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Fire Resistance of Composite Beams Composed of Rolled Steel Profile Concreted Between Flanges
Fire Resistance of Composite Beams Composed of Rolled Steel Profile Concreted Between Flanges
ABSTRACT
Fire resistance tests were performed for composite beams composed of rolled steel
profile concreted between flanges. In the present paper, the fire resistant test results
and numerical analysis results are described. As a result of the fire resistant tests, the
relation between the fire resistance time and applied bending moment of the composite
beam is clarified. Analytical results agreed with tests results and consequently, the
analytical model can be used to predict the behavior of this composite beam in a fire.
keywords : Fire resistance, Composite beam, Fire resistance test, Thermal conduction
analysis, Thermal elasto-plastic analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
Steel encased reinforced concrete and steel encased concrete structures are
conventionally known as structural components combining steel and concrete. Compared
to these structures, the composite beams of rolled steel profile concreted between flanges
given in Figure 1 (a) (hereafter called SC composite beams) enable the omission of
reinforcement and mould, and reduction in the weight. In addition, the improvement in
stiffness is expected to prevent vibration or local and lateral buckling.
SC composite beams are formed by filling concrete in the web of the rolled steel at
the processing plant of rolled steels or the construction site, conducting assembly after
the concrete hardens, and filled concrete in the junction with columns. They may be
integrated with an reinforced concrete slab using stud bolts attached to the top flange as
shear connectors.
In these SC composite beams, since the bottom flange is exposed, the bending yield
strength is decreased if heated during a fire. Therefore, composite beams with filled
concrete reinforced with an axial reinforcement and strap (refer to Figure 1 (b) are
adopted in Europe[1], and in Japan, too, the fire resistance of this type of composite
beam has been considered[2]. However, this stiffening with reinforcements or others
complicates the construction process.
Load applied to the beams during a fire is gravity load. In Japan, where earthquakes
193 A.KODAIRA, H.FUJINAKA, H.OHASHI and T.NISHIMURA
frequently occur, the cross section of the construction is usually determined considering
the earthquake-resistant designs. Thus, the yield strength of the beam in a construction
designed to be earthquake-resistant provides an margin more than sufficient against
the stress caused by the gravity load[3]. Then, fire resistance may be ensured without
reinforcing the filled concrete as shown in Figure 1 (b). Therefore, we studied the fire
resistance by conducting a loaded fire resistance test mainly for SC composite beams
(Figure 1 (a)) with simplified reinforcement of the filled concrete[4],[5],[6],[7].
2. SPECIMEN
2.2 Specimen
In Series I, welded steel lattice (D6, #100)
was attached at the position where the cover
thickness of the concrete was 20 mm and
fixed to the stud bolt ( φ 9 mm) attached to the
web of the rolled steel to prevent the concrete
filled in the web from dropping. Series I has
3 specimens as shown in Figure 2 ; Specimen
I-1 had no reinforcements, Specimen I-2 had
2 reinforcements (D25, SD345) at the bottom
of the filled concrete, and Specimen I-3 had 2
pre-stressing strands ( φ 17.8) at the similar
position.
In the filled concrete in Series II and III,
welded steel lattice (D6, #100) was attached
at the position where the cover thickness of
the concrete was 40 mm to prevent dropping.
For the bar arrangement in the slab, both
top and bottom end bars were arranged in
both directions at D10 @200 (SD295A), with a
30-mm thick cover of concrete. Series II had 2
specimens and III had 3 under different loads
Figure 2 Cross section of specimen
in each series.
The result of the tensile test of the flange and web of rolled steel is given in Table 2. The
IA test piece specified in JIS-Z-2001 was used for tensile test. The mechanical property
of the reinforcement and pre-stressing strand used to reinforce the filled concrete in
Series I are given in Table 3. The specifications of the welded steel lattice used to prevent
the filled concrete from dropping, reinforcement and stud bolt for the slab are given in
Table 4. The material characteristics of concrete for the fire resistance test are given in
Table 5.
H-450*200*9*14 SM490A No
Reinforecement
SD345 385.5 548.9 26.5
(D25)
3. TEST METHOD
The load was measured with a load cell set on the bottom of the oil hydraulic jack. In
addition, the bending deformation and expansion deformations at loaded before heating
and after starting heating were measured with an electric displacement gauge.
4. TEST RESULT
The temperatures in the middle of the web and in the center of the filled concrete are
lower than those of other parts, and there is a large difference between specimens. Those
temperatures in Series I, II and III are given in Figure 7. The larger the beam width, the lower
value the temperature indicates. This shows that the effect of the cross section size worked.
Though the length of specimens to be heated is shorter than the distance between the
supporting points as described previously, its effect is neglected here since the bending
moment near the supporting points is so small that it is not affected by heating.
Figure 8 shows the bending deflection equivalent of Equation (1) and the bending
deflection velocity (the slope of time - deflection relation) equivalent of Equation (2).
In every specimen, the bending deflection had reached the limit before the bending
deflection velocity did. At this time, the specimen was able to support the specified load
without being damaged.
In addition, in Specimens I-2 and 3 with reinforced filled concrete, the deformation
amount reached the limit 14 to 23 minutes later than in Specimen I-1 without the
reinforcement in filled concrete; this indicates that the reinforcement is effective,
however slight.
I-1 0.33 80
I-3 0.33 94
5. ANALYTICAL STUDY
Since Series I is a special case where there is no floor on the top of the beam, we
studied the behavior during a fire by analyzing the temperature and the thermal
deformation for Series II and III.
when load is applied before starting heating (0 minute after starting heating) to 180
minutes after starting heating is covered; the upper column indicates the distribution
of temperature on the web axis and the lower column shows the distribution of the
intensity of stress on the web axis.
The distribution of the intensity of stress under load before starting heating is linear
and the neutral axis is caused at the position of 451 mm from the beam bottom end due
to the effect of the filled concrete and the slab. The intensity of stress for the bottom
flange is 92.5 N/mm2, and that for the top flange is - 50.5 N/mm2. The intensity of stress
at the top end of the concrete slab is - 7.6 N/mm2.
In 15 minutes after starting heating, the temperature of the bottom flange of rolled
steel was increased to reach 214˚C. But the distribution of temperature in the web is
nonlinear, suddenly decreasing upward from the position of the bottom flange. Thus,
the thermal expansion of the bottom flange caused the curvature to increase suddenly
and the nonlinear distribution of temperature caused a large tensile stress in the web,
causing yield up to and around the center in the height direction.
In 30 minutes after starting heating, the bottom flange temperature reached 435˚C
and the nonlinear distribution of temperature in the web got severer. Thus, the yielding
area reached around 80% of the depth of the rolled steel and the curvature was around 2
times as large as that in 15 minutes.
Since the bottom flange temperature approached 700˚C and the strength of steel
materials decreased significantly in 60 minutes after starting heating, the generated
intensity of stress decreased suddenly. The increase in curvature from 30-60 minutes
after starting heating is smaller than that from 15-30 minutes, with a curvature
not exceeding 1.5 times that at 30 minutes. This change is shown as the change in
deformation velocity in Figure 13.
Figure 14 Distribution of temperature and stress on the web axis (center of specimen III-3)
By 120 minutes after starting heating, the bottom flange temperature exceeds 900˚C and
the range of high temperature is spread in the web, as well. In addition, the temperature
of and around the top flange is increased. As a result, the intensity of stress is decreased
at the bottom of the web and a large compression intensity of stress is caused at the top
flange.
In Specimen III-3, the deformation amount reached the limit in 141 minutes but no
damage was caused. In analysis, too, no damage was caused. In 180 minutes, the top
flange temperature exceeded 470˚C, the strength was decreased, and the generated
intensity of stress was lower than that at 120 minutes. In addition, the range in which
the stress was decreased at the bottom end of the web was spread. And then, at 240
minutes, the deformation was rapidly increased causing damage in the analysis.
Intensity of the compression stress was caused in the slab, as well, though it is not
shown in Figure 14. The intensity of stress under load was -7.6 N/mm2 as described
before, and it was increased after starting heating, leading to -14.8 N/mm2. After that,
the intensity of stress was decreased to reach -8.9 N/mm2 in 120 minutes, and then
increased again to reach as high as -21.8 N/mm2. However, the compressive stress was
32.1 N/mm2 as shown in Clause 2.2, and no damage was caused.
205 A.KODAIRA, H.FUJINAKA, H.OHASHI and T.NISHIMURA
6. SUMMARY
We studied the behavior of composite beams composed of a rolled steel profile
concreted between flanges during a fire by conducting a loaded fire resistance test with
different cross sections and load ratios, temperature analysis, and thermal elasto-plastic
analysis. The results were as follows:.
1) In SC composite beams which are simply supported and to which positive bending
moment is applied, deformation is caused downward in the early period of fire, and
then the deformation velocity is decreased once but increased again as heating
is continued, leading to the limit of the fire resistance. The more remarkable this
tendency, the smaller the applied bending moment ratio.
2) The temperature distribution in the cross section of composite beams during a fire
is remarkably nonlinear, which has a large effect on the deformation property or
the distribution of stress during a fire.
3) The temperature of the bottom flange of the rolled steel composed of SC composite
beams is high in the early period of heating, but it is possible to ensure fire
resistance performance without reinforcing the filled concrete if the applied
bending moment ratio is equal to or lower than a certain value.
4) During a fire, the deformation ability of SC composite beams that are bent
positively is large, and the fire resistance time is determined due to the limit value
of the deformation amount defined in ISO-834 'Fire-resistance tests -- Elements
of building construction.' In addition, damage is not caused at this point, but is
caused as heating is continued.
5) SC composite beams with an normal-sized cross section to be used as cross beams
have a fire resistance of 140 minutes when the ratio of yield bending moment in
rolled steel applied bending moment in rolled steel against is 0.5, and 240 minutes
when it is 0.33. The fire resistance time is affected by the size of the cross section,
whether SC composite beams are connected to the reinforced concrete floor or not,
as well as the applied bending moment ratio.
6) The results of the fire resistance test, temperature analysis, and thermal
deformation analysis are in good agreement to establish that the analysis is
appropriate. Thus estimation of the fire resistance time of SC composite beams is
possible by analysis.
Fire Resistance of Composite Beams Composed of Rolled Steel Profile Concreted Between Flanges 206
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