Kuliah 4 Impedance at Input

Chapter 4
Transmission Line
Impedance at Input
By :Prof. Ray Kwok
Enrich by : Teguh Firmansyah, S.T., M.T., IPM.
Transmission Line - Dr. Ray Kwok
RF Spectrum
km mm µm Å
Advanced Light Source

Berkeley Lab
RF / Microwave Circuit
1 – port
2 wires
network
GND
2 – port output
input
source network load
Series connection
low f
A B
RF
A B
Parallel connection
low f
A
RF
B
Common transmission lines

Zo l most correct schematic
twisted pair microstrip (line)

VLF no distortion
lossy & noisy wide freq range
lowest cost
co-planar waveguide
low cost
flip chip access
paralllel wire complex design
LF - HF
noisy & lossy
waveguide
lowest loss
coaxial cable freq bands
no distortion
wide freq range
Equivalent circuit
i(z,t) i(z+∆z,t)
Ideal transmission line
V(z,t) L∆z V(z+∆z,t)
C∆z
Taylor
Kirchhoff”s law: V (z, t ) − (L∆z) ∂i(z, t ) = V (z + ∆z, t ) ≈ V (z, t ) + ∂V( z, t ) ∆z
∂t ∂z
∂i(z, t ) ∂V(z, t )
−L =
∂t ∂z
Q=CV
∂V (z, t ) ∂i(z, t ) dQ/dt=i=C dV/dt
Junction rule: i(z + ∆z, t ) − i(z, t ) = −(C∆z) ≈ ∆z
∂t ∂z
∂V(z, t ) ∂i(z, t )
−C =
∂t ∂z
Coupled equations (V – i)
∂i(z, t ) ∂V (z, t ) ∂V(z, t ) ∂i(z, t )
−L = −C =
∂t ∂z ∂t ∂z
∂ 2i ∂ 2 V ∂  1 ∂i  1 ∂ 2i
−L 2 = = − =−
∂t ∂t∂z ∂z  C ∂z  C ∂z 2
∂ 2i ∂ 2i
= LC 2 current wave
∂z 2
∂t
similarly ∂ 2 V ∂ 2i ∂  1 ∂V  1 ∂ 2V
−C 2 = = − =−
∂t ∂t∂z ∂z  L ∂z  L ∂z 2
∂ 2V ∂ 2V
= LC 2 voltage wave
∂z 2
∂t
Wave equation
f ( x ± vt ) ≡ f (u ) reverse / forward traveling wave
∂f ∂u
= f ' (u ) = f ' (u )
∂x ∂x
∂ 2f ∂u note:
= f " (u ) = f " (u ) 1  2π 2π 
∂x 2
∂x x ± vt =  x ± vt 
k λ λ 
∂f ∂u
= f ' (u ) = ± vf ' (u ) =
1
(kx ± 2πft )
∂t ∂t k
∂ 2f ∂u 1
= ± (ωt ± kx )
= ± vf " ( u ) = v 2
f " (u )
∂t 2
∂t k
f ( x ± vt ) = f (ωt ± kx )
∂ 2f 1 ∂ 2f
( )
r r
= 2 2 wave equation f ωt − k ⋅ r (3D)
∂x 2
v ∂t
Voltage & Current Waves

+ j( ωt −βz ) − j( ωt + βz ) 2π
V ( z, t ) = V e o +V e o
where β=
λ
 λ  ω
i(z, t ) = I o+ e j( ωt −βz ) − I o− e j( ωt +βz ) v = fλ = (2πf )  = =
1
 2π  β LC
why “-” ?
∂i
= − jβI o+ e j( ωt −βz ) − jβI o− e j( ωt +βz )
∂z
∂i ∂V
∂z
= −C
∂t
[
= −C jωVo+ e j( ωt −βz ) + jωVo− e j( ωt +βz ) ]
β I o+ = CωVo+
1
−
β I = CωV − v=
o o LC
±β ± LC ± L ± Zo =
L
V = o Io = Io = I o ≡ Zo I o± C
Cω C C
Fields and circuits

r r
 
2 E ∂ E
2
1
∇  r  = µε 2  r  v=
H ∂t  H  µε
r r j( ωt − kr ⋅rr ) r j( ωt − kr ⋅rr )
E(z, t ) = E oi e i
+ E or e r µ
η=
r r j( ωt − kr ⋅rr ) r j( ωt − kr ⋅rr ) ε
H(z, t ) = H oi e i
− H or e r
∂2  V  ∂2  V 
  = LC 2  
2  1
∂z  i  ∂t  i  v=
LC
V(z, t ) = Vo+ e j( ωt −βz ) + Vo− e j( ωt +βz ) L
Zo =
i(z, t ) = I o+ e j( ωt −βz ) − I o− e j( ωt +βz ) C
What is Zo?
• Characteristic Impedance.
• 50 ohms for most communications system,
• 75 ohms for TV cable.
• Measure 75 ohms with a ohmmeter?
• Two 75Ω cables together (in series) makes a 150Ω cable?
• 75 + 75 = 75 !!!!
• What does Zo represent?
Reflection at Load
V( x ) = Vo+ e − jβx + Vo− e jβx
+ − jβ x − jβ x
Zo l ZL i( x ) = I e
o −I e o
V (0) ≡ VL = Vo+ + Vo− at the load

x = −l x=0
+
i(0) ≡ I L = I − I =
o
1−
o
Zo
Vo+ − Vo− ( )
VL  Vo+ + Vo− 
≡ Z L = Zo  + 
− 
Define normalized impedance IL  Vo − Vo 
Z≡
Z ( ) (
Z L Vo+ − Vo− = Zo Vo+ + Vo− )
Zo Vo+ (Z L − Zo ) = Vo− (Z L + Zo )
ZL − 1 Vo− Z L − Zo
ΓL = ≡ Γ = ZL ≠ Zo
ZL + 1 Vo+
L
ZL + Zo reflection
Example
does it work?
75Ω
50Ω
75Ω
Impedance at Input
Vin V (−l) Vo+ e jβl + Vo− e − jβl
Zin ≡ = =
I in i ( −l ) 1
Zo
(
Vo+ e jβl − Vo− e − jβl )
Zin Zo l ZL
 e jβl + ΓL e − jβl 
Zin = Zo  jβl 
− jβ l 
 e − ΓL e 
x = −l x=0
 1 + j tan βl   ZL − 1  − jβl
e − jβl   +  e
Zin =  1 − j tan βl   ZL + 1 
 1 + j tan βl   ZL − 1  − jβl
V( x ) = Vo+ e − jβx + Vo− e jβx e − jβl   −  e
 1 − j tan βl   ZL + 1 
i( x ) = I o+ e − jβx − I o− e jβx (Z + 1)(1 + j tan βl ) + (Z − 1)(1 − j tan βl )
Zin = L L
(Z + 1)(1 + j tan βl ) − (Z
L L − 1)(1 − j tan β l )
2(Z + j tan βl )
Zin = L
2(1 + jZ tan βl )
L
ZL + j tan βl
Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
 Z + jZ o tan βl 
Zin = Zo  L 
 Zo + jZ L tan βl 
Exercise
Zo = 50 Ω
Zin Zo l ZL ZL = 100Ω
Zin = ?
x = −l x=0 For length = λ/8? λ/4? λ/2?
What if Zo = ZL = 50Ω?
ZL + j tan βl Would the length make any difference?
Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
 Z + jZo tan βl 
Zin = Zo  L 
50Ω (-37o)
25Ω
100Ω
Zin=Zo=ZL
Transmission Line Impedance

case 1: β l = 0, or l = 0
Zin Zo l ZL tan β = 0
Zin = ZL
x = −l x=0 case 2: β l = π, or l = λ/2

tan β l = 0
ZL + j tan βl Zin = ZL
Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
case 3: β l = π/2, or l = λ/4
 Z + jZo tan βl  tan β l → ∞
Zin = Zo  L 
 Zo + jZ L tan βl  Zin = Zo2/ ZL
Quarter-wave transformer (impedance),
real-to-real, complex-to-complex.
note: at low freq, β → 0, Zin = ZL regardless of line length or line impedance.

Reflection at Input
ZL + j tan βl
Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
Z’o Zin Zo l ZL  Z L + jZ o tan βl 
Γin Zin = Zo  
x = −l x=0 Zin − Z'o Zin' − 1
Γin = = '
Zin + Zo Zin + 1
'
Zin − Zo Zin − 1
In general Γin = =
Zin + Zo Zin + 1
just have to know what Z to use

Exercise
Z’o Zin Zo l ZL
Zo = 50 Ω
Γin Z’o = 50 Ω
ZL = 100Ω
x = −l x=0
Length = λ/8
ΓL = ? Γin = ?
ZL + j tan β l What if Z’o is 75 Ω?
Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
Zin = Zo  L 
Zin − Z'o Zin' − 1
Γin = = '
Zin + Zo Zin + 1
'
1/3
o
1/3 (-90 ) only change phase !?!
0.388 (235o)
Voltage wave in transmission line

Zin Zo l ZL (
V( x ) = Vo+ e − jβx 1 + ΓL e 2 jβx )
V = Vo+ 1 + ΓL e 2 jβx
x = −l x=0 ΓL ≡ ρe jθ
V = Vo+ 1 + ρe j( θ+ 2βx )
V = Vo+ (1 + ρ cos(θ + 2βx ) )2 + ρ2 sin 2 (θ + 2βx )

min when sine = 1 V = Vo+ 1 + 2ρ cos(θ + 2β x ) + ρ 2
Vmin = V +
o (1 + ρ) 2
− 4ρ = V (1 − ρ)
+
o
V = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 − 2ρ(1 − cos(θ + 2βx ) )
max when sine = 0 V = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 − 4ρ sin 2  θ + 2βx 
 2 
Vmax = V +
o (1 + ρ) 2
= V (1 + ρ)
+
o
Voltage Standing Wave

Vmin Vmax ZL standing wave
If Vo+ = Vo− , ΓL ≡ ρ = ±1
perfect standing wave with nodes
x = −l x=0
V = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 − 4ρ sin 2  θ + 2βx 
 2 
min when θ + 2βx (2n + 1)π max when θ + 2βx

=± = ± nπ
2 2 2
λ λ
(x < 0) x = −[θ m (2n + 1)π] x = −[θ m 2nπ]
4π 4π
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
Vmin Vmax ZL
V = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 − 4ρ sin 2  θ + 2βx 
 2 
Vmin = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 − 4ρ = Vo+ (1 − ρ)
x = −l x=0
Vmax = Vo+ (1 + ρ)2 = Vo+ (1 + ρ)
Vmax 1 + ρ 1 + Γ
VSWR ≡ = =
Vmin 1 − ρ 1 − Γ
perfect match: ρ = 0, VSWR = 1.0

open / short: ρ = 1, VSWR → ∞
It is an indicator on how well the load matches the line.
VSWR is the standing wave pattern INSIDE the line.
Only Γ at the reflected junction that counts
Exercise
Zo = 50 Ω
Z’o Zin Zo l ZL Z’o = 75 Ω
Γin ZL = 100Ω
Length = λ/8
x = −l x=0 VSWR = ?
ΓL = 1/3
VSWR = 2
Return Loss
RL ≡ − 20 log ρ (dB)
perfect match: ρ → 0, VSWR → 1.0, RL → ∞
open / short: ρ = 1, VSWR → ∞, RL → 0 dB
1+ ρ 1+ Γ VSWR − 1
VSWR ≡ = ρ= Γ =
1− ρ 1− Γ VSWR + 1
Typical VSWR = 1.1 to 2

ρ = 0.048 to 0.33
RL = 26 dB to 9.5 dB
Stub
Transmission line connecting nowhere(?)
Open stub
Short stub
(short)
Series stub
Shunt stub
(short)
Open Shunt Stub
L-Band
Short Shunt Stub
20 GHz
Interdigital
Filter
Radial
Stub
18 GHz
Rat Race
Tuning stub (open)

Short Stub ZL + j tan β l

Zin =
1 + jZL tan βl
Zin Zo l ZL (ZL → 0) Zsh = j tan βl
1
Ysh ≡ = − j cot βl
Zin Zsh
Zcoil = jωL
Zcap = -j/ωC
 1 
Zsres = jωL1 − 2 
 ω LC 
π/2 π 3π/2 βl
2π 1
Z pres =
 1 
jωC1 − 2 
 ω LC 
period of π
Open Stub ZL + j tan βl

Zin =
Zin Zo l ZL
1 + jZL tan βl
(ZL → ∞) Zop = − j cot βl
Zin Yop = j tan βl
Zcap = -j/ωC
Zcoil = jωL
 1 
Zsres = jωL1 − 2 
 ω LC 
π/2 π 3π/2 βl
2π 1
Z pres =
 1 
jωC1 − 2 
 ω LC 
period of π
Exercise
75 Ω, λ/8 Find Zin & Γin.
Zin
Zsh = j Zotan(βl)
50 Ω o
= j 75 tan(45 ) = j 75 Ω
λ/2
100 Ω Zop = -j Zocot(βl)
o
0.1λ = -j 100 cot(36 ) = -j 138 Ω
Zin Y =1/j75 = -j 0.0133
50 Ω
λ/2 Y = j/138 = j0.0073
Zin Z = 1/Y = 1/(-j0.006) = j166 Ω
50 Ω ZL + j tan βl
λ/2 Zin = = ZL Zin = j 166 Ω
1 + jZL tan βl
Zin − Zo j166 − 50
Γin = = = 1∠(107 o − 73o ) = 1∠34o
Zin + Zo j166 + 50
Admittance (Y = 1/Z)
Y1 Yin Yo l YL
Z L + j tan β l
Zin = Γin
1 + jZ L tan β l
1 1 + jZ L tan β l
Yin ≡ = Zin − Z1
Zin Z L + j tan β l Γin =
1 + j(1 / YL ) tan β l Zin + Z1
Yin =
1 / YL + j tan β l 1 / Yin − 1 / Y1
Γin =
YL + j tan β l 1 / Yin + 1 / Y1
Yin =
1 + jYL tan β l Y1 − Yin 1 − Yin
Γin = =
 YL + jYo tan β l  Y1 + Yin 1 + Yin
Yin = Yo  
 Yo + jYL tan β l 
useful for shunt circuits
Earlier exercise
75 Ω, λ/8 Find Zin & Γin.
Zin
Ysh = - j Yocot(βl)
50 Ω o
= - j (1/75) cot(45 ) = - j 0.0133
λ/2
100 Ω Yop = j Yotan(βl)
o
0.1λ = j 0.01 tan(36 ) = j 0.0073 Ω
Zin Y = -j 0.0133
50 Ω
λ/2 Y = j0.0073
Zin Y = - j 0.006
50 Ω YL + j tan βl
λ/2 Yin = = YL YL = - j 0.006
1 + jYL tan βl Zin = j 166 Ω
Yo − Yin 1 / 50 + j0.006
Γin = = = 1∠(17 o + 17 o ) = 1∠34 o
Yo + Yin 1 / 50 − j0.006
Earlier Exercise – power consideration

Zo = 50 Ω
Z’o Zin Zo l ZL
Z’o = 50 Ω
Γin ZL = 100Ω
Length = λ/8
x = −l o
x=0
ΓL = ?1/3 Γin = ?1/3 (-90 )
only change phase
Z + j tan βl
Zin = L
1 + jZL tan βl
Zin = Zo  L  2 2
 Zo + jZ L tan βl  V− 1 2
Power reflected = ? =Γ = = 11%
Zin − Z'o Zin' − 1 V+ 3
Γin = =
Zin + Z'o Zin' + 1 Power delivered = ? 1 − Γ = 89%
2
Don’t double count reflection…. ΓL & Γin
Return Loss (RL) = - 20 log|ρ| = + 9.5 dB

High f circuit elements

1 GHz lumped element
Band pass filter
CAP CAP
CAP CAP
IND C2ID=C3C4
IND
…..
CAP
ID=
INDID=
ID= C6
…..
ID=
ID= L3
CAP
C1 ID= 1L7pF
ID=
C=
L=
1L4
C=
C=
ID=1 1C=
pF
C5
nH
1pF
pF
C= L=1 1pF L=1 nH
nH
C=1 pF
12 GHz lumped element

Low pass filter
much smaller
….. …..
INDIND
CAP
ID=ID=
ID=ID=
L=L=
CAP
IND
IND
ID=
L1
ID=
CAP
ID=
C1
C=
1L=
C=1L=
L3C4
L7
L4
nH
C=
C6
1 pF
111nH
1pF nH
pF
nH
A small loop of thin wire is an inductor !!

High-Z Line as inductor
Zo Zin Z1 l ZL
Γin
 Z L + jZ1 tan β l  Z1 >> ZL

Zin = Z1   line length < λ/4 (π/2)
 Z1 + jZ L tan β l  ZL ~ Zo (order of magnitude)
 a∠ + Ψ 
Zin = Z1   = Zin ∠ + θ
 b∠ + ϕ 
L∆z Zin has a positive phase
C∆z
→ inductor-like !!!
small C, large L, series inductor

Low-Z Line as capacitor
Zo Zin Z1 l ZL
Γin
 Z L + jZ1 tan β l  Z1 << ZL

Zin = Z1   line length << λ/4 (π/2)
 Z1 + jZ L tan β l  ZL ~ Zo
 a∠ + ϕ 
Zin = Z1   = Zin ∠ − θ
 b∠ + Ψ 
L∆z
Yin = Yin ∠ + θ
C∆z
Yin has a positive phase
→ capacitor-like !!!
small L, large C, shunt capacitor
Low pass filter

5 GHz low pass filter
….. …..
INDIND
CAP
ID=ID=
ID=ID=
L=L=
CAP
IND
IND
ID=
L1
ID=
CAP
ID=
C1
C=
1L=
C=1L=
L3C4
L7
L4
nH
C=
C6
1 pF
111nH
1pF nH
pF
nH
14 GHz low pass filter

high-low impedance lines
waveguide
high power
low loss
High-Low-Z lines
20 GHz band pass filter
high Z lines → inductors
Short shunt stubs λ/4 resonators
….. …..
IND
ID=
CAP
CAP
ID=
IND
CAP
IND
INDL2
ID=
ID=
ID=
ID=
IND
IND
IND
ID=
C6
C1L3
C4
L6L7
L4
L5
L=
C= ID=
1L= nH
L=
1 L1
1nH
1pF nH
C=L=
L= L= pF
1111pF
nHnH
nH
L= nH
13 GHz coupler
Tuning with stubs (shunt open)
Think of them as shunt capacitors
→ low Z lines
Homework
1. A 100 Ω tranmission line has an effective dielectric constant of 1.65. Find the
shortest open-circuited length of this line that appears at its input as a capacitor
of 5 pF at 2.5 GHz. Repeat for an inductance of 5 nH.
2. A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna having an impedance 80 + j40

Ω with a 50 Ω coaxial cable. If the 50 Ω transmitter can deliver 30 W when
connected to a 50 Ω load, how much power is delivered to the antenna?
3. A 75 Ω coaxial transmission line has a length of 2 cm and is terminated with a

load impedance of 37.5 + j75 Ω. If the dielectric constant of the line is 2.56 and
the frequency is 3 GHz, find the input impedance to the line, the reflection
coefficient a the load, the reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the
line.
4. The VSWR on a lossless 300 Ω transmission line terminated in an unknown

load impedance is 2.0, and the nearest voltage minimum is at a distance 0.3λ
from the load. Determine (a) ΓL, (b) ZL.
VSWR ρ RL (dB)
5. Calculate VSWR, ρ, and return loss 1.00 0.00 ∞
values to complete the entries in the 1.01
following table. 0.01
1.05 32
30
1.10
1.20
0.10
1.50
10
6. Measurements on a 0.6 m lossless 2.00
coaxial cable at 100 kHz show a 2.50
capacitance of 54 pF when the cable is
open-circuited, and an inductance of
0.30 µH when it is short-circuited. (a)
Determine Zo and εr of the medium.

Kuliah 4 Impedance at Input

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Kuliah 4 Impedance at Input

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Chapter 4

Advanced Light Source

Common transmission lines

twisted pair microstrip (line)

Voltage & Current Waves

Fields and circuits

V (0) ≡ VL = Vo+ + Vo− at the load

x = −l x=0 For length = λ/8? λ/4? λ/2?

Transmission Line Impedance

x = −l x=0 case 2: β l = π, or l = λ/2

note: at low freq, β → 0, Zin = ZL regardless of line length or line impedance.

just have to know what Z to use

Voltage wave in transmission line

V = Vo+ (1 + ρ cos(θ + 2βx ) )2 + ρ2 sin 2 (θ + 2βx )

Voltage Standing Wave

min when θ + 2βx (2n + 1)π max when θ + 2βx

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

perfect match: ρ = 0, VSWR = 1.0

perfect match: ρ → 0, VSWR → 1.0, RL → ∞

open / short: ρ = 1, VSWR → ∞, RL → 0 dB

Typical VSWR = 1.1 to 2

Open Shunt Stub

Short Shunt Stub

Tuning stub (open)

Short Stub ZL + j tan β l

Open Stub ZL + j tan βl

Zin Y =1/j75 = -j 0.0133

Zin Z = 1/Y = 1/(-j0.006) = j166 Ω

Earlier Exercise – power consideration

Don’t double count reflection…. ΓL & Γin

Return Loss (RL) = - 20 log|ρ| = + 9.5 dB

High f circuit elements

12 GHz lumped element

A small loop of thin wire is an inductor !!

High-Z Line as inductor

 Z L + jZ1 tan β l  Z1 >> ZL

small C, large L, series inductor

Low-Z Line as capacitor

 Z L + jZ1 tan β l  Z1 << ZL

Low pass filter

14 GHz low pass filter

2. A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna having an impedance 80 + j40

3. A 75 Ω coaxial transmission line has a length of 2 cm and is terminated with a

4. The VSWR on a lossless 300 Ω transmission line terminated in an unknown

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