1.

Standard
a. Formal
b. Informal
2. Nonstandard
 STANDARD ENGLISH consists of correct and well-
thought word choice, word order, punctuation, and
spelling.
 It is a form if the English language that is written
and spoken by educated users.
 It is appropriate for:
 schools (essays, papers, reports, and others)
 officially typed communications
 broadcasting (news, documentary, information)
 publications (news, magazine, scientific, legal)
 conversation with anyone other than intimates
 It is homogeneous in grammar, vocabulary, spelling,
and punctuation.
Source: Greenbaum, S. (1991). An introduction to English grammar.
USA: Longman.
 It is intelligible = understood by the speech
community
 FORMAL  INFORMAL

 Used in formal writing and  Conversational/

speeches colloquial
 Used in professional and business  Used in
situations conversations with
 Follows rules of grammar intimates and in
strictly. informal talks
 Uses longer, more complex  Generally used
sentences and more with friends and
sophisticated/lengthier
family
connectives
 Can freely use
 Better organized and thought
out idioms, figures of
 Idioms, idioms, figures of
speech,
speech, contractions, clipped contractions,
words, and socially/gender- clipped words
biased language are avoided.
 "bad"or "incorrect" English
 may reflect a speaker who is socially inferior,
lacking education, and so on
 characterized as having socially marked forms,
such as ain't.
Source: Trudgill, P. (1992). Introducing language and society.
USA: Penguin.

 Unintelligible = not understood by the entire

speech community (e.g. Brownout [a localese, a
Filipinism] is understood by the Filipinos only. CR
[a localese, a Filipinism] and john [slang] are not
understood by the entire speech community
[unintelligible] and therefore nonstandard.)