ARTICLE 7 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION T-710 SCOPE When specified by the referencing Code Section, the magnetic particle examination techniques deseribed in this Article shall be used, In general, this Article is in conformance with SE-709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination, This document provides details to be considered in the procedures used. ‘When this Article is specified by a referencing Code Section, the magnetic particle method deseribed in this Article ‘shall be used (ogether with Anticle 1, General Requirements, Definition of terms used in this Atticle are in Mandatory Appendix IL 1720 GENERAL ‘The magnetic particle examination method may be applied to detect cracks and other discontinuities on or near the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials, The sensitiv- ity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly with increasing depth of subsurface disconti ities below the surface. Typical types of discontinuities that can be detected by this method are cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, and laminations In principle, this method involves magnetizing an area tobe examined, and applying ferromagnetic particles (the examination's medium) to the surface, The particles will, form patterns on the surface where cracks and other dis continuities cause distortions in the normal magnetic field, These patterns ate usually characteristic of the type of discontinuity that is detected. Whichever technique is used to produce the magnetic flux in the part, maximum sensitivity will be to linear discontinuities oriented perpendicular to the lines of flux. For optimum effectiveness in detecting all types of dis continuities, each area is to be examined at Ieast twice, with the Tines of flux during one examination approxi- mately perpendicular to the lines of flux during the other. 721 Written Procedure Requirements 'T-721.1 Requirements. Magnetic particle examina- tion shall be performed in accordance with a written 0s procedure, which shall, as a ininimum, contain the requirements listed in Table T-721. The writen procedure shall establish a single value, or range of values, for each requirement, 721.2. Procedure Qualifieation. When procedure qualification is specified, @ change of a requirement in ‘Table T-721 identified as an essential variable shall require requalification of the written procedure by demon: stration, A change of a requirement identified as a nones- sential variable does not require requalification of the ‘written procedure. All changes of essential or nonessen- tial variables from those specified within the written pro- ‘cedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the ‘written procedure, 7-730 KQUIPMENT. A suitable and appropriate means for producing the necessary magnetic flux in the part shall be employed, using one or more ofthe techniques listed in and deseribed in T-750. ‘T731 Examination Medium ‘The finely divided ferromagnetic particles used for the examination shall meet the following requirements, (a) Particle Types. ‘The particles shall be treated 10 impart color (fluorescent pigments, nonfluorescent pig- ‘ments, or both) in order to make them highly visible (contrasting) against the background of the surface being. ‘examined, (b) Particles. Dry and wet particles, including wet ispension vehicles, and patticle concentration shall be in accordance with SE-709. (c) Temperature Limitations, Particles shall be used ‘within the temperature range limitations set by the manu- facturer of the particles. Alternatively, particles may be used outside the particle manufacturer's recommenda: tions providing the procedure is qualified in accordance with Article 1, T-150 at the proposed temperature, 08,T7409 2004 SECTION V Pe782.2 TABLE T721 REQUIREMENTS OF A MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Requirement Magnetizing technique ‘Magnetizing current ype or amperage outside rance specif by this Article oF as prevousiy qualified Surfoce preparation [Magnet partiles (Ruocescenvsible, color, parte sz, wetéry) ‘tod of particle appicaton IMathod of excess particle removal ‘Minimum tight intensity Coating thickoess greater than that qualified Performance demoestration, when required xaminatlon part surface temperature outside of the ‘temperature range recommended by the manufacturer ofthe particles or as previously qualifiod ‘Shape or sizeof the examination object Equipment of the same type “Temperature (within Hose spaced by manufacturer ‘oF as previously cuaified) Demagnetizing technique Post-examination cleaning technique Personnel qualieation requirements Essential Variable Nonessential Variable x x MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENT! Surface Conditioning T-741.1 Preparation (a) Satisfactory results are usually obtained when the surfaces are in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, oF as- forged conditions. However, surface preparation by ‘grinding or machining may be necessary where surface invegularities could mask indications due to discontinu- es. (b) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at Teast 1 in, (25 mn) shall be dry and free of all dirt, grezse, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil, or other extraneous matter that could interfere with the examination, (c) Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, ‘organic solvents, descaling solutions, paint removers, vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting, or uluasonic ‘cleaning methods. (a) If nonmagnetic coatings are left on the part in the area being examined, it shall be demonstrated that indications can be detected through the existing maximum coating thickness applied. When AC yoke technique is ‘used, the demonstration shall be in aceordance with Man- datory Appendix I of this Article. face st Enhancement. When nonmagnetic coatings are applied temporarily to uncoated surfaces only in amounts sufficient to enance particle contrast, it shall be demonstrated that indications can be detected through the enhancement coating. NOTE: Refer to T=150() for guidance for the demoustaton required in T741.1@ and T7412 1-750 TECHNIQUE T-181 ‘Techniques One or more of the follo tech- niques shall be used: (a) prod techniques () longitudinal magnetization technique; (c) circular magnetization technique; (d) yoke technique; (e) multidirectional magnetization technique. ing five magnetizatic 752 ‘Prod Technique ‘T-782.1 Magnetizing Procedure, For the prod tech- ue, magnetization is accomplished by portable prod. type electrical contacts pressed against the surface in the area to be examined. To avoid arcing, a remote control ‘switch, which may be built into the prod handles, shall be provided to permit the curtent to be applied after the prods have been properly positioned. ‘T-752.2 Magnetizing Current. Direct or rectified ‘magnetizing current shall be used. The current shall be 100 (minimum) amp/in, (4 amp/mmn) to 125 (maximum) amp/in. (3 amp/mrn) of prod spacing for sections % in.T7822 ARTICL (19 mm) thick or greater. For sections less than % in. (19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90 amp/in, (3.6 amp/mm) to 110 armp/in. (4.4 amp/mm) of prod spacing, ‘T-752.3 Prod Spacing. Prod spacing shall not exceed 8in, (200 mum). Shorter spacing may be used to accommo: date the geometric imitations of the area being examined or to increase the sensitivity, but prod spacings of less than 3 in, (75 mm) are usually not practical due to Banding of the particles around the prods. ‘The prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed. If the open circuit voltage of the magnetizing current source is greater than 25 V, lead, steel, ot aluminum (rather than copper) tipped prods are recommended to avoid copper ceposits on the past being examined. 1-753 Longitudinal Magnetization ‘Technique ‘7-753. Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, magnetization is accomplished by passing current through ‘a multi-turn fixed coil (or eables) tt is wrapped around the part or section of the part (0 be examined. This pro- duces a longitudinal magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil If 4 fixed, prewound coil is used, the part shall be placed near the side of the coil during inspection, ‘This is of special importance when the coil opening is more than 10 times the cross-sectional aren of the pat. ‘T-753.2 Magnetic Field Strength, Direct or rectified ‘current shall be used fo magnetize parts examined by this technique. The required field strength shall be calculated based on the length L and the diameter D of the part in accordance with (a) and (b), oF as established in (d) and (), below. Long parts shall be examined in sections not fo exceed 18 in, (450 mm), and 18 in, (450 mom) shall be used for the part L in calculating the required field strength, For noncylindrical parts, D shall be the maxi- ‘mum etoss-seetional diagonal. (a) Parts With L/D Ratios Equal to or Greater Than 4. The magnetizing current shall be within +10% of the ampere-turns” value determined as follows: 35,000 ivy Amperesums = For example, a part 10 in, (250 mm) long x 2 in, (50 tom) diameter has an L/D ratio of 5. Therefore, 35,000 w+) (b) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 4 but Not Less Than 2, The magnetizing ampere-turns shall be within 210% of the ampere-tu = 5000 ampere-tuens 3° value determined as follows: 45,000 Ampese-turns 7) — MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION 107 T7842 (c) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 2, Coil magneti- zation technique cannot be used (d) If the area to be magnetized extends beyond 9 in, (25 mm) ow either side of the coil’s center, field ade- ‘quaey shall be demonstrated using a tor of artificial flaw shims per (c) For large parts due to size and shape, the may ing current shall be 1200 ampere-turns to 4500 anpere- turns, The field adequacy shall be demonstrated using anfficial law shims or a pic-shaped magnetic field indica- tor in accordance with T-764, A Hall-Effect probe gauss ‘meter shall not be used with encireling coil magne techniques. '7-753.3 Magnetizing Current. The current required to obtain the necessary magnetizing field strength shall be determined by dividing the amperc-turns obtained in steps (a) or (b) above by the number of turns in the coil as follows: Amperes (meter reading) = For example, if a 5-turn coil is used and the ampere-turns required are 5000, use 3000 p> = 1000 amperes (210%) 1-754 Circular Magnetization Technique ‘T-784,1. Direct Contact Technique (a) Magnetizing Procedure, For this technique, mag- netization is aevomplished by passing current theough the patt {0 be examined. This produces a circular magnetic field that is approximately perpendicular tothe divection of current ow in the par. (8) Magnetizing Current, Direct or rectified (half wave rectified or full-wave rectified) magnetizing current shall be used, (1) The eurrent shall be 300 amp/in, (12 A/enn) {0 800 amp/in. (1 A/mm) of outer diameter: (2) Paris with geometric shapes other than round with the greatest cross-sectional diagonal in a plane st right angle to the curent flow shall determine the inches to be used in (b)(1) above. (3) 1 the current levels required for (b)(1) cannot be obtained, the maximum eurront obtainable shall be used and the field adequacy shall be demonstrated in accordance with 7-764, T-754.2 Central Conduetor Technique (a) Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, a cen- tral conductor is used to examine the internal surfaces of cylindrically or ring-shaped parts. The central conductor technique may also be used for examining the outsideT4842 Contral Conductor Techaigue 2004 SECTION V 1.7564 Two-Tuee conteal Conductor ‘Technique FIG. 1-754.2.1 SINGLE-PASS AND TWO-PASS CENTRAL CONDUCTOR TECHNIQUE surfaces of these shapes. Where large diameter eylinders, are to be examined, the conductor shall be positioned close to the internal surface of the cylinder. When the conductor is not centered, the circumference of the cylin- der shall be examined ia increments, Field strength mea- surements in accordance with T-764 shall be used, (0 determine the extent of the arc that may be examined for ‘each conductor position or the rules in (c) below may be followed, Bars or cables, passed through the bore of a cylinder, may be used to induce cireular magnetization, (b) Magnetising Current, The field strength required shall be equal to that determined in T-754,1(b) for a single-tun central conductor. The magnetic field will increase in proportion to the number of times the central ‘conductor cable passes through a hollow patt, For exan pile, if 6000 amperes are required fo examine a part using, ‘single pass central conductor, then 3000 amperes are required when 2 passes of the through-cable are used, and 1200 amperes are required if S passes are used (see Fig. 7-754.2.1), When the central conductor technique is used, magnetic field adequacy shall be verified using ‘@ magnetic particle field indicator in accordance with 1-764. (c) Offset Central Conductor. When the conductor passing through the inside of the part is placed against an inside wall of the part, the current levels, as given it "T-754,1(0)(1) shall apply, except that the diameter used for current caleulations shall be the sum of the diameter Of the central conductor and twice the wall thickness. “The distance along the part circumference (exterior) that is effectively magnetized shall be taken as four times the iameter of the central conductor, as illustrated in Fig, "7-754,2.2. ‘The entire circumference shall be inspected by rotating the part on the conductor allowing for approx- imately a 10% magnetic field overlap. Effective Central conductor region FIG. 7-754.2.2 THE EFFECTIVE REGION OF EXAMINATION WHEN USING AN OFFSET CENTRAL ‘CONDUCTOR ‘T-188 Yoke Technique 'T-755.1 Application. This method shall only be applied to detect discontinuities that are open to the sur= face of the part. 1755.2 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, alternating o direct current electromagnetic yokes, or permanent magnet yokes, shall be used, NOTE: Porgreazer materials in. (6mm) or esi thickness, alten ing ewnent yokes ave rperir to dec or permanent magnet yokes of ‘equal lifting power forthe detection of surface discontinuities. 756 Muiltidirectional Magnetization ‘Technique T-756.1 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, ‘magnetization is accomplished by high amperage power packs operating as many as three circuits that arc ener ‘ized one ata time in rapid suecession, The effect of theseT7861 rapidly alternating magnetizing currents is to produce an overall magnetization of the part in multiple directions. Circular or longitudinal magnetic fields may be generated in any combination using the various techniques described in T-753 and 'T-754. ‘T-756.2. Magnetic Field Strength. Only three phase, full-wave rectified current shall be used to magnetize the part, The initial magnetizing current requirements for each circuit shall be established using the previously described guidelines (see 7-753 and T-754), ‘The ade- quacy of the magnetic field shall be demonstrated using artificial flaw shims or a pie-shaped magnetic particle field indicator in accordance with T-764. A Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter shall not be used to measure fiold ade- quacy for the multidirectional magnetization technique. Au adequate field shall be obtained in at Teast two nearly perpenciicular directions, and the field intensitios shall be balanced so that a strong field in one direction does not overwhelm the field in the other direction, For areas where adequate field strengths cannot be demonstrated, addi tional magnetic particle techniques shail be usedi (0 obtain the required two-directional coverage. 1-760 CALIBRATION 'T-761 —_Krequeney of Calibration T-761.1 Magnetizing Equipment fa} Frequency. Magnetizing equipment with an ammeter shall be calibrated at least once a year, or when ever the equipment has been subjected to major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been in use for a year or mote, calibration shall be done prior to first use. (b) Procedure, The accuracy of the unit’s meter shall be verified annually by equipment traceable to a national standard. Comparative readings shall be taken for atleast thee different current output levels encompassing the usable range. (e) Tolerance. The unit’s meter reading shall not devi- ate by more than +10% of full seale, relative to the actual current value as shown by the test meter ‘T-761.2. Light Meters. Light meters, both visible and fluorescent (black) light meters, shall be calibrated at Teast once a year or whenever the meter has been repaired. If meters have not been in use for one year or more, calibration shall be done before being used. T7682 (a) Prior to usc, the magnetizing power of electromag- tic yokes shall have been checked within the past year ‘The magnetizing power of permanent magnetic yokes Lifting Power of Yokes ARTICLE 7 — MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION T7641 shall be checked daily prior to use. ‘The magnetizing power of all yokes shall be checked whenever the yoke has been damaged ot repaired, (b) Bach alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 10 Ib (4.5 kg) at the maximum pole spacing that will be used, (c) Bach direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 40 Ib (18 kg) at the ‘maximum pole spacing that will be used. (d) Bach weight shall be weighed with a scale from a reputable manufacturer and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to frst use. A weight need only be verified again if damaged in a manner that could have ‘caused potential loss of material 1.763 Hall-Bffet probe gaussmeters used to verify magnetiz ing field strength in accordance with T-754 shall be ca brated at least once a year or whenever the equipment has been subjected to « major repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall be done prior to fist use Gaussmeters 164 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Direction ‘T-764.1 Magnetic Field Adequacy. The applied magnetic field shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory indications, but shall not be so strong that it ccauses masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant accumulations of magnetic particles. Factors that influ ence the required field strength include the size, shape, and material permeability of the part; the technique of magnetization; coatings; the method of particle applica- tion; and the type and location of discontinuities to be detected. When it is necessary to verify the adequacy of magnetic field strength, it shall be verified by using one ‘oF more of the following three methods, 'T-764.1.1 Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. The indicator, shown in Fig. T-7641.1, shall be positioned on the surface to be examined, such that the copper-plated side is away from the inspected surface, A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or lines) of magnetic particles form(s) across, the copper face of the indicator when the magnetic patti cles ate applied simultaneously with the magnetizing force. When a clearly defined line of particles is not formed, the magnetizing technique shall be changed as needed. Pie-type indicators are best used with dry particle procedures, 'T-764.1.2. Artificial Flaw Shims. The shim, shown in Fig. T-764.1.2, shall be attached to the surface 10 be examined, such that the artificial flaw side of the shim17641.2 togothor and copper pated qin. to Vin. (19 mm to 25 mm} , Mg in. 875 mm), Nonferrous hendlos Nonferrous trunions mm FIG, T-7641.1 PIE-SHAPED MAGNETIC PARTICLE FIELD INDICATOR is toward the inspected surface. A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or lines) of magnetic particles, representing the 30% depth flaw, appear(s) on the shim face when magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the magnetizing force. When a clearly defined line of particles is not formed, the mag- retizing technique shall be changed as needed, Shim- type indicators are best used with wet particle procedures, ‘T-764,1.3 Hall-Effect Tangential-Rield Probe. A. gaussmeter and Hall-Effect tangential-ield probe shall be used for measuring the peak value of a tangential field, The probe shall be positioned on the surface to bbe examined, such that the maximum field sttength is determined. A suitable field strength is indicated when the measured field is within the range of 30 G to 60 G. Q.4 kAm to4.8 kAm) while the magnetizing force is being applied. See Article 7, Nonmandatory Appendix A. ‘T-764,2 Magnetic Field Direction. The direction of ‘magnetization shall be determined by particle indications ‘obtained using an indicator or shims as shown in Fig, T- 7641.1 oF Fig. T-764.1.2, When a clearly defined line Of particles is not formed in the desired ditection, the magnetizing technique shall be changed as needed. T-764.2.1. For multidirectional magnetization tech- niques, the orientation of the tines of flux shall be in at Jeast two nearly perpendicular directions. When clearly defined lines of particles are not formed in at least two 2004 SECTION V 0 1.768 ae 10.5 om) £9080. {0.128 ind ‘ypica! = 0.0008 in. 10.076 rend Section A-A 9.002 10.08 mend 0.0008 in (0018 mm) Section AoA 2in, erie reais ATT {0.05 mm) 0.005 in (0.125 men} typical 0.0006 in ‘0.15 mm) Type R GENERAL NOTE: Above are examples of arial aw shins used in magnetic particle Inspection system verification (not drawn to sale) The shins ara made of low carbon steel (1008 ste! oiD, The artical flaw is etched of machined en one side of the fll te a depth ‘of 2096 ofthe fll thickness. FIG, T-764.1.2 ARTIFICIAL FLAW SHIMS neatly perpendicular directions, the magnetizing. tech= nique shail be changed as needed. T-764,3. Determination of the adequacy and direction of magnetizing fields using magnetic field indicators or ‘antficial flaw shims are only permitted when specifically referenced by the magnetizing techniques in T-753.2(@), T-753.2{6), T-754.1(b)G), T-754.2a), T-754.2(b), and 1-156. "1-765 Wet Particle Concentration and Contamination Wet Horizontal Units shall have the bath concentration and bath contamination determined by measuring its se tling volume, This is accomplished through the use of an ASTM Test Method D 96 pear-shaped centrifuge tube with @ Lam stem (0.05-mL. divisions) for fluorescent particle suspensions or a 1.5-mL stem (0.1-mL. divisions)65 for nonfluorescont suspensions. Before sampling, the sus pension should be run through the recirculating system for at least 30 min to ensure thorough mixing of all particles which could have settled on the sump screen ‘and along the sides or bottom of the tank. 'T-768.1 Concentration, Take a 100-mL portion of the suspension from the hose or nozzle, demagnetize and allow it to settle for approximately 60 min with petroleu distillate suspensions or 30 min with water-based suspet sions before eading. The volume setling out at the bot- ‘tom of the tube is indicative of the particle concentration in the bath, T-765.2 Settling Volumes, For fluorescent patticles, the required setting volume is from 0.1 to 0.4 mL in a 100-ml bath sample and from 1.2 to 2.4 mL per 100 mL. of vehicle for nonfluorescent particles unless otherwise specified by the particle manufacturer. Concentration checks shall be nade at least every eight hours. T-765.3 Contamination, Both fluorescent and non- fluorescent suspensions shall be checked periodically for contaminants such as dit, seale, oil, lint, loose fluorescent pigment, water (in the case of oil suspensions), and par cle agalomerates which can adversely affect the perform= ance of the maguetic particle examination process. The test for contamination shall be performed at least once per week. (a) Carrier Contamination. For fluorescent baths, the liquid ditectly above the precipitate should be examined ‘with black light. The liquid will have a fttle fuorescence, Is color ean be compared with a freshly made-up sample using the same materials or with an unused sample from the original bath that was retained for this purpose, Ifthe “used” sample is noticeably more fluorescent than the ‘comparison standard, the bath shall be replaced (b) Particle Contamination, The graduated portion of the tube shall be examined under black light if the bath js Muorescent and under visible light (for both Muorescent and nonfluorescent particles) for striations or bands, dif- ferences ia color or appearance. Bands or striations may indicate contamination. Ifthe total volume of the conta nates, including bands or striations exceeds 30% of the volume magnetic particles, or if the liquid is noticeably uorescent, the bath shall be replaced. 1-166 System Performance of Horizontal Units ‘The Ketos (Betz) ring specimen (see Fig. T-766.1) shall be used in evaluating and comparing the overall performance and sensitivity of both dry and wet, luores- cent and nonfluorescent magnetic particle techniques: using a central conductor mageetization technique. ARTICLE 7 — MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION 1773 (a) Ketos (Bets) Test Ring Material. The tool steel (Ketos) ring should be machined from AIST OL material in accordance with Fig. T-766.1. Fither the machined fing or the stel blank should be annested st 1650"F (900°C), cooled 50°F (28°C) per hout to 1000°F (540°C) and then aircooted to ambien temperature to give compa- rable results using similar rings that have had the same ttestment. Material and heat iveatment are innporant var ables, Experience indicates controlling the softness ofthe ring by hardness (90 t0 95 HRB) alone is insufficient (b) Using the Test Ring. ‘The test ring (see Fig. T- 166.1), is cncularly magnetized with fall-wave rectified [AC passing through a censal condctor with a | 10 14 in, (25 to 32 mim) diameter hole located inthe ring center. ‘The conductor should have a length greater than 16 in, (400 mim) The currents used shall be 1400, 2500, and [400 amps. The miniminon number of holes shown Sha be three five, and si, respectively. The ting edge should be examined with either black light or visible light, depending on the type of particles involved, This test shall be ran atthe three amperages if the unit wil be tsed at these or higher amperages. The amperage values stated shall not be exceeded in the test. Ifthe test does not reveal the required namber of holes, the equipment shall be taken out of service and the cause of the loss of seasitvity detztmined and corrected. This test shall be ru at least once por week T-770 —_ EXAMINATION T771 Preliminary Examination Before the magnetic particle examination is conducted, 1 check of the examination surface shall be conducted to locate any discontinuity surface openings which may not attract and hold magnetic particles because of their width. 7-772 Direction of Magnetization Atleast two separate examinations shall be performed ‘on each area, During the second examination, the lines (of magnetic flux shall be approximately perpendicular to those used during the first examination, A different technique for magnetization may be used for the second coxamination, 1-773 Method of Examination ‘The ferromagnetic particles used in an examination medium can be either wet or dry, and may be either Auorescent or nonfluorescent. Examination(s) shall be done by the continuous method. (a) Dry Partictes, The magnetizing current shall remain on while the examination mediuin is being appliedT73 2004 SECTION V Tams Sin (19-9) Te, sin f-- 138-mm) (128 mm) |-~ Tgin >| be Gam) Dats Sesb) Wesel avs SECT deed Dd¥EE Ev FFEE IO fee svOHTEERUUPPEESTIZ Diane 007 0070.07 «0.07007 «0070070700707? tea "ae a8 a8 Gs Ge G8 Ge G8 G8 Q8 a8 Gs fm) am) mm) em) em) mmm) am) am) %o” 007 024 oat 0280.35 oz 049 Ose 063 arr? os teen "G8 "G6 G3 Ga @o G08 026 G44 G62 G80 G98 6 fn)__om)____vm)_—_m)__m)—em)—rem)__d__r)__r) rh notes: (4) All hole eameters are 40.005 in, (40.1 mm.) Hole numbers @ through 12 are optional (2) Tolerance on the O distance is £0.005 in. (20.1 mm) GENERAL noTes: “@! All diensions are 40.03 in. (40.8 mum) o as noted In Notes (1) and (2), (©) All dimensions ar in inches, except a= noted {) Matera fe ANSL 02 tool steel from annealed round stock () Tha rng may be heat treated as follows: Heat ta 2400°F to 1500°F (760°C to 790°C). Hold at this temperature for one hour, Coal toa miniowum rate of 40°77 (22°C) to below L000"F (540°C). Furnace orale cool to reer temperature. Finish the ring to ROAS 25 andl pratt trom corasion, FIG, T-766.1 KETOS (BETZ) TEST RING and while any excess of the examination medium is T-774_—_ Examination Coverage removed. (b) Wet Particles. ‘The magnetizing current shall be All examinations shall be conducted with sufficient tumed on after the particles have been applied. Flow of field overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required particles shall stop withthe application of current, Wet sensitivity CT-764), Particles applied from aerosol spray cans may be applied before andior after magnetizing curtent is applied. Wet es may be applied during the application of mag: ‘T-778——_-Reoifled Current netizing current if they are not applied directly to the examination area and are allowed to flow over the examni- (a) Whenever direct current is required rectified cu sion area or are applied directly fo the examination area rent may be used. The rectified current for magnetization with low velocities insufficient to remove accumulated shall be either three-phase (full-wave rectified) current, particles, oo single phase (half-wave rectified) current. 11208: v8 (2) The amperage required with three-phase, full-wave rectified current shall be verified by measuring the aver- age current. fc) The amperage required with single-phase (half- ‘wave rectified) current shall be verified by measuring, the average current output during the conducting half cycle only, fd) When measuring half-wave reetified current with a direct current test meter, readings shall be multiplied by two, 1-776 Rixcess Particle Removal Accurmulations of excess dry particles in examinations shall be removed with a light air steam from a bulb or syringe or other source of low pressure dry air, The examination current or power shall be maintained while smoving the excess pauticles 7-777 Interpretation ‘The interpretation shall identify if an indication as. false, nonrelevant, or relevant. False and nonrelevant indi cations shall be proven as false or nonrelevant. Interpreta- tion shall be carried out to identify the locations of indications and the character of the indication. ‘T-T77A Visible (Color Contrast) Magnetic Parti- les, Surface discontinuities are indicated by accumula tions of magnetie particles which should contrast with the examination surface. The color of the magnetic pau cles shall be sufficiently different than the color of the examination surface. A minimum light intensity of 100 fe (1000 Lx) is required on the surface to be examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and evaluation of indications. The light source, technique used, and light level verification is required to be demon- strated one time, documented, and maintained on file ‘T-777.2 Muorescent Magnetic Particles, With fluo- escent magnetic particles, the process is essentially the same as in T-777.1, with the exception thatthe examina- tion is performed using an ultraviolet light, called black light. The examination shall be performed as follows: (a) It shall be performed in a darkened area, (b) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for at least '5 min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing, Glasses or lenses worn by examiners shall not be photosensitive. (c) Black lights shall achieve a minimum of 1000 Wiem? on the surface of the part being examined throughout the examinati (d) Reflectors and filters should be checked and, if necessary, cleaned é. Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced immediately. ARTICLE 7 — MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION, 3 2 (e) ‘The black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter prior to use, whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the examination or series of examinations. TR ‘When residual magnetism in the part could interfere with subsequent processing or usage, the part shall be demagnetized any time after completion of the exami- nation, Demagnetization 1-779 _Post-Examination Cleaning ‘When post-examination cleaning is required, it should be conducted as soon as practical using a process that does not adversely affect the part. 1-780 EVALUATION (a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section. () Discontinuities on or near the surface are indieated by retention of the examination medium. However, local- ized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface conditions may produce false indications. (c) Broad areas of particle accumulation, wich might mask indications from discontinuities, ae prohibited, and such areas shall be cleaned and reexamined 7-790 T-791 ‘Technique Sketch A technique sketch shall be prepared for each different geonictry examined, showing the part geometry, cable arrangement and connections, magnetizing current for each circuit, and the areas of examination where adequate ficld strengths are obtained. Parts with repetitive geome- tries, but different dimensions, may be examined using, single sketch provided that the magnetic field strength is adequate when demonstrated in accordance with T-755.2, 7-792 Recording of Indications ‘T-792.1 Nonrejectable Indications, Nonrejectable indications shall be recorded as specified by the referenc- ing Code Sect T-792,2 Rejectable Indications. Rejectable indica tions shall be recorded. Asa minimum, the type of indiea- tions (linear or rounded), location and extent (length or diameter oF aligned) shail be recorded.12793 Examination Records 793 For each examination, the following information shall be recorded: (a) procedure identification and revision; {(b) magnetic particle equipment and type of currents {) magnetic particles (visible oF fluorescent, wet or ary) {d) examination personnel identity and if required by referencing Code Section, qualification levels 2004 SECTION V a8 1798 {e) map or record of indications per ‘T-792; (D material and thickness; (g) lighting equipment; and (h) date and time examinations were performed. 1-794 Performance Demonstration Performance demonstration, when required by the ref- erencing Code Section, shall be documented.ARTICLE 7 MANDATORY APPENDICES APPENDIX I — MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION USING THE AC YOKE TECHNIQUE ON FERRITIC MATERIALS COATED WITH NONMAGNETIC COATINGS 1-710 SCOPE, This Appendix provides the Magnetic Particle exami- nation methodology and equipment requirements appli ble for performing Magnetic Patticle examination on ferritic materials with nonmagnetic coatings, 1-720 GENERAL, Requirements of Article 7 apply unless modified by this Appendix. rma Written Procedure Requirements F-721.1 Requirements. Magnetic Patticle examina- tion shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which shall, as a minimum, contain the require- ‘ments listed in Tables T-721 and I-721. The written proce- dure shall establish a single value, o range of values, for each requirement 1-721.2 Procedure Qualification/Technique Vatida- tion. When procedure qualification is specified, a change of a requirement in Table T-721 or 1-721 identified as an essential variable from the speefied value, or range of values, shall require requalification of the written proce- dure and validation of the technique. A change of a requirement identified as an nonessential variable from the specified value, or range of values, does not require requalification of the written procedure. All changes of essential or nonessential variables from the value, or range of values, specified by the written procedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written pro- cedure, 1m Personnel Qualification Personne! qual dance with the referencing Code Section. us 13 Procedure/Technique Demonstration The procedure/technique shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Inspector in accordance with the requirements of the referencing Code Section 1-730 EQUIPMENT 1-730.1 ‘The magnetizing equipment shall bein accor dance with Article 7 1-730.2 When the dry powder technique is used, a powder blower shall be utilized for powder application, Hand squeezed particle applicators shall not be used when the dry powder technique is utilized 1-730.3 Magnetic particles shatl contrast with the ‘component background. 1-730.4 Nonconduetive materials such as plastic shim stock may be used (o simulate nonconductive nonmag- netic coatings for procedure and personnel qualification, 1-740 1741 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS Coating Thickness Measurement ‘The procedure demonstration and performance of examinations shall be preceded by measurement of the coating thickness in the areas to be examined. If the coating is nonconductive, an eddy current technique or magnetic technique may be used to measure the coating thickness. The magnetic technique shall be in accordance with ASTM D 1186, Standard Test Methods for Nonde- structive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Non- ‘magnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base. When coatings are conductive and nonmagnetic, a coating thick- ness technique shall be used in accordance with D 1186, Coating measurement equipment shall be used in accor dance with the equipment manufacturer's instructions. Coating thickness measurements shall be taken at the intersections of a 2 in, (SO mm) maximum grid pattern ‘over the area of examination and at least one-half the maximum yoke leg separation beyond the examination741 2004 SECTION V L761 TABLE 1-721 REQUIREMENTS OF AC YOKE TECHNIQUE ON COATED FERRITIC COMPONENT Essential Requirement Variable domtifcation of surface configurations to be examined, Incusing coating materials, maxlmum qualled coating thickness, and rodvet forms Ce, hase material ar welded sueace) x Serface condition requirement and preparation methods x Manufacturer and model of AC yoke x Manufacturer ae type of magnate particles x Minium and maxinim pole separation x [dntifcation of the steps in performing the examination x iniruar lighting intensity and AC yoke fing power requirements (as measured in accordsnee wth Techoique Qualification (1-723.2) x Motiods of identifying fai indications and aiscriminating between flaw Indleations and flee or nonelevant indications (eg, magnetic vriting oF partles Held by surface Iregularives) x Instructions for kentfiation and confirmation of suspected Raw editions x etiod of measuring coating thickeness Recording criteria Personnel qualification requirements unique to this technique Reference tothe procedure qualification records area, The thickness shall be the mean of three separate readings within % in, (6 mm) of each intersection. 4750 ‘TECHNIQUE, 754 ‘Technique Quali (a) Aqualification specimen is required. The specimen shall be of similar geometry or weld profile and contain at least one surface erack no longer than the maxioum flaw size allowed in the applicable acceptance criteria. "The material used for the specimen shall be the same specification and heat treatment as the coated ferromag- netic material to be examined, As an alternative to the ‘material requirement, other materials and heat treatments may be qualified provided: (1) The measured yoke maximum lifting Force on Ue material (0 be examined is equal to or greater that ‘he maximum lifting force on the qualification specimen ‘material. Both values shall be determined with the same or comparable equipment and shall be documented as required in paragraph (c). (2) All the requirements of paragraphs (b) through (g) are met for the alternate material. (b) Examine the uncoated specimen in the most unfa- vorable orientation expected during the performance of the production examination, (c) Document the measured yoke maximum lifting power, illumination levels, and the results, (d) Measure the maximum coating thickness on the item to be examined in accordance with the requirements of F741 116 (e) Coat the specimen with the same type of coating, conductive or nonconductive, to the maxinuam thickness ‘measured on the production item to be examined. Alter nately, nononsduetive shim stock may be used to simulate nonconduetive coatings, (P) Examine the coated specimen in the most unfavor- able orientation expected during the performance of the production examination, Document the measured yoke maximum lifting power, illumination level, and examina- tion results, (g) Compare the length of the indication resulting from the longest flaw no longer than the maximum flaw size allowed by the applicable acceptance criteria, before and after coating. The coating thickness is qualified when the length of the indication on the coated surface is at least 50% of the length of the corresponding indication prior to coating, (h} Regualification of the procedure is required for a decrease in either the AC yoke lifting power or the illumination level, or for an increase in the coating thickness. 160 CALIBRATION 1-761 Yoke Maximum Lifting Force ‘The maximum lifting force of the AC yoke shalt be determined at the actual leg separation to be used in the ‘examination. This may be accomplished by holding the yoke with a 10 Ib (4.5 kg) ferromagnetic weight between ihe legs of the yoke and adding additional weights, cali- postage or other scale, until the ferromagnetic761 weight is released, The lifting power of the yoke shall he the combined weight of the ferromagnetic material and the added weights, before the ferromagnetic weight was released. Other methods may be used such as @ Toad cell 1-762 ‘The black light or white light intensity (as appropriate) oon the surfuce of the component shall be no less tiat used in the qualification test. An appropriate cali- brated black light and/or white light meter shall be used for the tests. Minimum white light or black light intensi- ties shall meet the requirements of T-777.1 or T-177.2 as applicable, 1-762.1. White Light. The white light intensity shall bbe measured at the inspection surface. ‘The white Tight intensity for the examination shall be no less than what was used in the qualification, 1-762.2 Black Light. The black light intensity shall be measured at the distonce from the black light in the procedure qualiffeation and at the same distance on the ‘examination specimen. The black light intensity shall be no less than that used to qualify the procedure. In addition, the maximum white light intensity shall be measured as background light on the inspection surface. The back- ground white light for the examination shall be no greater than what was used in the qualification, Light Intensity Measurement 1710 (a) Surfaces to be examined, and all adjacent arcas within at least 1 in. (25 mm), shall be free of all dit, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil, and loose, blistered, flaking, or peeling coating {b) Examine the conted item in accordance with the qualified procedure. EXAMINATION 1-780 If an indication greater than $0% of the maximum, allowable flaw size is detected, the coating in the area ‘of the indication shall be removed and the examination repeated. EVALUATION 1-790 1-791 DOCUMENTATION Examination Record For each examination, the information required in the records section of T-793 and the following information shall be recorded ARTICLE 7 — MANDATORY APPENDICES 17 1-730 (a) idemifieation of the procedure/tectnique (b) identification of the personnel performing and wit- nessing the qualification (c) description and drawings or sketches of the quali fication specimen, including coating thickness ‘ments and flaw dimensions (4) equipment and materials used (e) illumination level and yoke lifting power (P qualification results, including maximum coating thickness and flaws detected, 1-792 Performance Demonst Performance demonstration, when required by the ref cerencing Code Section, shall be documented. APPENDIX I — GLOSSARY OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION 1-710 SOP I This Mandatory Appendix: is used for the purpose of establishing standard terms and definition of terms whi appear in Article 7, Magnetic Particle Examination, 1-720 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (a) The Standard Terminology for Nondestructive 1316) has been adopted by the SE-1316. 1316 Section 7 provides the definitions of terms listed in 1-730(a. (c) For general terms, such as Indication, Flaw, Dis: continuity, Evaluation, ec., refer to Article 1, Mandatory Appendix I (d) Paragraph 11-730(b) provides a list of terms and efinitions, which are in addition to SE-1316 and are Code specific 1-730 REQUIREMENTS: (@) The following SE-1316 terins are used in conjume- tion with this Asticle: ampere turns, black light, central conductor, circular magnetization, demagnetization, dry powder, full-wave diect current, half-wave current, lon- gitudinal magnetization, magnetic field, magnetic field strength, magnetic particle examination, magnetic par cle field indicator, magnetic particles, multidirectional ‘magnetization, permanent magnet, prods, sensitivity, sus- pension, yoke.11-730 (b) The followin with this Article: black light intensity — 2 quantitative expression of traviolet irradiance ‘magnetic flux — the concept that the magnetic field is flowing along the lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore “ux” lines, and they are called magneti flux. The strength of the fleld is defined by the number of flux lines erossing a unit area taken at right angles to the direction of the lines. rectified magnetic current — by means of x device called a rectifier, which permits current to flow in one direction only, alternating current can be converted to uniditectional current. This differs from direct current in that the current value varies from a steady level. This Code terms are used in conjunction 2004 SECTION V ug variation may be extreme, as in the case of the rectified single phase AC, o slight, as in the case of three-phase rectified AC. half-wave rectified current AC — when a single-phase alternating current is rectified in the simplest manner, the reverse of the cycle is blocked out entirely. The result is ‘ pulsating unidirectional current with intervals when no ‘current at all is flowing, This is often referred to as “half wave” or pulsating direct current. full-wave rectified current — when the reverse half of the cyele is turned around to flow in the same direction as the forward half, The result is full-wave rectified current, ‘Three-phase alternating current when full-wave rectified is unidirectional with very little pulsation, only a ripple of varying voltage distinguishes it from straight DC single- phase.ARTICLE 7, APPENDIX IIL REDESIGNATED AS 08: ARTICLE 16 Het2ARTICLE 7 APPENDIX A — MEASUREMENT OF TANGENTIAL FIELD STRENGTH WITH GAUSSMETERS A SCOPE ‘This Nonmandatory Appendix is used for the purpose of establishing procedures and equipment specifications for measuring the tangential applicd magactic field strength, A720 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Personnel qualification requirements shall he in accor- dance with Article 1 Gaussmeters and related equipment shall be calibrated in accordance with T-763 of Article 7. Definitions: standard terminology for magnetic particle ‘examinations is presented in SE-1316. A-730 EQUIPMENT Gaussmeter having the capability of being set to read peak values of field intensity. The frequency response of tho gaussmeter shall be at least © Hz. to 300 Hz, ‘The Hall-Effect tangential ficld probe should be no larger than 0.2 in. (5 mm) by 0.2 in, (5 mm) and should have a maximum center location 0.2 in, (5 mm) from the ppart surface. Probe leads shall be shiclied or twisted to prevent reading errors due (o voltage induced during the large field changes encountered during magnetic particle ‘examinations. Mw PROCEDURE, Care shall be exercised when measuring the tangential applied field strengths specitied in T-764.1.3, The plane 3 IONMANDATORY APPENDIX of the probe must be perpendicular to the surface of the part atthe Tocation of measurement to within 5 deg. This ay be difficult to accomplish by hand orientation. A jig or fixture may be used to ensure this orientation is achieved and maintained, ‘The direction and magnitude of the tangential fleld on the part surface can be determined by placing the Hall- Effect tangential field probe on the part surface in the area of interest. The direction of the field can be deter- ‘mined during the application of the magnetizing field by rotating the tangential field probe while in contact with the part until the highest field reading is obtained on the Gaussmeter, The orientation of the probe, when the highest field is obtained, will indicate the field direction at that point. Gaussmeters cannot be used to determine the adequacy of magnetizing fields for multidirectional and coil magnetization techniques. ‘Once adequate field strength has been demonstrated with artificial flaw shims, Gaussmeter readings may be used at the location of shim attachment on identical parts or similar configurations to verify field intensity and direction. A790 DOCUMENTATION/RECORDS: Documentation should include the following: {a} equipment model and probe description; (b) sketch or drawing showing whete measurements are made; and (¢) field inteasity and direction of measurement,