CONCRETE

What is Concrete?

is an artificial stone as a result of mixing

cement, aggregates (coarse and fine). And
water.

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How about Reinforced Concrete?

▰a concrete with reinforcement properly

embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces.

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Main composition of Cement

Lime Iron oxide

Silica Magnesia
Alumina Sulphur trioxide

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Types of Aggregates

1. Coarse aggregates- aggregates such as crushed stone, or

natural gravel with particles retained on a 5 mm sieve.
▰For coarse aggregate, the maximum nominal size varies from
40, 20, 14, or 10 mm diameter. The choice from the above size
depends upon the dimension of the concrete member, more
particularly the spacing of the steel bars reinforcement.
▰Good practice demand, the maximum size of the aggregates
should not exceed 25% of the minimum thickness of the member
structure nor exceed the clear distance between the reinforcing
bars and the form.

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B. Fine Aggregates- natural sand passing
on a 5mm sieve

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The American Concrete Institute (ACI)
Requirements for Concrete are as follows:

1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning, that

fresh concrete could freely flow around the
reinforcement to fill all the voids inside the form.
2. The hardened concrete shall be strong enough to
carry the design load
3. The hardened concrete could withstand the
conditions to which it is expected to perform.
4. The concrete should be economically produced.

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Concrete mixture maybe classified
as either:
▰Designed Mixture- where
the contractor is responsible
in establishing the mixture
proportion that will achieve
the required strength and
workability as specified in
the plan.
▰Prescribed Mixture-
where the designing
engineer specify the mixture
proportion. The contractor’s
responsibility is to provide
properly mixed concrete
containing the right
proportions as prescribed in
the plan.
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Concrete Proportion

Mixture
Proportion
Class

Cement Sand Gravel

AA 1 1½ 3
A 1 2 4
B 1 2½ 5
C 1 3 6

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Concrete Mixture should meet the
following requirements:
1. Workability
- determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can
mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished (ACI Standard)
- property determining the effort required to manipulate a
freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of
homogeneity.
- means the ability of fresh concrete to fill all the voids
between the steel bars and the forms without necessarily
exerting much effort in tamping

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2. Strength
- can be defined as the
ability to resist force. With-
regard to concrete for
structural purposes it can be
defined as the unit force
required to cause rupture.
Types:
a) Compressive strength
b) Tensile strength
c) Shear strength
d) Bond strength
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3. Durability
ability of concrete to resist weathering
action, chemical attack, and abrasion while
maintaining its desired engineering
properties.

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4. Economy
-the concrete should be economically
produced. Meaning least cost but with great
strength.
-concrete production should incur little to
no waste

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Fin.

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