Lecture- Masonry Part 2

ADOBE STONE
It is commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons. Aside from this, adobe
stones are now used as finishing and decorative materials for exterior and interior of the buildings and other related structures.
The use of adobe stones for fences, buttresses, cross-footings, and stairs minimizes the use of mortar compared to the use of
CHB Plastering is also not required specially when the design calls for exposure of the natural texture of the stone.

RETAINING WALL
Retaining wall is a structure that are designed and constructed to withstand lateral pressure of soil or hold back soil materials. The
lateral pressure could be also due to earth filling, liquid pressure, sand, and other granular materials behind the retaining wall structure.

A Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design must Satisfy the following Criteria

1. The base and stem of the retaining wall must be capable of resisting the internal shear and bending moments developing as a
result of soil and other loadings.
2. The wall must be safe against overturning.
3. The wall structure must be safe against sliding.
4. The bearing capacity of the foundation material supporting the wall must not be exceeded.

Types of Retaining wall

1. Gravity Retaining Wall
 Depends on self weight only to resist lateral earth pressure
 Commonly these retaining walls are massive because it requires significant gravity load to counter act soil pressure
 Sliding, overturning, and bearing forces shall be taken into consideration when designing this type of retaining wall
 Can be constructed from different materials such as concrete, stone, and masonry units
 Economical for a height upto 3 meters
2. Crib Retaining wall
 This is one form of gravity wall
 They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber/ precast concrete
 These boxes are then filled with crushed stone or other coarse granular materials to create a free draining structure
 Basic types of this retaining wall include reinforced precast and timber retaining walls
 It is suited to support planter areas, but it is noy recommended for support of slopes or structures.

3. Gabion Retaining wall

 This is a multi-celled, rectangular wire mesh boxes, which are filled with rocks or other suitable materials.
 Employed for construction of erosion control structures
 Also used to stabilize steep slopes
4. Cantilever Retaining wall
 It is composed of a stem and base slab
 It is constructed from reinforced concrete, precast concrete, or prestressed concrete
 Most common type of retaining wall used
 It can either be constructed on site or prefabricated offsite
 The portion of the base slab beneath backfill materials is termed as heel, and the other part called a toe.
 It is economical up to a height of meters.
 It requires smaller quantity of concrete compare with gravity wallbut its design and construction shall be executed
carefully.
 Similar to gravity wall, sliding, overturning, and bearing pressure shall be taken into consideration.
5. Counter-fort/Buttressed Retaining wall
 It is a cantilever retaining wall but is strengthened with counter forts monolithic with the back of the wall slab and
base slab.
 Counter fort spacing is equal or slightly larger than the half of the counterfort height
 The height of this retaining wall ranges from 8 meters to 12 meters.

6. Anchored Retaining wall

 This type of retaining wall is employed when the space is limited or thin retaining wall is required.
 This is suitable for loose soil over rocks.
 High retaining wall can be constructed using this type of retaining wall structure system.
 Deep cable rods or wires are driven deep sideways into the earth then the ends are filled with concrete to provide
achor
 Anchors (tiebacks) acts against overturning and sliding pressure.
7. Piled retaining wall
 They are constructed by driving reinforced concrete piles adjacent to each other
 Piles are forced into a depth that is sufficient to counter the force which tries to push over the wall..
 It is employed in both temporary and permanent works
 Piled walls offer high stiffness retaining elements which are able to hold lateral pressure in large excavation depths
with almost no disturbance to surrounding structures or properties.
 Sheet pile walls are built using steel sheets into a slope or excavations up to a required depth, but it cannot withstand
very high pressure.
 It is economical until a height of 6 meters.

8. Mechanically stabilized Earth Retaining wall

 Among the most economical and the most commonly constructed retaining wall.
 It is supported by selected fills and held together by reinforcements, which can either be metallic strips or plastic
meshes
 Types of this retaining wall includes panel, concrete block, temporary earth retaining walls.
 9. Hybrid Systems
 These are the walls that use both mass and reinforcement for stability.
 Also called as composite retaining wall systems.

RIP-RAP AND GROUTED RIP-RAP

What is a Rip-Rap?

Riprap describes a range of rocky material placed along shorelines, bridge foundations, steep slopes, and other shoreline structures to
protect from scour and erosion. Rocks used range from 4 inches to over 2 feet. The size of the rock needed on a project depends on
the steepness of the slope and how fast water is moving. Riprap is a very durable, natural-looking treatment. One drawback is the
potential for the rocky material to not be easily traversable by animals; filling the open spaces between the rocks with soil or smaller
rocks helps to address this issue.

Where is it used?
  Along a lake shoreline to limit erosion associated with wave action.
 Along the outer bank of a river bend, dissipating the force of the water against the bank.
 Near bridges along embankments and adjacent to supports in waterways.

Class of Stone for Rip-Raping

CLASS-A Stone ranging from 15-25 kg with atleast 50% of the stones weighing more than 20 kg.
CLASS-B Stones ranging from 30-70 kg. With atleast 50% of the stones weighing more than 50 kg,
CLASS-C Stones ranging from 60-100 kg. With atleast 50% of the stones weighing more than 80 kg.
CLASS-D Stones weighing from 100-200 kg. With atleast 50% of the stones weighing more than 150 kg.

GABIONS AND MATTRESS

Gabions and mattresses are used to give permanent protection and support to sea walls, river banks, culverts, reservoirs,
road bridges, and many other structures in civil engineering works. Gabions are box shaped containers made of tough woven
hexagonal netting strengthened by selvedges of heavier wires. To further strengthen the container, diaphragms are added to divide tha
gabion into 1 meter compartments.

Major applications:

1. Slope stabilization for embankment and cutting

2. Prevention of erosion in river embankments
3. Coastal protection in sea walls and sand dunes
4. Construction of river weirs and channel linings
5. Groynes projecting into rivers, inland waters, and sea
6. Protection of bridge support and surroundings

Specifications when ordering:

1. Overall Size Length x Breadth x Height

2m x 1m x 1m
3m x 1m x 1m
4m x 1m x 1m
2. Wire Diameter 2.0mm, 2.2mm, 2.7mm
3. Mesh Size Width x Length of Mesh

10m x 12m
8m x 10m
6m x 6m