Categorization of Air Side Systems

10/14/2020 Launch
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Welcome to Daikin Web Applied
Creation ： 1.0 (Jul. 2020) Training.
Version ： 1.0
1/13 This course is WS-1 Applied
Sales Engineer basic course.
Continuing the content number 2,

WS -1 – Applied SE Basic Course let’s get into the Content #3,
about Categorization of Air Side
Systems.
3) Categorization of Air Side Systems
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3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

What you learn about here in this
　Learning content 2/13 content is:

1.
Categorization by heat transfer
(1) Categorization by heat transfer 2.

Types of HVAC systems.
-1 All-Air system And 3.

Conclusion
-2 All-Water system
-3 Air-Water system
(2) Types of HVAC systems
-1 Constant Air Volume system (CAV)
-2 Variable Air Volume system (VAV)
-3 Terminal reheat system
-4 Fan-coil unit system
-5 AHU + FCU System
(3) Conclusion
2 / 14 00:21 / 00:21
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10/14/2020 Launch

Air side system can be
(1) Categorization by heat transfer media 3/13 categorized into 3 systems by
heat transfer media.
It is easy to understand the
categorization of each system,
All-Air system All-Water system from the viewpoint of whether
water, or air is entering the air
conditioned room.
Air conditioning by sending cool or Direct heat exchange with indoor air and
heat air to the room through a duct chilled or hot water introduced into the room At first, the figure on the top left
hand side shows all air system.
In this system, air handling unit is
AHU located outside the room to be
air-conditioned, and only the air
Supply air FCU circulates in this room, so called
all air system.
Indoor The next, the figure on the top
Chilled/Hot right hand side shows All-Water
Indoor Chilled/Hot water system.
Cooling water water That means that only water, such
as chilled water, flows into, and
Outdoor air leaves from the room to be air-
conditioned.
Finally, the bottom central figure
Air and Water system shows the system combining use
of air and water.
AHU Both air and water circulate in the
room.
Supply air
FCU
Indoor
Chilled/Hot water Return air

Cooling water Outdoor air
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About the all-air system, supply
(1)-1 All-Air system 4/13 air cooled or heated by air
handling unit, is distributed to the
room through ducts and diffusers.
The feature of this system is;
Supply air cooled or heated by AHU is distributed to the room through ducts that No water comes into the
space to be air-conditioned, so it
and diffusers. is suitable for a room that does
not like water leak.
Both of the indoor and outdoor
AHU heat loads are processed by air
handling unit.
Supply air This air handling unit usually
blows Supply air to conditioned
spaces at so much bigger
Large conditioned room, C/H water amount, that power consumption
space, area Cooling water of the fan motor will tend to
increase.
Return air Outdoor air
- No water coming into the space
- Indoor space heat load and outdoor air heat load can be handled by AHU.
- High power consumption because of large fan motor.
C/H: Chilled / Hot water

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10/14/2020 Launch

About the All-water system,
(1)-2 All-Water system 5/13 chilled or hot water is distributed
from the chiller to the fan-coil
unit. This fan-coil unit is installed
in or around an air-conditioned
Supply water chilled or heated by chiller is distributed to fan coil. room, and heat load of this room
is transferred to the water.
This FCU is installed in or around the conditioned room. This feature of this system is;
The heat load of this room is transferred to this water. that water-pipes are installed in
or near the room, so there is a
risk of trouble due to water leaks.
Exterior wall The indoor heat load is
windows processed by the fan-coil unit,
while the heat load of outdoor air
is usually processed by the
Small conditioned FCU outdoor air processing unit. That
room, space, area means this system needs other
measures for processing outdoor
air load in addition to fan coil
units. However, the fan power
consumption of FCU is much
lower than All-air system.
C/H water
- Water-pipes will be installed in or near the room, which may cause trouble due to
water leaks.
- The indoor heat load is often processed by the FCU, and the heat load of outdoor air is
often processed by the outdoor air processing unit.
- Lower fan power consumption than All-Air system.
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10/14/2020 Launch

About the air and water system,
(1)-3 Air and Water system 6/13 cooled or heated outside air is
distributed to the room by air
handling unit through ducts and
diffusers. Chilled or hot water is
Cooled or heated outdoor air is distributed to the room by AHU through ducts and distributed by chiller to the air
handling unit or fan-coil unit.
diffusers. The features of this method is;
Chilled or hot water is distributed by chiller to AHU or FCU. That heat load near the windows
is usually processed by floor-
standing-type fan-coil units, and
Exhaust air the indoor heat load is often
processed by air handling unit .
Exterior wall There are some cases where
windows Supply air AHU ceiling-cassette-type fan coil units
are installed.
Then, they can take fresh air that
conditioned room, C/H water has been processed by outdoor
air processing unit.
FCU space, area Cooling water
Outdoor air
C/H water
- The heat load near the window is often handled by floor-standing-type FCU, and the
indoor heat load is often processed by the AHU.
- In some cases, ceiling-cassette-type FCU is installed to take in fresh air that has
been processed by outdoor air processing unit.
6 / 14 00:40 / 00:41
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10/14/2020 Launch

There are plural HVAC system for
(2) Types of air conditioning systems 7/13 each heat transfer category.
Some of the systems are painted
in blue here in this table. These
are typical ones used in central
Categorization of
HVAC systems Remarks system.
heat transfer For example, among all air
system, single duct Constant Air
Central system Volume, that is called CAV, and
the Variable Air Volume, that is
Single-duct Constant Air Volume systems (CAV) AHU called VAV, are the typical
Single-duct Variable Air Volume systems (VAV) AHU+VAV unit systems. About Air and Water
system, the use of air handling
All-Air system Single-duct Variable (or Constant) Air Volume with Reheater AHU+ coil unit unit combined with fan coil is a
typical method.
Dual-duct constant airflow method Special AHU All-Water system is equal to fan-
coil system. From here, we'll
Multizone unit method Special AHU focus on the systems that are
blue-painted, as those of
Air and Water Fun-coil unit systems (Duct combined system) AHU+FCU particular importance.
system Induction unit method Special unit
All-Water system Fun-coil unit systems FCU
Decentralized HVAC system
Split system, self-
Air-source unitary air conditioner and heat pumps
contained system
Variable Refrigerant Flow multi-split air-conditioners and
Refrigerant VRV(VRF)
heat pumps
Through-the-wall heat pump system Room air conditioner
Closed circuit water-source heat pump system WSHP
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10/14/2020 Launch

Let’s introduce a brief overview of
(2) -1 Single-duct Constant Air Volume systems (CAV) 8/13 the systems listed in the previous
page in order.
Exhaust Return fan At first, single-duct constant air

air volume system is the most
Return duct common of the central air-
conditioning methods, and is the
Air volume Diffuser Return grill standard method of HVAC.
damper This system is the most basic of
Return air basics, therefore when
considering and discussing
Supply duct 14 ℃DB central system, it is always
Air volume necessary to take it in mind.
damper Single-duct system means that
Supply air the one supply air flow is
delivered without being mixed
with any conditioned air.
Air volume AHU On the other hand, there’s
Outdoor damper another duct system called the
air Conditioned room, space, area dual-duct system shown in the
previous page.
with design temperature at 24 ℃DB It has two ducts. One is for cool
air going, the other is for warm air
passing. Both flows are mixed
before entering the room to be
The airflow rate to the conditioned space is constant. This system is available to large air-conditioned.
space. When the space is divided into some rooms after construction or there is heat
Whatever it is single or dual duct
load deviation in the space, the temperatures at the measuring points may be out of the system, the constant air volume
Setpoint temperature. system keeps air flow rate
constant and does not change by
demand, so it is called CAV
The suitable application is as follows: method.
Equally distributed heat load like a large office, entrance hall or lobby, large conference Capacity adjustment to the
varying load, is performed by
room, theater, cafeteria, department store. changing the temperature of the
supply air.
Single-duct Constant Air Volume
systems has been widely used
8 / 14 01:47 / 01:53
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10/14/2020 Launch

with any conditioned air.
(2) -1 Single-duct Constant Air Volume systems (CAV) 8/13 On the other hand, there’s
another duct system called the
dual-duct system shown in the
Exhaust Return fan previous page.
air It has two ducts. One is for cool
Return duct air going, the other is for warm air
passing. Both flows are mixed
Air volume Diffuser Return grill before entering the room to be
damper air-conditioned.
Return air
Whatever it is single or dual duct
Supply duct 14 ℃DB system, the constant air volume
Air volume system keeps air flow rate
damper constant and does not change by
Supply air demand, so it is called CAV
method.
Capacity adjustment to the
Air volume AHU varying load, is performed by
changing the temperature of the
Outdoor damper supply air.
air Conditioned room, space, area Single-duct Constant Air Volume
with design temperature at 24 ℃DB systems has been widely used
since long ago for the middle and
large office spaces. However, due
to the constant air volume, there
The airflow rate to the conditioned space is constant. This system is available to large is a disadvantage that the room
temperature greatly deviates from
space. When the space is divided into some rooms after construction or there is heat the target room temperature in
load deviation in the space, the temperatures at the measuring points may be out of the the zones, where the heat load is
Setpoint temperature. biased, for example, in the cases
that the office layout is changed,
or the amount of office equipment
The suitable application is as follows: increases.
And the control of this system
Equally distributed heat load like a large office, entrance hall or lobby, large conference may not reflect the heat load
room, theater, cafeteria, department store. bias. Because a single
temperature sensor to detect the
《 The training program for Applied Sales 》 © DAIKIN INDUSTRIES,LTD. 2020 Aｌｌ rights reserved representative room temperature,
is installed in the conditioned
8 / 14 01:47 / 01:53 space, or in the return air duct.
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10/14/2020 Launch

This figure shows the Variable Air
(2) -2 Variable Air Volume system 9/13 Volume system. This system can
vary the airflow according to the
heat load. Thus, this system is
called VAV system.
Exhaust Return fan Comparing this system with CAV
air VAV unit system, it is necessary to install
Return duct
VAV units for each diffuser or
each duct branch that covers
Air volume Diffuser several diffusers.
damper Return grill So, this allows the airflow rate to
Return air Supply duct 14 ℃DB be controlled according to the
heat load. As a result of adjusting
the airflow at each VAV unit, it will
Air volume be possible to reduce the total
damper airflow to be delivered by air
Supply air handling unit.
This reduction of air flow can be
VFD obtained by decreasing the
Air volume AHU unit rotation speed of the fan motor of
T T
Outdoor damper T
the air handling unit. That will be
air done by using variable frequency
Conditioned room, space, area drive unit, VFD unit, so that the
with design temperature at 24 ℃DB supply air volume can be
reduced. This air flow reduction
makes it possible to reduce the
The airflow rate to the conditioned space is variable. This system is available to the power consumption for air-
spaces that have heat load deviation or need individual controls. Variable airflow rate distribution. In the end, using VAV
plus VFD can save energy. According to heat load at the temperature sensor, VAV units units leads to energy saving.
controls airflow rate. They pass the controlling value to VFD unit so that airflow of AHU
is adjusted from necessary rate to minimum rate using VFD. The initial cost is higher
than that of the constant air volume system.
The suitable application is for the small spaces in one zone covered by one AHU.
9 / 14 01:03 / 01:07
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10/14/2020 Launch

This is Terminal Reheat System.
(2) -3 Terminal Reheat System 10/13 This system can cover the
drawback in VAV system itself,
that occurs when the airflow is
Reheater using hot water, excessively reduced.
Exhaust Return fan Return grill This is also adopted in the CAV
air steam or electricity system when requiring to adjust
Return duct
supply air temperature for each
room or each zone individually.
Air volume The initial cost is high, however, it
damper can realize precise temperature
Return air Supply duct 14 ℃DB and humidity control for each
VAV unit room.
Therefore, comfort can be
Air volume secured, although additional
damper Diffuser energy is used at the end of the
Supply air airflow so that the energy can’t be
saved. It is not a common
VFD system, so it is used for the case
Air volume AHU unit 14 ℃DB 15 ℃DB 17 ℃DB that needs a special air-
Outdoor damper T T T
conditioning environment
air requirements like severe
Conditioned room, space, area Design temperature and humidity
with design temperature at 24 ℃DB 26 ℃DB management. For example, it is
only used in museum, laboratory,
pharmaceutical. For office
usage, it is not adopted for the
This system covers the drawback of VAV system where the adjusted airflow is limited whole area, but partially adopted
down to minimum. If supply air temperature is too low to deal with small heat load of the in the special place such as
executive room.
space, the air temperature increases at reheating coil to satisfy the room heat load.
The suitable application is for the small spaces in one zone covered by one AHU,
especially executive rooms in an owner office building, museum, laboratory,
pharmaceutical factory, semi-conductor making factory, etc..
10 / 14 01:03 / 01:04
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10/14/2020 Launch

With the Fan-coil unit system
(2) -4 Fan-coil unit System 11/13 being installed in or near the
conditioned room, the air
circulation is carried out by the
Chilled water (supply) fan coil unit itself.
This means the air-distribution is
　Chilled water (return) done just in the room. And the air
FCU (cassette type) flow rate is also small because
12 ℃ FCU (concealed ceiling type) the cover area is small.
So, it is enough for the power of
7℃ the fan to be small. However, it
Window in the
cannot be expected that the level
17 ℃DB Diffuser outside wall of air conditioning is high-grade
because of the following reasons.
FCU (floor At first, it is difficult to process the
standing type) heat load of outside air.
That requires separate
Exterior consideration about method of
side of intaking and dealing with fresh
T T T outdoor air.
T T
office The next, it is difficult to perform
sufficient humidifying.
Conditioned room Conditioned room Finally, air cleaning function is not
(e.g. elevator hall) at 27 ℃DB (e.g. office) at 27 ℃DB sufficient.
On the other hand, the air volume
in each unit can be adjusted to
the heat demand.
Therefore, this air volume
Individual control, comparably low initial cost, unnecessary for machine room of AHU in adjustment capability and small
the ceiling, rough efficiency of filter room application of fan-coil units
are suitable to install them in
guest rooms of hotel or patient
For the small spaces to large spaces of large offices, hotel guest rooms, patient rooms rooms of hospital.
in a hospital, school classes, restaurants, condominium, residential, etc.
This system has no outdoor air processing, so usually combining system of air & water /
refrigerant is often used in the buildings where outdoor air for the space is necessary.
11 / 14 01:07 / 01:10
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This is a combining system. This
(2) -5 AHU + FCU System 12/13 system has emerged to improve
the drawback of fan-coil unit
system as explained in the
previous page.
Chilled water (Supply) That is a difficulty of processing
Chilled water (Return) the outdoor air. In order to deal
FCU (Cassette type) with it, this system includes a
12 ℃ small capacity air handling unit
7℃ which is used for primarily
Window in the processing of the outside air.
Exhaust air Diffuser outside wall This combination system of air
handling unit with fan-coil unit is
possible to control the
Exhaust conditioned space individually so
air that it is often applied for hotels
and hospitals with many small
rooms.
Exterior
T T T T
Outdoor side of
air Conditioned room office
(e.g. office) at 27 ℃DB
AHU for outdoor air processing

FCU (floor standing type)
Machine room
For offices, hotel guest rooms, hospital rooms, school classes, restaurants,
condominium, residential, etc. where outdoor air must be necessary
12 / 14 00:35 / 00:36
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At the end of this content, this
(3) Conclusion 13/13 table shows summarization about
air side system.
The left hand side column shows
HVAC heat source equipment
Space size dealt with by introduced in the content number
HVAC equipment Air side
one heat source unit 1. The middle column shows an
example of air side system
corresponding to the HVAC
Rooftop Duct & Diffuser (+ VAV) Small to large equipment shown on the left
column. The rightmost column
In/Out A/C , SkyAir Indoor Unit (+ Diffuser) Small shows the size of the air-
conditioned space for each heat
source unit.
Self-Contained It is a common idea that chiller
(Air cooled Remote Duct & Diffuser (+ VAV) Small to middle system covers larger space to be
air conditioned than Direct
condenser) Expansion system. This content
have explained the features of
VRV Indoor Unit (+ Diffuser) Small to middle typical air side systems.
Each system has advantages
and disadvantages, so that it is
Self-Contained ( Water better to keep in mind that what
Duct & Diffuser (+ VAV) Small to middle
cooled) system is to be adopted depends
on the building size and
applications.
W/C VRV Indoor Unit (+ Diffuser) Small to middle
Air-cooled Chiller Duct & Diffuser
Water-cooled Chiller (+ VAV), and/or Indoor Unit Small to large
Absorption Chiller (+ Diffuser)
Every system has advantages and disadvantages
13 / 14 00:51 / 00:52
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10/14/2020 Launch

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use(Confidential)

Continuing the content number 2,

3) Categorization of Air Side Systems

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Learning content 2/13 content is:

(1) Categorization by heat transfer 2.

-1 All-Air system And 3.

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Chilled/Hot water Return air

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Return air Outdoor air

- No water coming into the space

- High power consumption because of large fan motor.

C/H: Chilled / Hot water

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Exhaust Return fan At first, single-duct constant air

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

AHU for outdoor air processing

Marker Tools OUTLINE NOTES

3) Categorization of Air Side System Internal use Only(Confidential)

Every system has advantages and disadvantages

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　Learning content 2/13 content is: