La

w&i
tsExa
ms

Const
it
uti
ona
lHi st
oryofI ndo-
Pakis
tanfrom 1947onwa r
ds,incl
udingIndi
an
I
ndepende
nceAc t1947,thelat
ec onst
it
uti
onsof Pa
kis
tan 
1956,1962,andthe
I
nter
imConsti
tut
ionof1972.

Constit
uti
ona lhist
orystartss i
ncequi teba ck,whichi ncludescert
a i
nr eforms .By
theGove rnme ntofIndiaAc t
,1858,t hegove rnanceof  
India 
wa stra
ns f
erre dfrom
EastIndiaCompa nytotheBr it
ishCr own.La t
eront heGove r
nme ntofI ndiaAc t
,
1935,wa se nact
edi nr esponseofgr owingde ma ndf ors elf
-gove r
nme nt.The
Brit
ishparli
ame ntenact
e dtheI ndepende nceofIndiaAc t,1947,whi chbec amel aw
on J
uly18,1947,butc a
mei ntoforceon  August15,1947.Thi sAc twa stheba s
eof
crea
tionof  
Pakist
an.Itwa sa boutthede ali
ngofs eparati
onori ndependenc ea ndi t
s
all
iedma t
ters.Stat
eswe reatl i
bert
yt oc hooseeit
her Pakistan 
or 
India,t
ol ivewi th.

Byt heGove r
nme ntofI ndi
aAc t
,1935,s upre
ma c
ywa st r
ans
fer
redtodomini
ons
of 
Br i
ta
in.Itwa sgua r
anteedtha
tboth 
Indi a 
and 
Pakis
tan 
wouldbea tl
ibe
rtyto
ma keconst
it
uti
ona ndlaws e
para
tel
y.Le gisl
at
ureofbothwouldbes upe
rinthei
r
sphere.Itwa sc ompletesucces
sion ofBr i
ti
shr ul
e,whi chc e
asedcontr
ol
of 
Br i
ta
in 
overthes ubconti
nent
.

Statesassembli
esofbot hc ountri
eshadt omakec onst
it
uti
onf orownf re
elya nd
independentl
y.Ite ndsc ontrolof Bri
tai
n.A Commonwe a
lthorgani
zati
onwa s
framedl aterwhich wa sc onstit
uted on t
hef orme rcolonies(domini
ons).I t
s
me mbe r
ship was not obl i
gatory but opti
ona l
.Ri ght f r
om t he exi
stence
of Paki
stan 
the Governme nto fI ndia Act,1935,wa sa dopt
ed withc er
tain
ame ndmentsforthetimebe ing.Andne wconst
ituentasse
mbl ywa sdesi
gnat
edt o
ma kenewc onst
it
utionfor 
Pa kis
tan.

Befor
eindependence,ve
topowerwa svest
edtotheKi ngorCr own,butnowt
his
powerwa stransf
err
edtowa r
dsGove r
norGe ner
al.Agreementort r
eati
esmade
by 
Brit
ain 
werebe c
omenullandvoid.Enf
orcementofthemwa ster
minate
d.Ar
my
andci
vilser
vantsweregive
nlibe
rtytosel
ecte
ithe
r Pa
kist
an 
or 
India.

Object
ive
sRe solut
ionof1949:  Itwasfel
tne ces
sarythatbeforethec onst
itut
i on
wasdraft
ed,t
hepr i
nc i
plesandidealsonwhichitwa st
obeba s
ed,andwhi chwe re
toguideitsma kersint he
irgr eattas
k,mus tfi
r s
tbec lear
lyde fi
ned.Fo rt his
purpos
e,on Ma rch12 ,1949,t heCons t
it
uentAs sembl
ya dopte
dar es
olution,
move dbyLi aquatAl iKha n,thet henPri
meMi ni
st
erof  
Pakist
an,c all
edt he
Object
ive
sRe s
olution.Itpr
oclai
me dthatt
hefutur
eCons t
ituti
onofPa ki
s t
anwoul d
notbemod el
edonEur opeanpatter
n,butonthei deol
ogya nddemoc ra
ticfaithof

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

Is
la m,ina smuchastheHolyQurani
stheonl
ytruegui
det
oma n,bot
hinhis
privat
ea ndpubli
cli
fe,insoci
ala
ndpoli
ti
cala
ffa
irs
.Thepr
inc
ipl
esandide
als
procla
ime dini
tar
easbelow:

1.
  
  
  
Sove
rei
gnty:
 Sover
eignt
y belongsto All
ah Al
mi ght
ya l
one;butHehas
dele
gat
edittot heSta
teofPa kist
anthr
oughit
spe ople
,tobeexerc
ise
dasa
sacr
edtr
ustwit
hinthelimi
tspr
es cr
ibe
dbytheQura
na ndSunnah.

2.
  
  
  
Repre
sent
ati
on: 
TheSta
tes
hallexe
rci
sei
tspowe
rsa
nda
uthor
it
ythr
ought
he
chose
nrepre
senta
ti
vesoft
hepeopl
e.

3.
  
  
  
Soci
alj
ust
ice
: 
Thepr i
nci
ple
sofdemoc
rac
y,free
dom,equal
it
y,t
ole
ranc
eand
soci
alj
ust
ic
ease nunc
iat
edbyIsl
am,s
hal
lbeful
lyobs
erved.

4.
  
  
  
LivesofMus l
ims:
 Mus l
imsshal
lbee nabledtoorderthei
rli
vesinthe
indi
vidua
landc ol
lect
ivespher
esi
na c
cordwiththet
eac
hingsandre
qui
reme
nts
ofIsl
am,assetoutintheHo l
yQura
na ndSunnah.

5.
  
  
  
Minorit
yr i
ght
s: 
Adequat
eprovis
ionshal
lbema defortheminor
it
iesto
profe
ss,propaga
tea ndprac
ti
cetheirr
eli
gions
,de
velopthei
rcul
tur
es,and
safe
guardsthe
irl
egi
timat
eint
ere
sts
.

6.
  
  
  
Struc
tur
eof Paki
st
an:
 Pa
kist
an 
sha
llbet hef
ede
rals
tat
ewhe
rei
npr
ovi
nci
al
autonomyisguar
ante
edthr
oughcons
ti
tut
ion.

7.
  
  
  
Funda
mentalRights
: 
Fundame
nta
lRightsoff r
eedom,e qua
li
ty,prope
rty,
expre
ssi
onofopi
nion,bel
ie
f,wor
shi
p,a
sso
ciat
ion,e
tc.sha
llbeguar
ant
eed.

8.
  
  
  
Independence 
ofj udic
iar
y: J
udic
iar
ys hal
lbei
nde
pende
nta
nd s
hal
lac
t
accordi
ngt otheprovis
ionoftheconst
it
uti
on.

I
mport
anceofObj e
c t
ivesResol
uti
on: 
TheObj e
cti
vesRe sol
uti
oni soneofthe
i
mport
antandil
luminati
ngdocumentintheconst
it
uti
onalhist
oryof 
Paki
sta
n.At
t
heti
meofmovi ngi
t,Mr .Li
aquatAliKhancall
edit“mostimport
antocc
asi
onin
t
he l
ife ofthi
sc ountry,nextini mport
ance onl
yt ot he achie
vementof
i
nde
pendence
.”

Theimporta
nceofthi
sdoc umentl
iesinthefac
tt hati
tcombinest
hegoodfeat
ure
s
oftheWe ster
na ndIslamicdemocracy.Itproclai
mst heIsl
amiccons
ti
tut
ional
pri
nci
pleofthesover
eigntyofAll
ah,andcombi nesitwit
hthemoder
ndoc t
ri
neof
popul
arsovere
ignt
y.Inthedemocrat
icIsl
amicSt at
eofPa ki
st
an,t
heMusli
mswi ll

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

orderthei
rl ivesina c cor
da ncewi t
hI s
lamictea
ching.Ne ver
thele
ss,thenon-
Mus li
mmi norit
iesof Pa kis
tan sha
llbeguar
a nt
eedf
ullri
ghtsoffr
eedomofr el
igi
on,
wor s
hipandc ul
ture,e special
lybe ca
useIsl
a mi
cfai
thits
elftea
chesage nerousand
justtr
eat
me ntofr e
ligiousmi nori
ti
es.Las
tly,t
hepri
ncipl
eoft heindependenceof
judic
iar
yisa l
soa ss
erted.

Invie wofi tsba si

cpr inci
ples,theObjec
ti
vesResol
uti
onma yber ega
rdeda
sthe
beacon-li
ghtwi thgui dedt heframer
sofou rconst
it
uti
onint hei
rs upr
emebut
arduous( harda nddi ffi
cult
)t a
sk.Itproc
lai
medthatinthepre
sentda ywor
ldof
wa r
ringi deologies
,t heI sl
a micStat
eofPa ki
st
anwoul dbeaha venofpeace
,
democ racya ndpr ogre ss
,a ndthatPakis
tanwoul
dbeade moc r
acynotonlyin
polit
icalbutalsoins ocialande c
onomicsens
e.

TheObj ect
ivesRe solutionwasa ls
oaha ppyblendofmode rnis
ma ndIslami
sm,a s
againstmedievali
sma ndMul lahis
m.The setwot endenci
esin Pakis
tan’spol
iti
cal
lif
ewe reyetini ncipient(i
niti
al,bas
ic ,beginni
ng)f orms
.Butt heywe resoont o
playagr e
aterroleint hedisc
us si
onsa ndde bate
sint heConsti
tuentAssemblyand
thepublic
.Thes t
rugglebe t
we entheset wot e
ndencieswasma inlyresponsi
blefor
holdingupthea doptionofac onsti
tut
ionf orave r
ylongperiod.

Fi
rstc
ons
ti
tut
ion 
wasma
dei
n1956.I
tha
dce
rta
inI
sla
micpr
ovi
si
ons
.So
meof
t
hemarea
sfol
lows:

1.
  
  
  
Nameofc
ount
ry 
wasde
cla
redI
sla
micRe
publ
icofPa
kis
tan.

2.
  
  
  
Itbe
cameobl
igat
oryt
hatHeadofSt
at
e,i
.e.
, 
Pre
sidentwoul
dmustbeMus
li
m.
Non-Mu s
li
mswe r
edepr
ivedt
obecomehea
doftheI s
lamicSt
at
e.

3.
  
  
  
Allexi
sti
ngl awsc ontr
aryt
oI sl
am wouldbeturne
dtoI s
lamic.From now
onwardnol a
w wi llbema derepugnanttotheI
sla
micprovi
sions.Ifanylaw
contr
arytoIslami se nact
edcanber ebut
teda
ndgotvoidt hroughjudic
ial
proce
ss. Inconsis
tency of e xist
ing l a
w wi th Is
lam woul d r es
ult
eit
her 
Is
lamiz
ation 
(ÅrÍlÖB¿ÝmA)orvoi d.

Thisconst
it
uti
onwast oolengt
hycons
ist
ing234Artic
les
,pr
e a
mble,and13
chapte
rs.Whyitwastoolong?Itwast
hef i
rstc
ons
ti
tut
ionof
 Paki
st
an 
andit
s
founder
smadeitf
ull
yexhausti
ve.

St
ruct
ureofgover
nme
ntwaspar
li
ament
aryext
rac
tedfr
om Br
iti
shcons
ti
tut
ion
whil
ei t
sj udi
ci
alsupr
emac
y wa stakenfrom USA c
ons
ti
tut
ion.Itwa s

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

a
mal
gama
ti
onofbot
hbi
gpowe
rs.

4.
  
  
  
Fundament
alhuma
nri
ght
s 
wer
egua
rant
eedwi
the
xce
pti
onofs
uspe
nsi
on
whileemer
gency.

Sali
entfe
atur
esoft
heconst
it
uti
onof1956: 
Itwasc
amei
ntof
orc
eon 
Mar
ch23,
1956.Someofit
ssa
li
entf
eat
uresar
easf
ollows:

1.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Writ
ten:
 Itwa
swr i
ttenastheconst
it
uti
onsofres
tofwor
lda
rewr
it
ten
exceptBr
itis
hConsti
tut
ionmostofwhic
hpa r
tisunwr
it
ten.

2.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Is
lami
c: 
Thi
scons
ti
tut
ionwa
sba
sedonI
sla
micpr
inc
ipl
es.

3.
  
  
  
  
  
  
UnicameralHouse–Cent
ral
: 
Onlynat
ionalass
emblyof 
Pakis
tan 
wasthe
solelegi
slat
ureincentr
eandther
ewasnoc onceptofuppe
rhouse,whichis
usuall
yf oundi ntheotherdemocr
ati
ccountri
es.Onlys i
nglehousewa s
responsi
bleoflawma ki
ng.

4.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Unicame r
alhouse–Pr ovinces
: 
Bothuni
tsoft hestat
e,i
.e
.,f
orme
rEast
Pakista
n( now Bangl
adesh)andf or
mer 
We s
tPa ki
st
a n 
(nowIs
lami
cRepubl
ic
ofPa ki
sta
n)a l
sohadsinglehouseforl
awmaking.

5.
  
  
  
  
  
  Parli
ame ntar
yf orm ofgover
nme nt
: 
Botha sse
mbl i
esofprovincesand
nationala s
sembl ywe reElec
tor
alColl
egefortheelecti
onofPr
esident
.Pri
me
Mi nisterandi t
scabinetwasassi
st
edPr e
side
nt.The ywe r
eel
ectedf orf
ive
years .Presi
de nthadt oactinacc
ordanc
ewi t
ht hea dvi
ceofcabinetexc
ept
whe rehewa ss pec
ifi
call
yempoweredbyconst
itut
ion.

6.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Sepa
rati
onofpowers: 
Powerwassepar
ate
damongtheor
gansoft
hesta
te
sucha sl
egi
slat
ure
,judi
ciar
y,andexec
utive
.Eachor
ganhadtoactwi
thi
nthe
li
mi t
spres
cri
bedintheconst
it
uti
on.

7.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Divi
si
on ofpower
s: 
Powersofcent
rea nd uni
tswa sde f
ineda nd
provinc
eswer
efre
etoactwit
hint
hel
imi
tsdef
inedi
nc ons
ti
tut
ion.Provi
ncia
l
autonomywasgr
ante
d.

8.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Adul
tfr
anc
his
ede
lec
tions
: 
Ele
cti
onswe
ret
obehe
ldont
heba
sisofa
dul
t
franc
his
e.

9.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Fede
ralsyst
em ofgove
rnment:
 Sys
tem ofgover
nme ntwasfedera
lin
whichprovinc
esa r
egive
na ut
onomyunde rcons
ti
tut
ion.Sepa
rat
el i
st
sa r
e

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

provide
dunde rthi
ss ys
temforlawmaki
nga
ndever
yuniti
sfre
ewithi
nthe
li
mi t
spresc
ribedinconst
it
uti
on.Cabi
net
swe
rea
nswera
blet
othe
irr
espe
cti
ve
assembli
es.

10.
  
  
  
  
Guar
ante
eoffundame nt
alright
s:
 Fundament
alright
swe
regua
rant
eedi
n
thecons
ti
tut
ione
xceptundertheemergencysi
tut
at
ion.

11.
  
  
  
  
Nati
onallangua
ges:
 Ur
dua ndBe ng
alibot
hwe
rede
cla
reda
sna
ti
ona
l
langua
ges.Engli
shwasoff
ici
all
angua
ge.

12.
  
  
  
  
Nameofc
ount
ry:
 Na
meofc
ount
rywa
sde
cide
dIs
lami
cRe
publ
icof
Pakist
an.

13.
  
  
  
  
PowersofHighCourta
ndSupremeCour t
: 
Bothcourtswer
egr
ant
ed
powe r
stois
suewri
tsf
ort
hee
nfor
ceme
ntofFundament
alRights
.

Abrogati
onof1956Cons ti
tuti
on: Theconst
it
uti
onof1956prove dtobeas hort
-
li
vedone.Thef i
rstgenera
le l
ect
ionstobehe l
dunderitwerer
epeate
dlya djourned
fr
om oneda t
etoa nothe
r,til
lt heCons t
it
uti
onwa sa br
oga
tedon  Oc t
ober07,
1958 a
ndMa r
ti
alLa w wa sproclaimed.A Marti
alLaw Government,he a
de dby
Muha mma dAyubKha n,cametopowe r
.Iti
ntr
oducedanumberofr eformsint he
count
ry,suchasthelandrefor
ms .Thequesti
oniswhydidtheConsti
tutionof1956
fai
ltowork?Wes umma ri
zethec ause
sasunder:

1.
  
  
  
Lackofpopula
rele
c t
ions
: 
Noe l
ect
ionwerehe l
dundert
he1956Cons
ti
tut
ion,
withtheresul
tthatthepeopl
elostfait
hint he80-membersPar
li
amentthat
conti
nue
dtowor kaft
erithadf
ramedtheconst
itut
ion.

2.
  
  
  
Unduei nter
fer
ence:
 Unduei nte
rfer
encebyt hepr e s
ident
,Si kandarMi rz
a,
withthemi nis
tri
esandpol i
ti
calpa rt
ies
.Unde rthe1956Cons tit
ution,whi ch
est
abli
s hedapa r
li
amentar
ys ystem ofgovernme nt,thePr esi
dentwa st obea
consti
tutiona lHe a
dofSt a
te,whi l
et hePrimeMi nist
erwa st obet hereal
execut
ive .Butt heunduei nterf
erencebyt hePr esidentreducedt hePr i
me
Ministert othatofapa rl
ia
me nt
a r
ys ecr
etar
yoft hePr e s
ident
.Thi sinterfer
ence
dis
orga nizedt he properwor king oft he Cabi nets yst
e m and mi nist
eri
al
res
pons ibilit
ytotheParli
ament.

3.
  
  
  
Unsta
blecabi
net
: 
Fre
quentCa
bine
tormi
nis
ter
ialc
hange
sal
so putt
he
const
it
uti
oni
ntoabr
ogat
ion.

4.
  
  
  
Lac
kofl
eade
rshi
p: 
Lac
kofl
eade
rshi
pbot
hint
hegove
rnme
nta
ndi
nthe
Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

pol
it
ic
alpa
rti
esa
ndpubl
ic
.

5.
  
  
  
Undueint
erf
erenceofbur
eaucr
acy:
 Thegr
owthofbur
eauc
rac
ya ndunder
int
erf
ere
nceandinfl
uenc
eoftheper
manentof
fi
cer
sint
hegove
rnment
alpol
ic
y
andadmini
st
rat
ion.

6.
  
  
  
Lackofcharac
ter
: 
Thegener
allac
kofc har
acteri
nthepol
it
ic
iansa
ndt
hei
r
undueint
erf
ere
nceintheda
y-t
o-da
ya dmi
nist
rat
ion.

7.
  
  
  
Lackofdisci
pli
ne:
 Lackofdisci
pli
nea ndsol
idar
it
yinthepol i
ti
calpa
rti
es.
The i
rmembersfr
equent
lychangedthei
rloyal
ti
esforpr
ivat
ee ndsandper
sonal
gains,wit
hther e
sul
tthatpolit
ica
lpa r
tiesbecameme r
ec oter
iesofsel
fis
h
lea
de r
sandpol
it
ici
ans
,withoutanycont
actwitht
hepeople
.

8.
  
  
  
Lac
kofe
duc
ati
on:
 La
ckofe
duc
ati
ona
ndpubl
ics
pir
iti
nthee
lec
tor
ate
.

9.
  
  
  
Corrupt
ion:
 Wi
despr
eadcorr
upt
ioninp
olit
ic
alli
feoft
hec ountr
y,wi
ththe
res
ultthatsea
tsi
nthelegi
sl
at
urebeca
meinvest
mentf
oracqui
ringweal
tha
nd
inf
luence.

Sal
ientfe
atur
esoft
hec
ons
ti
tut
ionof1962:
 Someofi
tss
ali
entf
eat
ure
swe
rea
s
fol
lows:

1.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Writ
ten:
 Thiscons
ti
tuti
onwaswrit
te
na st
heallc
onst
it
utionsar
ewri
tt
en
exceptof
 GreatBri
tai
n.Itwasc
onsi
ston250Art
ic
lesand5schedul
es.

2.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Fle
xibl
e: 
Ame
ndme
ntsc
oul
dbema
dewi
t 3rd 
h2/ maj
ori
ty.

3.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Federals ys
tem ofgovernment:
 Sys
tem ofgovernmentwasf e
deralin
whichpr ovincesaregivena ut
onomyunde rconst
it
uti
on.Separa
teli
stsare
provide
dunde rthi
ss ys
temforlawma ki
ngande ver
yunitisfre
ewi t
hinthe
li
mi t
sprescribedinconst
it
uti
on.Cabinet
swereanswerabl
etothe
irre
spect
ive
assembli
es.

4.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Pres
identi
algover
nment
: 
Allt
hepower
sofgovernmentwer
eveste
dt o
thePresi
dent.Hewa sal
lina
ll
.Heandhi
scabi
netwe
renotanswe
rabl
etothe
legi
slat
ure.

5.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Unicamerall
egis
lat
ure
: Cent
rall
egi
sl
a t
urewa scons
ist
edononehouse
name l
y Na t
ionalAs s
embly.Me mbers ofc a
binetwere notne
ces
sari
ly
me mbersoft
heNa ti
onalAssembl
y.

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

6.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Ele
ctora
lColle
ge: 
Elec
tor
alCol
legefort
heel
ect
ionofPr
esi
denta
ndthe
me mbersoftheassembl
iesei
the
rnati
onalorpr
ovi
ncia
lwasbasedonba
sic
democ r
acy.Ele
cti
onswerehel
dindi
rect
ly.

7.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Fundament
al Rights
: 
At be ginni
ng Funda
ment
al Right
s wer
e not
providedi nthe c
ons t
it
ution butl a
tert
hey wer
ei nc
orpor
ate
dint he
constit
uti
onwit
hsomee xcepti
ons.

8.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Inde
pende
nce
 ofj
udi
cia
ry:
 J
udi
ci
arywa
sinde
pende
ntf
romt
hee
xec
uti
ve.

9.
  
  
  
  
  
  
Princ
iple
sofpol
icy:
 Fi
rstt
imepr
inci
ple
sofpol
ic
ywe r
eint
roduc
edi
nthe
consti
tuti
on,whi
chweretheguide
dpri
nci
plesf
ort
hegove
rnments
.

10.
  
  
  
  
Is
lamic:
 Allthela
wsi nconsi
ste
ntwit
hIsla
m orFundamenta
lRight
swe
re
li
abletovoi d.Counc
ilofa nIsla
micIdeol
ogywasconsti
tut
edtorevi
ewt
he
exist
inglawswhe the
rthe ya r
eina c
cor
dancewit
hIslam.Ifnot,t
heywe
re
li
able,ei
thervoidorI
sla
mi zed.

11.
  
  
  
  
Nationa
ll a
ngua
ges:
 Urdua ndBengal
iwe r
ede cl
are
dnati
onallanguage
s
withtheprovisi
onofEnglis
ha soff
ici
all
anguageunti
lthea
rrange
me ntsar
e
ma deforma ki
ngUrduandBe nga
lia
soffi
cia
llangua
ges.

12.
  
  
  
  
Ba s
icdemocr
acy: 
A news yst
em ofbasi
cdemocr
acywa sint
roduce
din
placeofpopul
arloc
algovernmentsys
tem.Membe
rsofba
sicdemocracywer
e
responsi
blet
oele
ctPresi
dent.

13.
  
  
  
  
Counci
lofCommonInt
ere
sts
: 
Itwa
scons
ti
tut
edt
opr
ote
ctt
hei
nte
res
tof
feder
ati
onandpr
ovi
nce
s.

14.
  
  
  
  
Capit
alt
erri
tor
y: 
Federa
lc a
pit
alwas 
Karac
hi,whi
chwastooc
ong
est
ed
area.
 I
sla
mabad 
wa sdeve
lopedandse
lec
teda
sfeder
alc
api
ta
l.

Br
eakdownof1962cons
tit
uti
on: 
Cons
ti
tut
ionof1962a
lsodi
dnotl
astl
ong.
Va
riousf
act
orsl
edt
oit
sfa
il
ure,suc
has:

1.
  
  
  
Autocra
cy:
 Oneoftheimport
antfact
orswasthegrowingautocr
acyof
Presi
dentAyubKha
n,wit
hwhichthepe
oplebe
cameinc
rea
singl
yunhappy.

2.
  
  
  
Pres
ide
nt-
shi
pofAyubKha n:
 I
twasespe
cia
ll
ys oaf
tert
hegener
alele
cti
on
of1965,dur
ingwhic
hAyubKha ngothi
msel
fele
cteda
sPresi
dent
.Peopl
efel
t
thathi
sel
ect
ionwasnotl
egi
ti
mate
.

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

3.
  
  
  
Tashkent De c
larati
on:
 Populardi s
s at
isf
acti
onbe camea l
lt hemoreg r
eat
e r
aft
ertheTa s hkentDe cl
arat
ionof1966,i nwhi chAyubKha nwa sbel
ievedto
havej eopardizedt hena ti
onali nt
ere s
tof  
Pakistan,e speci
allyinr e
ga r
dt o
the 
Jammua ndKa s
hmir Disput
ewi th 
India
.I n We s
tPa ki
st
a n,Z.A.Bhut to,
whowa st he ntheFor eignMi nis
teri nAyubKha n’sCa binet
,ledpopula r
dis
content.Her esignedhisof f
iceafterthesigningoft heTa shkentDecla
rat
ion
onthepl e
at hatAyubKha nha dsurrendered 
Pakista
n’si nter
estsbysi
gningit.

4.
  
  
  
Lackofprovi
nci
alautonomy: 
In 
EastPakist
an,popul
ardi
scont
entwasnoton
quest
ionoffore
ignpolic
ybutont hatofprovinci
alaut
onomy.SheikhMuji
bur
Rehma n,t
helea
deroftheAwa miLeague,l
e dit.

5.
  
  
  
Agita
tion:
 Agi
tat
ionwasst
art
edinbothEas
t& We
stPa
kis
tana
nds
tude
nts
playe
dke yrolei
nde c
li
neofAyubgove
rnment
.

6.
  
  
  
Marti
alLaw: 
Ma r
ti
alwa
senf
orc
edwhi
cha
lsor
esul
te
dinf
ail
ureoft
he
const
it
uti
onof1962.

7.
  
  
  
Lackofchec
k& ba l
ance
: 
Presi
dentialsys
tem ofgovernme
ntwasadopte
d
keepi
nginvi
ewofitss
ucces
sful
nessin Ame r
ica
. 
Ame r
ica
 hasche
ck&balance
init
ssys
temwhere
asit
slac
k-nes
sputi tint
oend.

8.
  
  
  
Unli
mit
edpowersofPr
esi
dent
: 
Unl
imi
te
dpowerswer
egra
ntedt
oPr e
side
nt
andthe
rewasnotc
heck&balanc
eove
rhi
spower
swhic
hres
ult
sitf
ail
ure
.

9.
  
  
  
Dif
fic
ultimpeac
hme nt of Pre
s i
dent
: 
Impea
chment c
rit
eri
a whi
ch wa
s
sugge
stedi
ncons
ti
tut
ionforPre
sident
,wastoodif
fi
cul
t.

10.
  
Concent
rat
ionofwe a
lthinfew ha
nds:
 I
nr es
ultofagr
icul
tur
al& i
ndust
ri
al
ref
ormswe a
lthwasconcent
rat
edi
nf e
wh andswhichc
reat
edunres
tamongthe
poorandla
bourcl
ass
.

11.
  
Infl
ati
on:
 Duetomis
ma na
geme
ntpri
cesofli
fecommodit
ie
swe r
egonehigh
thusoutofther
eac
hofcommonper
sonwhotookpar
tinagi
tat
iona
gai
nstAyub
government
.

Compar
isonbet
weencons
ti
tut
ionsof1956and1962:
 Bot
hcons
ti
tut
ionswe
ret
o
somee
xtentdi
ver
gent
.Exa
  mples a
reasf
oll
ows:

1.
  
  
  
Form ofgove
rnment
s:
 Unde
rtheprovis
ionsoft
hecons
ti
tut
ionof1956,
syst
em ofgovernme
ntwa sparl
ia
menta
rywhi l
eitwa
sPr esi
dent
ia
lunder

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

c
ons
ti
tut
ionof1962.

2.
  
  
  
Methodofel
ect
ion:
 Member
softhegove
rnme ntweree l
ect
edonthebas
isof
dir
ectele
cti
onunder1956const
it
uti
onwhileme thodofi ndi
recte
lec
ti
onby
basi
cdemocrac
yme mber
swasadopte
dunderthe1962c onst
it
uti
on.

3.
  
  
  
Answera
bil
it
y ofthe gover
nment: 
Pri
me Mini
st
erand hisca
binetwas
res
ponsi
bletoanswerbef
orelegi
sl
atureunde
r1956const
it
uti
onwhil
esuc
h
res
ponsi
bil
it
yundert
heconst
it
uti
onof1962wasaba
ndoned.

4.
  
  
  
Fundament
alRi ght
s:
 Fundament
alRi ght
s we r
e guar
ante
ed under1956
const
it
uti
onwhi l
etheywe renotprovi
dedunder1962c onst
it
uti
onwhe nt
he
const
it
uti
onwa sframe
d.La t
erontheywe reinc
orpor
ate
di ncons
tit
uti
onwi
th
somee xc
epti
ons.

5.
  
  
  
Listsoflawmaking: 
Thr eeli
stswe repr ovide
dunde r1956const
it
uti
onfor
law ma ki
ng.Theywe rec onsi
st
e donf ederal,concurr
ent
,andprovi
nci
alli
sts
.
Federallawhadtoprevailincontra
ve nt
ionofpr ovi
nc i
all
aw.Onlyoneli
stwas
providedunder1962c onsti
tut
ionf ort hel awmakingofc e
ntr
allegis
lat
ure
.
Re s
iduarypower
swe reve st
edtoprovincialgovernment.

6.
  
  
  
Sel
ecti
onofc abi
nets:
 Unde
rConsti
tuti
onof1956cabi
netwassel
ecte
dfrom
ins
ideoft heparl
iament
.Therewasnotr es
tri
ct
iontose
lectt
hec a
binetf
rom
ins
idethepa r
lia
me ntunderConst
it
utionof1962.InPresi
dent
ia
ls ys
tem of
gover
nme ntcabi
netcanbesel
ect
edfr
omo ut
si
deparl
ia
ment.

7.
  
  
  
Promul ga
tionofor
dina
nce:
 OrdinancemadebyPr es
identinemerge
ncyor
duringthei nabi
li
tyofthena t
ionalassembl
ywa sputbe f
orethenati
onal
assembly whe nitwa sins essi
on foronwa r
de nforc
e mentunder1956
consti
tut
ion.I twasunnece
ssar
yt o pre
sentbef
orena t
ionalasse
mblyf or
recognit
ionandjus
t“a
pprova
l”wa ssuff
ici
entf
ori
tsconver
s i
onint
olaw.

8.
  
  
  
Pri
ncipl
es of pol
icy:
 Pri
nci
ples of pol
ic
y we r
e not provi
ded under
Const
ituti
onof1956wher e
astheywe r
eprovi
dedunderCons
ti
tuti
onof1962.
Theyareguidi
ngpri
nci
plesofIsl
amicgover
nment
.

9.
  
  
  
Selec
tionofCabi
net
: UnderConsti
tut
ion1956Ca bi
netwassel
ect
edf r
om
parli
amentwher
easpre
sidentwasnotboundtosele
ctcabi
netf
rom pa
rli
ament
only.Hehaspowert
otakemi ni
st
ersf
romoutsi
dethepar
lia
ment
.

10.
  
Counc
ilofc
ommoni
nte
res
t:
 The
rewa
snoc
onc
eptofCounc
ilofCommon
Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n
 La
w&i
tsExa
ms

Int
ere
stunde
rCons
ti
tut
ionof1956.I
twa
scons
ti
tut
edunde
rCons
ti
tut
ionof
1962.

11.
  
Capi
talt
err
it
ory:
 Ka
rachi
 wasthefede
ralc
apit
alunde
rConst
it
uti
onof1956.
UnderConst
it
uti
onof1962,
 I
sla
ma ba
d wass
ele
ctedasf
ede
ralc
api
tal
.

Compi
l
edby
:Sa
rda
rTa
nwe
erHus
sai
n