforcement bar

Place and compact concrete

Finish the slab surface

Cure the concrete slab

Before curing the concrete slab After curing the concrete slab
 Column building construction

Type of columns
The column that is applied in our site is
concrete column.

Concrete Column

Columns are rigid, relatively slender

structural members designed primarily to
support axial compressive loads applied to the
ends of the members. The concrete column Steel column
that is built in our site was built along with
the concrete beam and slab.

Concrete column construction process

Concrete column

Fix the Fix the formwork Pour concrete, wait

reinforcement for it to be cured Concrete column
for the concrete
bar for the then remove the section
column
concrete column formwork
Wood/Timber column
 Beam building construction

Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and

transfer transverse loads across space to supporting
elements. The non-concurrent pattern of forces subjects a
beam to bending and deflection, which must be resisted by the
internal strength of the material. The beam, column and slab
that is in our site is constructed together. It is a continuous
casting of concrete column, beam and slab.

Concrete Beam
Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together
with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting
applied forces. Cast-in-place concrete beams are almost
always formed and placed along with the slab they
support. Because a portion of the slab acts as an integral
part of the beam, the depth of the beam is measured to he
top of the slab.

Concrete column
Reinforcing bars
extend into and down
column support for
structural
continuity and to
develop the required Reinforcement bar
embedment length Concrete beam
for anchorage section
Wall building construction

Walls are often used to

support loads, to insulate the
building and to work as a
climatic enclosure, protecting
the building from sun, wind and
rain.
On-site clay brick walls
Walls can be load bearing,
supporting the floor and roofs
or non-load bearing. However,
they always separate a place
from another, working like
filters in space. Their qualities
affect the space they create.

There are different types of

walls made from different
materials, according to the
requirements of the context
and the client’s wishes. A wall
can be a solid wall that carries
its loads in compression
throughout its length and so it
requires supporting beams or a
continuous foundation.

on-site concrete brick walls

Staircase building construction

A staircase is a construction
designed to link a large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances which is called
steps. It allows easy movement
between the different levels of a
design.

Aspect that should be considered

when designing a staircase is the
placement of stairs, ease of
travel and most importantly the
safety. Also, The design of a
staircase should take proper
consideration of the width,
landings, handrails, guardrails,
treads, risers and nosing which
are the requirements of a
staircase.

On-site concrete staircase

Door building construction

Door Definition Sliding Door

A door is an opening or A sliding door is a type of door

closing structure used to which opens horizontally by sliding,
block off an entrance, whereby the door is either mounted
typically consisting of an on or suspended from a track.
interior side that faces the
inside of a space and an
exterior side that faces the
outside of that space.

Single glazing

Weather-strip

Glazing bread

Multi-chambered sash

Easy-to-fit runner

Running track

Thermal break

Mainframe
Window building construction

Windows Definition Types of Windows

- an opening in a wall, door, roof that allows the 1. Top Hung Window
passage of light, air and sound. An awning window is a casement
window that is hung horizontally,
- Modern windows are usually glazed or covered hinged on top.
by transparent or translucent materials, which
held in place by frames.
1. Side Hung Window
- Many glazed windows can be opened, to allow A window with a hinged sash that
ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement swings in or out like a door
weather. comprising.

- Windows often have a latch or similar mechanism

to lock the window shut. 1. Fixed Window
A window that cannot be opened,
whose function is limited to
allowing light to enter.

1. Bay Window
A multi-panel window, with at least
three panels set at different
angles to create a protrusion from
the wall line.

1. Tilt and Turn Window

A tilt and turn window can both tilt
inwards at the top or open inwards
from hinges at the side.
Roof building construction

Roof Definition

- part of a building envelope, both the covering on

the uppermost part of a building or shelter which
provides protection from animals and weather,
notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight

- There are several types of roof such as gable

roof, hipped roof, gambrel roof, flat roof,
mansard roof, shed roof etc.

- The shape of roofs differs greatly from region

to region. The main factors which influence the
shape of roofs are the climate and the materials
available for roof structure and the outer
covering.
Function of roof

1. Insulation – Heat transfer through three ways which are

convection, conduction and radiation. In order to prevent heat
to transfer into the house, roof is needed as an insulator to
prevent heat from flowing into the house directly. Materials
such as sisalation also being used to reflect the heat energy
Gambrel roof that transfer through convection/conduction/radiation.
Fibre glass were also add underneath the roof tiles for
insulation.
Mansard roof
Gable roof
2. Drainage - The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The
Hipped roof large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be
directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage
or inconvenience.

Flat roof
Shed roof
 Summary building construction

2. Piling
1. Excavation 3. Ground Beam
Piling Driver
Pile Cap Formwork On Ground
Excavator Beam

6. Ground 5. Formwork Of
Floor Slab Ground Floor 4. Backfilling
Completed Slab Starter
Bar

Tied Up Pile
Tip

Scaffolding
Roof Beam
10.
Stiffener
Bricklaying 9. First Floor
7. Formwork Of 8. First Floor Slab Completed
First Floor Beam Completed & Formwork Of
Beam & Formwork Of Staircase &
First Floor Slab Roof Beam.
Staircas
e
Window and
Door
Building Construction Process