Technological University of the Philippines

College of Industrial Technology

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Name: Instructor’s Name:
Course: Year: Section: Schedule: Time:

Module 4

Title: The Equation of a Sinusoidal Waveform

Introduction

Instantaneous Voltage
The EMF induced in the coil at any instant of time depends upon the rate or speed at which
the coil cuts the lines of magnetic flux between the poles and this is dependant upon the
angle of rotation, Theta ( θ ) of the generating device. Because an AC waveform is constantly
changing its value or amplitude, the waveform at any instant in time will have a different
value from its next instant in time.

For example, the value at 1ms will be different to the value at 1.2ms and so on. These values
are known generally as the Instantaneous Values, or Vi Then the instantaneous value of the
waveform and also its direction will vary according to the position of the coil within the
magnetic field as shown below.

Displacement of a Coil within a Magnetic Field

The instantaneous values of a sinusoidal waveform are given as the “Instantaneous value
= Maximum value x sin θ” and this is generalized by the formula.

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 Where:
Formulas:
ѵ = instantaneous voltage, v
Current Voltage
ѵ = VM sin Ø i = instantaneous current, A
i = IM sin Ø
VM = Maximum voltage, v
i = IM sin wt Ø = ωt
IM = maximum current, A
i = IM sin 2π f t ѵ = VM sin ωt
ω = angular velocity
w = 2π f f = frequency, Hz

ѵ = VM sin 2π f t T = Periodic Time, s

1 π = 3.1416…..
=

Example:

1. An alternating voltage is given by ѵ = 75 sin (200πt – 0.25) volts

Find:

a. The amplitude value

b. The peak-to-peak value
c. The rms value
d. The periodic time
e. The frequency
f. The phase angle

Solution:

2. The current in an ac circuit at any time t seconds is given by i = 70.7 sin 520t
Find:

a. Periodic time
b. Frequency
c. Instantaneous current @ 0.0015 s

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 Solution:

3. The instantaneous value of voltage in an ac circuit at any time t seconds is given by

ѵ = 100 sin (50πt – 0.523).
Find:
a. The peak-to-peak voltage, periodic time, frequency and phase angle;
b. The voltage when t = 0
c. The voltage when t = 8ms
d. Time when instantaneous voltage reaches at 60 v
e. Time when instantaneous voltage reaches at the maximum value

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