Henzon Jay D.

Bael

BSEE – III

CPE 232 – LEC

ACTIVITY: 1

1. Draw the block diagram of simple microprocessor-based system and explain the function
of each block (You can use MS Word or Google Docs).

DATA DATA INFORMATION INFORMATION

Input CPU Output
Device Device

DATA, INSTRACTIONCODE,
INFORMATION

Memory

 Accepts binary data as input which is then stored in the memory unit and is
processed in the CPU, the result is then sent to the output nit.

Input Device - gives input data to the processor

CPU - is a heart of organization and has an ability to process input as per instructions
of managing body

Memory - stores data instruction code and information

Output Device - gives information to the user

2. Draw and explain the simple model of microprocessor.

 Simple model is a sequential digital circuit. It consists of 4-bit up-counter,
decoders, registers, switch control circuit, control unit, and arithmetic logic
unit (ALU).
3. Define operand and instruction.
 Operand is the actual data that is moved from the next register. Instruction is
the combination of opcode and operand

4. List the various digital components used in microprocessor.

 Counter
 Switch control circuit
 Decoder B
 Control unit
 ALU
 Registers

5. What is memory?
 It stores data instruction code and information.
6. Define the program.
 It is the sequence of instruction written for specific operation
7. What is the function of program counter?
 It is used to locate instructions in a proper sequence.
8. What do you mean by address bus and data bus?
  Address bus is a group of wires that carries the output of program counter.
Data bus is a group of wires that moves data from register to register, from
memory to register.
9. What do you mean by word length?
 Word length is the classification of the group of bits that the microprocessor
can recognize and process.
10. State the function of instruction register and instruction decoder.
 Instruction register stores the instruction code temporarily. Instruction decoder
takes instruction opcode from the instruction register and decodes it to
generate appropriate control signals corresponding to the instruction.
11. List the various phases involved in the instruction execution process.
 Fetch – Decode – Execute
12. Explain the operation performed in the various phases of instruction execution.
 Fetch phase – the microprocessor places the contents of the program counter
on the address bus and gets instruction code, opcode from the addressed
memory location, then the microprocessors save opcode in the instruction
register.
 Decode phase - the opcode from the instruction register is decoded with the
help of instruction decoder to generate appropriate control signals to execute
the instruction.
 Execute phase – the microprocessor generates appropriate control signals and
executes the instruction.
13. Explain various functions of ALU.
 Contains the microprocessor’s data processing logic.
• It allows to send the output over the bus to any device connected to the bus.
14. What is accumulator?
 It is a major working register of microprocessor that is used to hold data for
manipulation.
15. What is program counter?
 It is one of the most important registers in the microprocessors that give the
addresses of memory location from where the next instruction is to be fetched.
16. What is subroutine?
 It is part of the program that is written separately.
17. Explain the execution of subroutine program.
 The program counter is loaded with the memory address of the first
instruction then the program counter is again loaded with the memory address
of the next instruction from where the program control was transferred to the
subroutine program.
18. What is status register? Explain it use.
 Status register is referred to as flag register where it is used to store the results
of certain condition when certain operations are performed during execution
of the program.
19. List various flags in the status register.
 Carry/borrow, zero, negative or sign, auxiliary flag, overflow flag, parity,
stack pointer.
20. What is stack and stack pointer?
 Stack pointer is the memory address of the stack area is given by a special
register. Stack is a special memory where the return address is kept.
21. Explain the operation of stack.
 Before transferring the program control to the subroutine, the return address is
pushed onto the stack. After the execution of subroutine, the return address is
popped off from stack and loaded into the program counter.
22. What do you mean by general purpose registers?
 These are used as a simple storage area, mainly they are used to store
intermediate results of the operations.
23. What is the function of timing and control unit in microprocessor?
 It is an important block in the microprocessor that maintains the
synchronization of the different parts operation.
24. What is microcomputer?
 It is the integration of microprocessor and supporting peripherals that contains
only one Central Processing Unit.
25. What is minicomputer?
 Is a scaled-up version of the microcomputer with the moderate speed and
storage capacity and it is designed to process smaller data words, typically 32-
bit words.
26. What is mainframe computer?
 They use two or more central processing units that are designed to work at
very high speeds with large data word lengths, typically 64 bits or greater.