HIDROLOGY &

HYDRAULICS
geometry

synopsis
depth

types
flow

intro

PAT202
norhaizura@unimap.edu.my
 UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

 Types and geometry of open channels.

geometry

 Types of flow in open channels

synopsis
depth

types
flow

intro

 Normal depth in open channels

CO2 : Complexity Level = C4 (Analysis)

 CHAPTER OUTLINE

01
INTRODUCTION 03
IDENTIFY GEOMETRY OF
OPEN CHANNELS

04
ANALYSE STEADY, UNIFORM FLOW
IN OPEN CHANNELS
02
IDENTIFY TYPES OF
OPEN CHANNELS
05
ANALYSE NORMAL DEPTH
IN OPEN CHANNELS
 INTRODUCTION
An open channel :
The stream not completely enclosed by solid
boundaries
geometry

synopsis
It has free surface subjected only to
depth

types
flow

intro
atmospheric pressure (boundary exposed to the
atmospheric)
Referred as free-surface flow or gravity flow
Example of open channel
Drainage conduit
Canals
Rivers
 Comparison between open channel flow and pipe flow
Aspect Open Channel Pipe flow
Cause of flow Gravity force (provided by Pipes run full and flow takes
sloping bottom) place under hydraulic pressure.
Cross- Open channels may have Pipes are generally round in
sectional any shape, e.g., triangular, cross-section which is uniform
geometry

synopsis
shape rectangular, trapezoidal, along length
depth

parabolic or circular etc

types
flow

intro
Surface Varies with depth of flow Varies with type of pipe material
roughness
Piezometric (z+h), where h is depth of (z+P/) where P is the pressure
head channel in
pipe
Velocity Maximum velocity occurs at The velocity distribution is
distribution a little distance below the symmetrical about the pipe axis.
water surface. The shape of Maximum velocity occurs at the
the velocity profile is pipe centre and velocity at pipe
dependent on the channel walls reduced to zero.
roughness.
 IDENTIFY TYPES OF CHANNELS
Natural Channels: It is one with irregular
sections of varying shapes, developing in
natural way. .e.g., rivers, streams etc
 Artificial Channels: It is the one built
geometry

synopsis
artificially for carrying water for various
depth

types
intro
flow

purposes. e.g., canals, drain,

 Prismatic Channels: A channel with constant
bed slope and cross-section along its length.
 Open Channel: A channel without any cover
at the top. e.g., canals, rivers, streams etc
 Covered Channels: A channel having cover at
the top. e.g., partially filled conduits carrying
water; box culvert, round culvert
 cont.
Identify Types Of Channels
Example of channels:
Artificial Prismatic
Channels Channels

Natural
Channels
geometry

synopsis
depth

types
Open

intro
flow

Channels
Covered
Channels
 depth
flow

geometry
IDENTIFY GEOMETRY OF OPEN CHANNELS

types
intro
synopsis
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
depth

intro
flow

types
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
y : depth of flow T : top width B : bottom channel
width
z : side slope So : channel bottom v : average flow
H:V z=H if V=1 slope density

geometry

synopsis
Fr : Froude number Re : Reynold L : length of channel
depth

intro
flow

types
number
Q : flow rates , Q = A : area of the flow P : wetted perimeter
AV
R: hydraulic radius at D : hydraulics water V : volume
cross section depth
ν : velocity E : specific energy ∆z : weir height
 : flow temperature q = discharge over
width (m)
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels

Type of AREA, A TOP WIDTH, T WETTED PERIMETER, P

channel
RECTANGULAR

geometry

synopsis
depth

TRIANGULAR 𝟐

intro
flow

types
𝟐

TRAPEZOIDAL 𝟐

Where
Hydraulic Radius,

Hydraulic Depth,
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
depth

intro
flow

types
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Design of Open Channels
Effective / Best Hydraulic Section (BHS)
BHS is not necessarily the most economic section.

geometry

synopsis
In practice, the following factors must be considered:
depth

intro
flow

types
The flow area does not include freeboard,
therefore is not the total area to be excavated
It may not be possible to excavate a stable BHS in
the available natural material
For lined channels, cost of lining may be
comparable to excavation cost
Other factors such as the ease access to the site
and cost of disposing removed material
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Geometric Elements of Effective /
Best Hydraulic Sections (BSH)
Type of AREA, WETTED HYDRAULIC TOP WIDTH, T
channel A PERIMETER, RADIUS, R
P

geometry

synopsis
RECTANGULAR 𝟐
depth

intro
flow

types
TRIANGULAR 𝟐

TRAPEZOIDAL T
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞,
𝟐

𝟒 𝟑𝐲
(If z = 1/ 3)
𝟑
SEMI CIRCLE 𝟐
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Geometric Elements of Effective / Best hydraulic Sections for
Rectangular ( )

geometry

synopsis
depth

intro
flow

types
For Effective / Best Hydraulic Section
2=0
Hence;
A = 2y2
B = 2y
P = 4y
R = y/2
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Geometric Elements of Effective / Best hydraulic Sections for
Triangular ( )

2 1/2

2y √1+z2

geometry

synopsis
1/2 √1+z2 or P2= = 4A z+
depth

intro
flow

types
For Effective / Best Hydraulic Section
2P =0
z = 1.0
Hence;
A = y2
P = 2 √2 y
R = √2 y/4
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Geometric Elements of Effective / Best hydraulic Sections for
Trapezoidal ( )

2y √1+z2 - zy + 2y √1+z2

geometry

synopsis
depth

For Effective / Best Hydraulic Section

intro
flow

types
=− + 2√1+z2 – z = 0
(B+zy) = (2 √1+z2) y = − 𝑦=0
B = 2y √1+z2 – 2zy 2z = √1+z2
T= B+2zy, therefore T = 2y √1+z2 z = 1/√3 or θ=tan-1 (1/z) = 600
R= or R= y/2
√ z2 Hence, A= √3 y2
P=2 √3 y
T= B+2zy, therefore T = 2y √1+z2
T=4y √3/3 in practical;
R=y/2
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
Geometric Elements of Effective / Best hydraulic Sections

geometry

synopsis
depth

intro
flow

types
 cont.
Identify Geometry Of Open Channels
SOLUTION IN OPEN CHANNEL
• Conveyor Factor
From eq

We obtain ;

geometry

synopsis
depth

intro
flow

types
For Chezy

For Manning
 Example 1
3
Water amount of 4.5m /s is required to flow in
rectangular channel with Manning roughness
coefficient of 0.013 and bed slope of 0.0005.

geometry

synopsis
Determine the normal depth and width of the
depth

intro
flow

types
channel if the effective hydraulic section is
required.

Solution
Best Effective
Section
Rectangular
 Example 2
Water amount of 8.2m3/s is required to flow in
triangular channel with Manning roughness
coefficient of 0.013 and bed slope of 0.0005.
Determine the normal depth and top width of the

geometry

synopsis
depth

channel if the effective hydraulic section is

intro
flow

types
required.

Solution
Best Effective
Section
Triangular
 Exercise 1

A trapezoidal channel has a bed width of 1.8 m,

side slopes of 2:1, bed slope of 0.00022 and
Manning roughness coefficient of 0.015. The

geometry

synopsis
channel has a normal depth of 1.42m. Determine
depth

intro
flow

types
the flow rate in the channel.

Solution

Geometry
Section
Trapezoidal
 TYPES OF FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

Uniform/Non – Uniform flow

Steady/Un-Steady flow

geometry

synopsis
Laminar/Turbulent Flow

types
depth

intro
flow
Compressible/in - compressible flow
Viscous/nonviscous flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

TYPES OF FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL

geometry

synopsis
According to According to SPATIAL

types
depth

TEMPORAL

intro
flow
TIME SPACE

STEADY UNSTEADY UNIFORM NON-UNIFORM

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≠0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≠0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Gradually Rapid Rapidly Varied

Flow (GVF) Flow (RVF)
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels
Flow Classifications
1) Depending on the Reynolds number, Re
 Laminar Flow (if Re < 500): very slow
and shallow flowing water in very

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
smooth open channels.
 Turbulent Flow (if Re > 1000): ordinary
flow in ordinary open channels.
 Transition Flow (if 500 < Re < 1000)
V = average channel velocity
L = length of channel
v = kinematic viscosity of fluid
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels
Flow Classifications
2) Depending on Froude number, Fr
 Fr = 1 : Critical Flow

geometry

synopsis
 Fr < 1 : Subcritical Flow – slow flowing

types
depth

intro
flow
water
 Fr > 1 : Supercritical Flow – fast
flowing water
V = average channel velocity
g = gravity acceleration
D = hydraulics water depth
 cont.
Steady flow Types of Flow in Open Channels

A steady flow is one in which all conditions at any point

in a stream remain constant with respect to time.
A steady flow is the one in which the quantity of liquid
flowing per second through any section, is constant.

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
This is the definition for the ideal case. True steady flow
is present only in Laminar flow. In turbulent flow, there are
continual fluctuations in velocity. Pressure also fluctuate at
every point. But if this rate of change of pressure and
velocity are equal on both sides of a constant average
value, the flow is steady flow. The exact term use for this
is mean steady flow.
Steady flow may be uniform or non-uniform.
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels
Uniform flow
A truly uniform flow is one in which the velocity is
same at a given instant at every point in the fluid.

geometry

synopsis
This definition holds for the ideal case. Whereas in

types
depth

intro
flow
real fluids velocity varies across the section.

But when the size and shape of cross section are

constant along the length of channels under
consideration, the flow is said to be uniform.
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

Non-uniform flow
A non-uniform flow is one in which
velocity is not constant at a given instant

geometry

synopsis
at every point in the fluid.

types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Unsteady flow Types of Flow in Open Channels
A flow in which quantity of liquid flowing per second is
not constant, is called unsteady flow.
Unsteady flow is a transient phenomenon. It may be in
time become steady or zero flow. For example when a

geometry

synopsis
valve is closed at the discharge end of the pipeline. Thus,

types
depth

intro
flow
causing the velocity in the pipeline to decrease to zero. In
the meantime, there will be fluctuations in both velocity
and pressure within the pipe.
Unsteady flow may also include periodic motion such as
that of waves of beaches. The difference between these
cases and mean steady flow is that there is so much
deviation from the mean. And the time scale is also much
longer.
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

Steady Flow – flow, depth and velocity may differ from

point to point but remain constant over time

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
Unsteady Flow – flow, depth, and velocity is a function
of time
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

Uniform Flow – occurs in prismatic channels when

flow depths are equal no change in velocity within
the channel: Q, y, A, S are all constant

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
Non-uniform Flow – velocity is not the same at every
point
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels
UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
Uniform flow is an equilibrium condition that flow tends
to if the channel :
a) constant slope

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

b) constant cross section

intro
flow
c) constant roughness
d) depth, water area, velocity and discharge at every
section of channel are constant
e) channel bed, water surface and energy line are
parallel, So = Sw = S
f) y1 = y2 , V1 = V2
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

TURBULENT

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
LAMINAR
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 cont.
Types of Flow in Open Channels

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
 NORMAL DEPTH IN OPEN CHANNELS

 Flow depth is the depth of flow at a cross-section

measured from the channel bottom.

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
y
 cont.
Normal Depth In Open Channels

Elevation of the channel bottom is the

elevation at a cross-section measured
from a reference datum (typically MSL).

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
y

z
Datum
 cont.
Normal Depth In Open Channels

Slope of the channel bottom, So, is called

the topographic slope, channel slope or
bed slope.

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
y

z So
Datum 1
 cont.
Normal Depth In Open Channels

Slope of the water surface is the slope of the

HGL, or slope of WSE (water surface
elevation).

geometry

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
HGL

Swse
y 1

z So
Datum 1
 cont.
Normal Depth In Open Channels

Slope of the energy grade line (EGL) is called the

energy or friction slope.

geometry
EGL

synopsis
types
depth

intro
flow
HGL Sf
V2/2g
1

Q=VA
Swse
y 1

z So
Datum 1
 cont.
Normal Depth In Open Channels

Critical Section (In uniform and non-uniform flow)

1) If So < Sc, y > yc : Subcritical flow
2) If So = Sc, y = yc : Critical flow

geometry

synopsis
3) If So > Sc, y < yc : Supercritical flow

types
depth

intro
flow
THANKS FOR WATCHING