• Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model

• OSI Model

5 networks Single LAN network Single LAN network

Physical + logical Physical (MAC) Physical (MAC)
MAC + IP addresses address only address only

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.1 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.

Note electromagnetic signal

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.2 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
1. Physical
W Layer.
 Coordinates
W the functions required to carry a bit stream
over a physical medium.
R
Wepresentation of bits (encoding).
 ItWdefines the procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission
to occur.
P
Whysical characteristics of interfaces and medium
(interface and transmission medium type).

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.3 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
1. Physical
W Layer.
 ItW
deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications
of the interface and transmission medium.
D
Wata rate (bps).
S
Wynchronization of bits (sender and receiver should
use the same bit and synchronized at bit level
clock).

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.4 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
1. Physical
W Layer.
 ItW
deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications
of the interface and transmission medium.
D
Wata rate (bps).
S
Wynchronization of bits (sender and receiver should
use the same bit and synchronized at bit level
clock).
 LWine configuration (point-to-point, multipoint).
P Whysical topology (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid,..).
 TWransmission mode (simplex, half-duplex, full duplex).

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.5 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
1. Physical
W Layer.
 The
W protocols in this layer are link dependent and
further depend on the actual transmission medium of
the link.
 FWor example: Twisted-pair copper wire or single-mode
fiber options, or wireless..

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.6 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
1. Physical
W Layer.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.7 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.8 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
2. Data
W Link Layer.
 Framing:
W divides the packets received from the network
layer into manageable data unit called frames.
 Physical
W addressing: adds header to the frame to define
sender and receiver address.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.9 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
2. Data
W Link Layer.
 ItWtransforms the physical layer, that is a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link.
 FWlow control: to be sure that data sent is absorbed by the
receiver.
 ItWmakes the physical layer appears error-free to the
upper layer (network layer).
E
Wrror control: adds reliability by adding mechanism to
detect and retransmit damaged or lost frame

 Provides
W hop-to-hop delivery. Deliver the frames in the
same network (link).
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.10 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Source

Destination

Device A wants to communicate with Device F.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.11 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Source
A switch is a
data link
layer Destination

Device A broadcasts packet in link 1

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.12 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Source

Destination

Data link in device A communicates with the data link in device B.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.13 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Frame

header data

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.14 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Destination Link
C Link 2
F ?

Frame

A F

data
Destination
address
source
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan address Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.15 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Destination Link
D Link 2
F ?
A Link 1

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.16 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Destination Link
F Link 5

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.17 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.18 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.19 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
2. Data
W Link Layer.
 The
W delivery services depend on the specific link layer
protocol that is employed over the link, namely, they are
link dependent.

 FWor example: Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.20 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
2. Data
W Link Layer.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.21 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.22 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
3. Network
W Layer [source-to-destination delivery].
 IsWresponsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a
packet, possibly across multiple networks (links).
 TWhe network layer ensures that each packet gets from its
point of origin to its final destination.
R
Wouting: When independent networks or links are
connected together to create an internetwork (a network of
networks) or a large network, the connecting devices
(called routers or gateways) route or switch the packets to
their final destination.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.23 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

A router is a
network layer
device

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.24 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

A router is a
network layer
device

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.25 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Frame

A B

source Dest. data payload

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.26 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Packet
A F

source Dest. data

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.27 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.28 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer
̅ inWthe OSI model.
3. Network
W Layer [source-to-destination delivery].
 IsWresponsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a
packet, possibly across multiple networks (links).
 TWhe network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point
of origin to its final destination.
R
Wouting: When independent networks or links are connected
together to create an internetwork (a network of networks) or a
large network, the connecting devices (called routers or
gateways) route or switch the packets to their final destination.

 LW
ogical addressing: The physical addressing implemented by
the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. The
network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the
upper layer.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.29 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.30 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.31 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
3. Network
W Layer [source-to-destination delivery].

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.32 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.33 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
4. Transport
W Layer.
 IsWresponsible for process-to-process delivery of the
entire message.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.34 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

A process is an application program running on a

host.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.35 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.36 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.37 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
4. Transport
W Layer.
 IsWresponsible for process-to-process delivery of the
entire message.
 ItW
ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in
order, overseeing both error control and flow control at
the source-to-destination level.
 Service-point
W addressing: delivery from a specific
process (running program) on one computer to another
process (running program) on the other.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.38 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
4. Transport
W Layer.
 Segmentation
W and reassembly: A message is divided
into transmittable segments with each segment
containing a sequence number which help in
reassembling the segments.

 Connection
W control: can be connectionless or
connection-oriented (make connection to destination
transport layer before delivering the packet).
 Flow
W control: end-to-end flow control.
 Error
W control: process to process error control rather
than across the link (done by data link layer).
. A. Hasan
Dr. Ebrahim Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.39 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
4. Transport
W Layer.
 There
W are two main protocols in the transport layer:
 TCP
W (Transmission Control Protocol):
 CWonnection-oriented service.
 RWeliable.
 UDP
W (User Datagram Protocol):
 CWonnectionless oriented service.
 UWnreliable.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.40 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
4. Transport
W Layer.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.41 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.42 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
5. Session
W Layer.
 The
W session layer is the network dialog controller that is
allowing two systems to enter into a dialog.
.It establishes and maintains the interaction among
 W
communicating systems.
 ItW
allows the communication between two processes to
take place in either half-duplex or full duplex mode.

 Synchronization:
W allows a process to add a check
points, or synchronization points, to a stream of data.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.43 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.44 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
5. Session
W Layer.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.45 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.46 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
6. Presentation
W Layer.
 ItWis concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems.
 Translation.
W Since different computers uses different
.
encoding systems, the presentation layer is responsible
of interoperability between different encoding systems.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.47 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

At sender, the presentation layer, changes the

information from its sender-dependent format into a
common format.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.48 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

At receiver, the presentation layer, changes the

common format into a receiver-dependent format.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.49 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
6. Presentation
W Layer.
 ItWis concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems.
 Translation.
W Since different computers uses different
encoding
. systems, the presentation layer is responsible
of interoperability between different encoding systems.
 Encryption
W and Decryption.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.50 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

At sender, the presentation layer, changes the

information from its sender-dependent format into a
common format.

the sender transforms the original information to

another form [encrypt] and sends the resulting
message out over the network.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.51 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

At receiver, the presentation layer, changes the

common format into a receiver-dependent format.

Decryption reserves the original process to transform

the message back to its original form .

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.52 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
6. Presentation
W Layer.
 ItWis concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems.
 Translation.
W Since different computers uses different
encoding
. systems, the presentation layer is responsible
of interoperability between different encoding systems.
 Encryption
W and Decryption.
 Data
W compression reduces the number of bits contained
in the information.
D
Wata compression becomes particularly important in the
transmission of multimedia such as audio, video.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.53 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.54 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data
2.55 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
7. Application
W Layer.
 ItWenables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network.

 ItW
provides user interfaces and support for services such
as e-mail, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, and other types of distributed
information services.

 Network
W Virtual Terminal: A software version of a
physical terminal, it allows a user to log on to a remote
host. Application creates a software emulation of the
remote terminal.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.56 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
7. Application
W Layer.
 File
W transfer, access management: Allows a user to
access files in a remote host (edit or read), to retrieve
file and to manage or control files in a remote computer
locally.

 Mail
W services: Provides the basis for e-mail forwarding
and storage.
 Directory
W services: Provides distributed database
sources and access for global information about various
objects and services.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.57 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
̅ W
layer in the OSI model.
7. Application
W Layer.
 Main
W protocols:
HWTTP: Web surfing.
S WMTP: Email.
 FWTP: File transfer between end systems.
D WNS: Network-name to network-address translation.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.58 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• WLayers in the OSI Model.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.59 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

•Q1:Practice
W questions:
Assign the following functions to only one layer of the OSI model:

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.60 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

•Q2:Practice
W questions:
Study the following figure carefully and briefly answer the following
questions:

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.61 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• Practice
W questions:
i. How many networks are there in this figure?

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.62 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• Practice
W questions:
ii. In this figure, assume that the communication is between a process running at
computer V with port address i and a process running at computer Q with port
address j. Show the contents of segments, packets and frames at the network, data
link and transport headers for each hop.

76 79 V Q i j payload T2

Segment

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.63 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition
 • Introduction • Layers in the OSI Model
• OSI Model

• Practice
W questions:
ii. In this figure, assume that the communication is between a process running at
computer V with port address i and a process running at computer Q with port
address j. Show the contents of segments, packets and frames at the network, data
link and transport headers for each hop.

12 92 V Q i j payload T2

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Based on: Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data

2.64 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh communication and Networking” Fourth edition