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MARFRANCISCO, PINAMALAYAN,
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ORIENTAL MINDORO
043-284-4504

Senior High School Abada College Basic Education Department

ABADA COLLEGE

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II

QUARTER 1 MODULE 2
TIME FRAME: JANUARY 18-29,2021
Submission: January 30, 2021
Learning Competencies:
• Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization. (STEM_GC11IMF-
IIIa-c-102); and
• Explain the properties of water based on its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces. (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-103)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II STEM-12 JERRY DE LEON TAAY

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Introductory Message
Welcome to the General Chemistry II, Self-Learning Module on Intermolecular Forces.
The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create and accomplish.

Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that as a learner, you are capable and
empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace
and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use the answer sheet provided in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher on the deadline stated on the front page.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult me through text or call 09389001194 and through email
taayjerry.jt@gmail.com and. Always bear in mind that you are not alone, we the Basic
Education Department, Abada College will help you grow.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

Specific Objectives
compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases
• describe the properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling
point, and molar heat of vaporization;
• explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties; and
• relate the properties of water to intermolecular forces that operate among its
molecules.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II STEM-12 JERRY DE LEON TAAY

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Background Information

In the preceding lesson, we have noted the differences in properties of matter in gas
phase from those in the liquid and solid phases can be attributed to the attractive forces
in solid and liquid molecules while gas molecules have negligible or no attractions at all.

The condensation of gaseous substance to form liquids which in turn form solids
could be explained by the attractive forces called intermolecular forces.

Intermolecular forces vs. Intramolecular forces

It is important to note the difference

between intermolecular forces and
intramolecular forces. As discussed in
General Chemistry 1, atoms can form stable
units called molecules by sharing electrons.
This is called the intramolecular bonding.
Intramolecular (within molecules) forces
holds atoms together in a molecule.
Intramolecular forces stabilize individual
molecules. Generally, these forces are
simply the chemical bonds such as ionic
and covalent bonding.

On the other hand, Intermolecular forces

are attractive forces between molecules.
Intermolecular forces are responsible for the
non-ideal behavior of gases, but they exert
more influence in the condensed phases of
matter which are liquids and solids.
Intermolecular forces are collectively known
as van der Waals forces named after Dutch
chemist, Johannes van der Waal. Van der
Waals forces are electrical in nature; that is,
they result in the attraction between centers
of opposite charge in two molecules close to
each other.

It is important to recognize that when a substance such as water changes from solid to
liquid to gas, the molecules remain intact. The changes in states are due to changes in the
forces among the molecules rather than in those within the molecules. In ice, the molecules
are virtually locked in place, although they can vibrate about their positions. If energy is
added, the motions of the molecules increase, and they eventually achieve the greater
movement and disorder characteristic of liquid water. The ice has melted. As more energy
is added, the gaseous state is eventually reached, with the individual molecules far apart
and interacting relatively little. However, the gas still consists of water molecules. It would
take much energy to overcome the covalent bonds and decompose the water molecules into
their component atoms. This can be seen by comparing the energy needed to vaporize 1
mole of liquid water (40.7 kJ) with that needed to break the -OOH bonds in 1 mole of water
molecules (934 kJ).

Types of Intermolecular Forces

The intermolecular forces of attraction in substances includes Dipole-dipole, London

dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole forces.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II STEM-12 JERRY DE LEON TAAY

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London Dispersion forces

London dispersion forces, or simply

dispersion forces, are intermolecular forces
of attraction that exist between all atoms
and molecules. In addition, dispersion
forces are the only kind of intermolecular
forces present among symmetrical
nonpolar substances such as O2 and CO2
and monoatomic species such as noble
gases. Without dispersion forces, such
substances could not condense to form
liquids or solidify to form solids.

Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces

that results from the continuous movement of electrons in particles. Nonpolar molecules
have zero dipole moment because their electron density is uniform and symmetrical.
Nevertheless, the electrons have some freedom to move around the molecule. This induces
temporary dipoles (instantaneous dipoles) in neighboring atoms or molecules. As electron
clouds become larger and more diffuse, they are attracted less strongly by their own
positive nuclei. Thus, they are more easily distorted, or polarized by the adjacent/nearby
nuclei.

Polarization increases with increasing numbers of electrons and therefore with increasing
size of molecules. Therefore, dispersion forces are generally stronger for molecules that are
larger or have more electrons. As an example, between helium and argon, two argon atoms
will have greater dispersion force because they are bigger than helium atoms.

Dipole-dipole Forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between
molecules that possess dipole moments. Their origin is electrostatic, and they can be
understood in terms of Coulomb’s law. The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force.
Dipole-dipole forces are the attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the
negative end of another.

Dipoles form when there is a large

difference in electronegativity
between two atoms joined by a
covalent bond.

Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bond is a special case of very strong dipole-dipole interaction. They are not
chemical bonds in formal sense. Strong hydrogen bonding occurs among polar covalent
molecules containing H and one of the three small, highly electronegative elements – F, O,
or N.

Like ordinary dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds result from the attractions
between + (partial positive) atoms of one molecule, in this case H atoms and the − (partial
negative) atoms of another molecule. The + H is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on

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an F, O, or N atom. Typically, a hydrogen bond is about five to ten times stronger than
other dipole-dipole interactions.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Ion-dipole force acts between an ion

(either cation or anion) and a polar
molecule. When an ionic compound is
placed in a solution of water, the positive
end of the ionic compound becomes
surrounded with the partial negative end of
the ionic compound, in turn, becomes
surrounded by the partial positive
hydrogen ion in water. In short, the positive
pole is attracted to the negative ion (anion),
while the negative pole is attracted to a
positive ion (cation).

Ion- dipole interactions are involved in

solution process like in the case of sodium
chloride (table salt) dissolving in water. In this case, Na+ and Cl- ions are dispersed amidst
water molecules. The Na+ will be surrounded by the partial negative oxygen of water
molecule while the Cl- will be surrounded by the partial positive H of water molecule.
Na+ will be surrounded by the partial negative oxygen of water molecule while the Cl- will
be surrounded by the partial positive H of water molecule.

The strength of this interaction depends on the

charge and size of the ion and on the magnitude
of the dipole moment and size of the molecule.
The charges on cations are generally more
concentrated because cations are usually smaller
than anions. Therefore, a cation interacts more
strongly with dipoles than does an anion having
a charge of the same magnitude.

These four intermolecular forces vary in strength.

Ion dipole forces is the strongest of the four,
followed by hydrogen bonding being a special
type of dipole-dipole. Dipole-dipole is weaker
than the ion-dipole and hydrogen bonding while
London dispersion forces is the weakest.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II STEM-12 JERRY DE LEON TAAY