Engineered wood - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Engineered_wood

Engineered wood
Engineered wood, also called mass timber, composite
wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes
a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by
binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or
boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of
fixation[1] to form composite material. The panels vary in size but
can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet (19.5 by 2.4 m) and in the case
of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a
few inches to 16 inches or more. [2] These products are
engineered to precise design specifications, which are tested to Very large self-supporting wooden
meet national or international standards and provide uniformity roof. Built for Expo 2000, Hanover,
and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered Germany
wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home
construction to commercial buildings to industrial products.[3]
The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel
in many building projects.[4] The term mass timber describes a
group of building materials that can replace concrete
assemblies.[5] Broad-base adoption of mass timber and their
substitution for steel and concrete in new mid-rise construction
projects over the next few decades has the potential of turning
timber buildings into a global carbon sink, which could help
mitigate climate change.[6]
75-unit apartment building, made
Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same largely of wood, in Mission, British
hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber. Sawmill Columbia
scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood
composed of wood particles or fibers, but whole logs are usually
used for veneers, such as plywood, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) or particle board. Some
engineered wood products, like oriented strand board (OSB), can use trees from the poplar family, a
common but non-structural species.

Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar

engineered bamboo from bamboo; and similar engineered
cellulosic products from other lignin-containing materials such as
rye straw, wheat straw, rice straw, hemp stalks, kenaf stalks, or
sugar cane residue, in which case they contain no actual wood but
rather vegetable fibers.

Flat-pack furniture is typically made out of man-made wood due

to its low manufacturing costs and its low weight.
Engineered wood

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Contents
Types of products
Plywood
Densified wood
Chemically densified wood
Fibreboard
Particle board
Oriented strand board
Laminated timber
Laminated veneer
Cross laminated
Parallel strand
Laminated strand
Finger joint
Beams
Trusses
Transparent wood composites
Advantages
Disadvantages
Properties
Engineered wood flooring manufacturing
Lamella
Types of core/substrate
Adhesives
Health concerns
Other fixations
Standards
See also
References
External links

Types of products

Plywood

Plywood, a wood structural panel, is sometimes called the original engineered wood product.[7]
Plywood is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated veneer and bonded under heat and pressure
with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By alternating the grain direction of the veneers from

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layer to layer, or “cross-orienting”, panel strength and stiffness in

both directions are maximized. Other structural wood panels
include oriented strand board and structural composite panels.[8]

Densified wood

Densified wood is made by using a mechanical hot press to

compress wood fibers and increase the density by a factor of
Engineered wood products in a
three.[9] This increase in density is expected to enhance the
Home Depot store
strength and stiffness of the wood by a proportional amount.[10]
Early studies confirmed this ends with a reported increase in
mechanical strength by a factor of three.

Chemically densified wood

More recent studies[11] have combined chemical process with traditional mechanical hot press
methods to increase density and thus mechanical properties of the wood. In these methods, chemical
processes break down lignin and hemicellulose that is found naturally in wood. Following dissolution,
the cellulose strands that remain are mechanically hot compressed. Compared to the three-fold
increase in strength observed from hot pressing alone, chemically processed wood has been shown to
yield an 11-fold improvement. This extra strength comes from hydrogen bonds formed between the
aligned cellulose nanofibers.

The densified wood possessed mechanical strength properties on par with steel used in building
construction, opening the door for applications of densified wood in situations where regular strength
wood would fail. Environmentally, wood requires significantly less carbon dioxide to produce than
steel and acts as a source for carbon sequestration.[12]

Fibreboard

Medium-density fibreboard and high-density fibreboard (hardboard) is made by breaking down

hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and
forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. [13]

Particle board

Particle board is manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust, and a synthetic
resin or another suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Oriented strand board, also known as
flakeboard, wafer board, or chipboard, is similar but uses machined wood flakes offering more
strength. Particleboard is cheaper, denser, and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood
and is substituted for them when the cost is more important than strength and appearance. A major
disadvantage of particleboard is that it is very prone to expansion and discoloration due to moisture,
particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer.

Oriented strand board

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Oriented strand board (OSB) is a wood structural panel manufactured from rectangular-shaped
strands of wood that are oriented lengthwise and then arranged in layers, laid up into mats, and
bonded together with moisture-resistant, heat-cured adhesives. The individual layers can be cross-
oriented to provide strength and stiffness to the panel. However, most OSB panels are delivered with
more strength in one direction. The wood strands in the outmost layer on each side of the board are
normally aligned into the strongest direction of the board. Arrows on the product will often identify
the strongest direction of the board (the height, or longest dimension, in most cases). Produced in
huge, continuous mats, OSB is a solid panel product of consistent quality with no laps, gaps or
voids.[14]

OSB is delivered in various dimensions, strengths and levels of water resistance.

Laminated timber

Glued laminated timber (glulam) is composed of several layers of dimensional timber glued together
with moisture-resistant adhesives, creating a large, strong, structural member that can be used as
vertical columns or horizontal beams. Glulam can also be produced in curved shapes, offering
extensive design flexibility.

Laminated veneer

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet.
The grain of all veneers in the LVL billet is parallel to the long direction. The resulting product
features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability that offer a broader range in
product width, depth and length than conventional lumber. LVL is a member of the structural
composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood products that are commonly used in the same
structural applications as conventional sawn lumber and timber, including rafters, headers, beams,
joists, rim boards, studs and columns.[15]

Cross laminated

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a versatile multi-layered panel made of lumber. Each layer of boards
is placed cross-wise to adjacent layers for increased rigidity and strength. CLT can be used for long
spans and all assemblies, e.g. floors, walls or roofs.[16] CLT has the advantage of faster construction
times as the panels are manufactured and finished off site and supplied ready to fit and screw
together as a flat pack assembly project.

Parallel strand

Parallel strand lumber (PSL) consists of long veneer strands laid in parallel formation and bonded
together with an adhesive to form the finished structural section. A strong, consistent material, it has
a high load carrying ability and is resistant to seasoning stresses so it is well suited for use as beams
and columns for post and beam construction, and for beams, headers, and lintels for light framing
construction.[8] PSL is a member of the structural composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood
products.[17]

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Laminated strand

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL) are manufactured from flaked
wood strands that have a high length-to-thickness ratio. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are
oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL and OSL offer good fastener-holding
strength and mechanical connector performance and are commonly used in a variety of applications,
such as beams, headers, studs, rim boards, and millwork components. These products are members of
the structural composite lumber (SCL) family of engineered wood products.[15] LSL is manufactured
from relatively short strands—typically about 1 foot long—compared to the 2 foot to 8 foot long
strands used in PSL.[18]

Finger joint

The finger joint is made up of short pieces of wood combined to form longer lengths and is used in
doorjambs, mouldings and studs. It is also produced in long lengths and wide dimensions for floors.

Beams

I-joists and wood I-beams are "I"-shaped structural members designed for use in floor and roof
construction. An I-joist consists of top and bottom flanges of various widths united with webs of
various depths. The flanges resist common bending stresses, and the web provides shear
performance.[19] I-joists are designed to carry heavy loads over long distances while using less lumber
than a dimensional solid wood joist of a size necessary to do the same task [1]. As of 2005,
approximately half of all wood light framed floors were framed using I-joists [2].

Trusses

Roof trusses and floor trusses are structural frames relying on a triangular arrangement of webs and
chords to transfer loads to reaction points. For a given load, long wood trusses built from smaller
pieces of lumber require less raw material and make it easier for AC contractors, plumbers, and
electricians to do their work, compared to the long 2x10s and 2x12s traditionally used as rafters and
floor joists.[18]

Transparent wood composites

Transparent wood composites are new materials, currently only made at the laboratory scale, that
combine transparency and stiffness via a chemical process that replaces light-absorbing compounds,
such as lignin, with a transparent polymer.

Advantages
Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often in applications similar to solid wood
products. Engineered wood products may be preferred over solid wood in some applications due to
certain comparative advantages:

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Because engineered wood is man-made, it can be designed to meet application-specific

performance requirements. Required shapes and dimension do not drive source tree
requirements (length or width of the tree)
Engineered wood products are versatile and available in a wide variety of thicknesses, sizes,
grades, and exposure durability classifications, making the products ideal for use in unlimited
construction, industrial and home project application.[20]
Engineered wood products are designed and manufactured to maximize the natural strength and
stiffness characteristics of wood. The products are very stable and some offer greater structural
strength than typical wood building materials.[21]
Glued laminated timber (glulam) has greater strength and stiffness than comparable dimensional
lumber and, pound for pound, is stronger than steel.[3]
Some engineered wood products offer more design options without sacrificing structural
requirements.
Engineered wood panels are easy to work with using ordinary tools and basic skills. They can be
cut, drilled, routed, jointed, glued, and fastened. Plywood can be bent to form curved surfaces
without loss of strength. And large panel size speeds construction by reducing the number of
pieces to be handled and installed.[20]
Engineered wood products make more efficient use of wood. They can be made from small
pieces of wood, wood that has defects or underutilized species.[22]
Wooden trusses are competitive in many roof and floor applications, and their high strength-to-
weight ratios permit long spans offering flexibility in floor layouts.[23]
Engineered wood is felt to offer structural advantages for home construction.
Sustainable design advocates recommend using engineered wood, which can be produced from
relatively small trees, rather than large pieces of solid dimensional lumber, which requires cutting
a large tree.[18]

Disadvantages
They require more primary energy for their manufacture than solid lumber.[24]
The adhesives used in some products may be toxic. A concern with some resins is the release of
formaldehyde in the finished product, often seen with urea-formaldehyde bonded products.[24]
Cutting and otherwise working with some products can expose workers to toxic compounds.
Some engineered wood products, such as those specified for interior use, may be weaker and
more prone to humidity-induced warping than equivalent solid woods. Most particle and fiber-
based boards are not appropriate for outdoor use because they readily soak up water.

Properties
Plywood and OSB typically have a density of 550 - 650 kg/m3 (35 to 40 pounds per cubic foot). For
example, 1 cm (3/8") plywood sheathing or OSB sheathing typically has a weight of 1 - 1.2 kg/m2 (1.0
to 1.2 pounds per square foot.).[25] Many other engineered woods have densities much higher than
OSB.

Engineered wood flooring manufacturing

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Lamella

The lamella is the face layer of the wood that is visible when installed. Typically, it is a sawn piece of
timber. The timber can be cut in three different styles: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn.

Types of core/substrate
1. Wood ply construction ("sandwich core"): Uses multiple thin plies of wood adhered together. The
wood grain of each ply runs perpendicular to the ply below it. Stability is attained from using thin
layers of wood that have little to no reaction to climatic change. The wood is further stabilized due
to equal pressure being exerted lengthwise and widthwise from the plies running perpendicular to
each other.
2. Finger core construction: Finger core engineered wood floors are made of small pieces of milled
timber that run perpendicular to the top layer (lamella) of wood. They can be 2-ply or 3-ply,
depending on their intended use. If it is three ply, the third ply is often plywood that runs parallel to
the lamella. Stability is gained through the grains running perpendicular to each other, and the
expansion and contraction of wood is reduced and relegated to the middle ply, stopping the floor
from gapping or cupping.
3. Fibreboard: The core is made up of medium or high density fibreboard. Floors with a fibreboard
core are hygroscopic and must never be exposed to large amounts of water or very high humidity
- the expansion caused from absorbing water combined with the density of the fibreboard, will
cause it to lose its form. Fibreboard is less expensive than timber and can emit higher levels of
harmful gases due to its relatively high adhesive content.
4. An engineered flooring construction which is popular in parts of Europe is the hardwood lamella,
softwood core laid perpendicular to the lamella, and a final backing layer of the same noble wood
used for the lamella. Other noble hardwoods are sometimes used for the back layer but must be
compatible. This is thought by many to be the most stable of engineered floors.

Adhesives
The types of adhesives used in engineered wood include:

Urea-formaldehyde resins (UF)

most common, cheapest, and not waterproof.
Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF)
yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products.
Melamine-formaldehyde resins (MF)
white, heat and water resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs.
polymeric Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) or polyurethane (PU) resins
expensive, generally waterproof, and does not contain formaldehyde, notoriously more difficult
to release from platens and engineered wood presses.

A more inclusive term is structural composites. For example, fiber cement siding is made of cement
and wood fiber, while cement board is a low-density cement panel, often with added resin, faced with
fiberglass mesh.

Health concerns

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While formaldehyde is an essential ingredient of cellular metabolism in mammals, studies have linked
prolonged inhalation of formaldehyde gases to cancer. Engineered wood composites have been found
to emit potentially harmful amounts of formaldehyde gas in two ways: unreacted free formaldehyde
and chemical decomposition of resin adhesives. When exorbitant amounts of formaldehyde are added
to a process, the excess will not have any additive to bond with and may seep from the wood product
over time. Cheap urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives are largely responsible for degraded resin
emissions. Moisture degrades the weak UF molecules, resulting in potentially harmful formaldehyde
emissions. McLube offers release agents and platen sealers designed for those manufacturers who use
reduced-formaldehyde UF and melamine-formaldehyde adhesives. Many oriented strand board (SB)
and plywood manufacturers use phenol-formaldehyde (PF) because phenol is a much more effective
additive. Phenol forms a water-resistant bond with formaldehyde that will not degrade in moist
environments. PF resins have not been found to pose significant health risks due to formaldehyde
emissions. While PF is an excellent adhesive, the engineered wood industry has started to shift toward
polyurethane binders like pMDI to achieve even greater water-resistance, strength, and process
efficiency. pMDIs are also used extensively in the production of rigid polyurethane foams and
insulators for refrigeration. pMDIs outperform other resin adhesives, but they are notoriously
difficult to release and cause buildup on tooling surfaces.[26]

Other fixations
Some engineered products such as CLT Cross Laminated Timber can be assembled without the use of
adhesives using mechanical fixing. These can range from profiled interlocking jointed boards,[27][28]
proprietary metal fixings,[29] nails or timber dowels (Brettstapel - single layer or CLT[30]).

Standards
The following standards are related to engineered wood products:

EN 300 - Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) — Definitions, classification and specifications

EN 309 - Particleboards — Definition and classification
EN 338 - Structural timber - Strength classes
EN 386 - Glued laminated timber — performance requirements and minimum production
requirements
EN 313-1 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 1: Classification
EN 313-2 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 2: Terminology
EN 314-1 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 1: Test methods
EN 314-2 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 2: Requirements
EN 315 - Plywood — Tolerances for dimensions
EN 387 - Glued laminated timber — large finger joints - performance requirements and minimum
production requirements
EN 390 - Glued laminated timber — sizes - permissible deviations
EN 391 - Glued laminated timber — shear test of glue lines
EN 392 - Glued laminated timber — Shear test of glue lines
EN 408 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of
some physical and mechanical properties
EN 622-1 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 1: General requirements

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EN 622-2 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 2: Requirements for hardboards

EN 622-3 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 3: Requirements for medium boards
EN 622-4 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 4: Requirements for softboards
EN 622-5 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF)
EN 1193 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of
shear strength and mechanical properties perpendicular to the grain
EN 1194 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber - Strength classes and determination of
characteristic values
EN 1995-1-1 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures — Part 1-1: General — Common rules
and rules for buildings
EN 12369-1 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 1: OSB,
particleboards and fibreboards
EN 12369-2 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 2:
Plywood
EN 12369-3 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 3: Solid
wood panels
EN 14080 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber — Requirements
EN 14081-1 - Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section
- Part 1: General requirements

See also
Stadthaus - Application sample for timber panels
Super Wood

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wood-products). www.nicnas.gov.au. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
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Retrieved December 17, 2013.

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Engineered wood - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood

External links
APA The Engineered Wood Association (https://web.archive.org/web/20110414041302/http://ww
w.apawood.org/level_b.cfm?content=prd_main)
Canadian Wood Council Engineered Wood Products (https://web.archive.org/web/201109302331
30/http://www.cwc.ca/Products/EWP/)
Engineered Wood Products Association (http://www.ewpa.com/)

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