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Metamorphic evolution and SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of mafic granulites

with double symplectites in the Fuping metamorphic complex, middle
Palaeoproterozoic Trans-North China Oroge...

Article  in  Precambrian Research · November 2017

DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.009

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Metamorphic evolution and SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of mafic

granulites with double symplectites in the Fuping metamorphic complex,
middle Palaeoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen
Jia-Hui Liu, Qian W.L. Zhang, Hui C.G. Zhang, Hao Y.C. Wang, Hong-Xu Chen, Van Tho Pham,
⁎
Tao Peng, Chun-Ming Wu
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100049, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Garnet-bearing mafic granulites occur as lenses within TTG gneiss or metapelite in the Fuping Complex, middle
The Fuping Complex Palaeoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen. They are composed mainly of garnet, clinopyroxene, orthopyr-
Mafic granulite oxene, hornblende, plagioclase, quartz and accessary zircon and titanite. Four stages of metamorphic mineral
Symplectite assemblages have been found in these mafic granulites: (a) the prograde assemblages (M1) are inclusions pre-
Metamorphic P-T path
served in the garnet porphyroblasts, including clinopyroxene, hornblende, plagioclase and quartz; (b) the me-
Geochronology
Trans-North China Orogen
tamorphic peak assemblages (M2) consist of garnet porphyroblasts plus matrix minerals clinopyr-
oxene + orthopyroxene + hornblende + plagioclase + quartz + zircon + titanite; (c) the first retrograde
assemblages (M3) are represented by clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz symplectites
rimming the garnets; and (4) the final retrograde assemblages (M4) are hornblende + plagioclase + quartz
symplectites rimming or adjacent to the garnets. The retrieved metamorphic P-T paths pass from 530–600 °C/
6.5–7.0 kbar (M1) through 680–820 °C/7.2–11.7 kbar (M2) to 730–760 °C/3.2–3.9 kbar (M3) and finally to
600–640 °C/3.2–3.7 kbar (M4). All the P-T paths of the mafic granulites are clockwise, two of these even contain
near isothermal decompression (ITD) and subsequent near isobaric cooling (IBC) segments. SHRIMP U-Pb dating
of metamorphic zircons of the mafic granulites yields a mean weighted age of ∼1849 ± 9Ma, which is con-
sistent with the metamorphic time of surrounding TTG gneisses. Therefore, the Fuping Complex records the
collision event between the Eastern and Western Blocks of the North China Craton that led to the final assembly
of this craton during the late Paleoproterozoic.

1. Introduction abundant mineral assemblages and metamorphic textures, granulites

The North China Craton (NCC), one of the largest and oldest known
cratons in Eurasia, is composed of Early Archean to Paleoproterozoic
basement covered by Mesoproterozoic to Cenozoic sediment (Zhai,
2014; Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Zhao et al., 1998, 2005). Due to complex
metamorphic and tectonic events, the metamorphic era and tectonic
architecture of the NCC remain controversial (Faure et al., 2007; Kusky
and Li, 2003; Trap et al., 2007, 2008; Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Zhao
et al., 1998, 1999b). Based on one of the popular classification schemes
(Zhao et al., 1998, 1999b), the basement of the NCC is formed via
convergence and amalgamation of the Eastern Block and Western Block
during 1.9–1.8 Ga.
Granulites are common metamorphic rocks in orogenic belts, in
some cases, suggesting convergent settings from subduction to collision
(Ernst and Liou, 2008; Shen et al., 2014). Besides, owning to retaining
are often analyzed to reconstruct P-T-t paths and a further interpreta-
tion to their tectonic evolution. For example, a clockwise P-T trajectory
with near-isothermal decompression (ITD) segment generally suggests a
subduction zone or continent-continent collisional background (Brown,
1993; England and Thompson, 1984), while an anticlockwise P-T path
probably indicates an intrusion or underplating of large amounts of
mantle-derived magmas (Wells, 1980), or continental magmatic arc
regions (Bohlen, 1987). Palaeoproterozoic granulites are widespread in
the NCC, especially occur as lenses and puddings preserved in the to-
nalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneiss along the TNCO. As one
of the significant complexes in the TNCO, the Fuping Complex exposes
many mafic granulites and pelitic granulites.
Metamorphic and geochronological studies on the Fuping Complex
have been reported. Liu (1996) and Zhao et al. (2000) identified double
symplectites in the mafic granulites and both obtained clockwise P-T

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wucm@ucas.ac.cn (C.-M. Wu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.009
Received 14 August 2017; Accepted 15 November 2017
0301-9268/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Liu, J.-H., Precambrian Research (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.009
J.-H. Liu et al.
Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic subdivision of the basement of the North China Craton (Zhao et al., 2005). (b) Geological sketch map of the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping complexes (Zhao et al., 2000).
paths; Meng et al. (2017) and Tang et al. (2017) further attained
clockwise P-T paths and geochronologic data of the mafic granulites.
But unfortunately, none of the available literature reports P-T paths of
the mafic granulites with double symplectites in concert with meta-
morphic geochronology, which limits our understanding of the Pre-
cambrian tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Fuping metamorphic
complex. In this study, we present textural, compositional and geo-
chronologic data and further metamorphic evolution of the mafic
granulites with double symplectites in the FPC, to provide much more
detailed information to understand the tectonic evolution of the TNCO.
2. Geological setting
The NCC is divided into the Western Block, the Eastern Block, and
the TNCO by Xinyang-Kaifeng-Shijiazhuang-Jianping faults and
Huashan-Lishi-Datong-Duolun faults (Fig. 1). The Western Block
formed by assembly of the Yinshan Block and Ordos Block along the
Khondalite Belt, while the Eastern Block formed through oceanic sub-
duction and arc accretion to final collision along Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. The
microblocks in TNCO, including Zhongtiao, Huai’an, Wutai, Fuping,
Hengshan, Lüliang, Zanhuang, Zuoquan, Chengde, Dengfeng and
Taihua, widely exposed a series of low to high grade metamorphic rocks
(Zhao et al., 2005).
The FPC lies in the middle section of the Trans-North China Orogen,
adjoining the Wutai complex and the Hengshan complex (Fig. 1). The
Fuping complex and the Hengshan complex consist of a series of upper
amphibolite to granulite facies rocks, while the Wutai complex under-
went greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism (Liu, 1996,
1997b; Tang et al., 2017; Wang, 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Zhao et al.,
2000, 2010a). Many previous studies of the tectonic architecture, me-
tamorphic evolution and geochronology in the FPC have been reported
(Guan et al., 2002; Han et al., 2012; Kröner et al., 2005; Liu, 1996,
1997b; Liu et al., 2002; Lu et al., 2014c; Meng et al., 2017; Ren et al.,
2
Precambrian Research xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
2009, 2012; Tang et al., 2017; Wan and Yang, 2002; Wu et al., 1989;
Zhang et al., 1983; Zhao et al., 2000, 2002). On the basis of previous
studies, four major litho-tectonic units have been recognized in the FPC
(Fig. 2), i.e., the Fuping TTG gneiss, the Wanzi supracrustal association,
the Nanying gneissic granites, and the Longquanguan & Ciyu augen
gneisses (Liu, 1996; Xia et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2000). The detailed
characteristics are as follows: (1) The Fuping TTG gneiss makes up over
60% of the FPC, and has undergone a complex history of upper am-
phibolite to granulite facies metamorphism and intense deformation.
The granulites and amphibolites mostly occur as lenses or enclaves
preserved in the highly deformed TTG gneiss, with long axes of the
enclaves always parallel to the regional gneissosity of the TTG gneiss
(Zhao et al., 2000; Fig. 3). The protolith of the TTG gneiss was formed
at 2.7–2.5 Ga (Guan et al., 2002; Han et al., 2012; Kröner et al., 2005;
Liu et al., 2002; Lu et al., 2014; Sun and Guan, 2001; Tang et al., 2016;
Zhao et al., 2002). (2) The Wanzi supracrustal association is distributed
in the southeastern and western parts of the FPC (Fig. 2), which is
dominated by amphibolite facies gneiss, pelitic schist, calc-silicate,
marble and amphibolite. The detrital zircons from the supracrustal
terrane is 2.7–2.1 Ga (Guan et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002; Ren et al.,
2013; Sun and Guan, 2001; Xia et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2002). (3) The
Nanying gneissic granites include weakly deformed monzonitic granite,
sillimanite granite and K-feldspar granite, probably derived from partial
melting of the TTG gneiss and paragneiss (Liu, 1996; Wu et al., 1989;
Zhao et al., 2000). The protolith of the Nanying gneissic granites em-
placed at 2.0 Ga (Guan et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2002).
(4) The Longquanguan & Ciyu augen gneisses are resulted from ex-
tensive intense shear deformation, distributed in Longquanguan-Yu-
linping area and Ciyu-Xinzhuang area. It is worth mentioning that the
Longquanguan-Yulinping augen gneiss zone is regarded as a tectonic
boundary between the Fuping complex and the Wutai complex. The age
of magmatic zircons from the augen gneiss is ∼2.5 Ga (Xu et al., 1995).
J.-H. Liu et al.
3. Petrography and metamorphic stages
3.1. Petrography
The mafic granulites in the Fuping area mostly occur as lenses or
puddings preserved in highly deformed TTG gneisses, and the long axes
of the mafic granulites are mostly parallel to the regional gneissosity of
the TTG gneisses (Fig. 3). Some of the granulite lenses occur in shape of
dykes (Fig. 3d), perhaps suggesting a precursor of mafic dykes. Four
representative mafic granulite samples were collected for further stu-
dies from Daliushu and Fangli village, Fuping County. The samples and
their respective locations are L37 (38°54′27″N, 114°06′41″E), L38
(38°55′30″N, 114°04′30″E), L21 (38°54′33″N, 114°05′54″E) and L32
(38°58′15″N, 114°20′27″E), which are depicted in Fig. 2. Mafic gran-
ulites exhibit black, massive or weakly gneissic structure (Fig. 3). They
mainly consist of garnet (∼15%), clinopyroxene (∼20%), orthopyr-
oxene (∼10%), hornblende (∼25%), plagioclase (∼20%), quartz
(∼5%) and biotite (∼1%); besides, magnetite, ilmenite, titanite, apa-
tite and zircon exist as accessory minerals (∼4%). The garnet por-
phyroblasts are medium to coarse-grained (0.1–0.7 cm) with a “white-
eye socket” texture, possibly indicating a retrograde process (Ma and
Wang, 1994; Fig. 3e, f). Most of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, horn-
blende, plagioclase and quartz are present as medium-coarse grained
matrix minerals, parts of the hornblende show a weak orientation
(Fig. 4a–d). Another retrogression phenomenon is the replacement of
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Fig. 2. Geological map of the Fuping metamorphic complex
(Zhao et al., 2000).
clinopyroxene by hornblende from the edge or interior along the tiny
cracks (Fig. 4e–f).
3.2. Metamorphic stages
The term “metamorphic stage (e.g., M1, M2, M3 and M4)” used in
this study refers to different metamorphic phases in a metamorphic
event. Four generations of mineral assemblages are identified, i.e., the
prograde stage (M1), the peak stage (M2), the first retrograde stage
(M3) and the final retrograde stage (M4). Metamorphic stages and re-
actions are described as follows, with mineral abbreviations after
Whitney and Evans (2010).
3.2.1. The pre-peak stage (M1)
The prograde stage mineral assemblage (M1) occurs as fine-grained,
randomly distributed inclusion minerals in the garnet porphyroblasts,
such as clinopyroxene (Cpx1), hornblende (Hbl1), plagioclase (Pl1) and
quartz (Qz1) (Fig. 4a, c), indicative of an upper-amphibolite facies
precursor.
3.2.2. The peak stage (M2)
The peak stage mineral assemblage (M2) is represented by garnet
porphyroblasts (Grt2) plus matrix coarse-grained clinopyroxene
(Cpx2) + orthopyroxene (Opx2) + hornblende (Hbl2) + plagioclase
(Pl2) + quartz (Qz2), as well as minor magnetite (Mag2), ilmenite
J.-H. Liu et al.
(Ilm2), titanite (Ttn2), apatite (Ap2) and zircon (Zr2) occur as accessory
minerals (Fig. 4a–d). The matrix hornblende, plagioclase and clin-
opyroxene usually exhibit ∼120° triple conjunction (Fig. 4a), which is a
symbol of an equilibrium state at the peak stage. Possible metamorphic
reactions from M1 to M2 stages are thought to be as follows:
Hbl1 + Qtz1 → Opx 2 + Cpx 2 + Pl2 + H2 O,
Cpx1 + Pl1 + Hbl1 → Grt2 + Cpx 2 + Opx 2 + Hbl2 + Pl2.
3.2.3. The first retrograde stage (M3)
Fine-grained and worm-like symplectite mineral assemblages clin-
opyroxene (Cpx3) + orthopyroxene (Opx3) + plagioclase (Pl3) + quartz
(Qz3) rimming the garnet porphyroblasts (Fig. 4a–d) formed the outer
“white-eye socket” (Ma and Wang, 1994), considered as the first retro-
grade stage (M3). Some M3 minerals exist within the garnet porphyro-
blasts (Fig. 4a–c), approximately due to the reactions along the cracks.
Probable reactions leading to the first retrogression are as follows:
Grt2 + Qz2 → Opx 3 + Cpx 3 + Pl3,
Grt2 + Cpx 2 + Qz2 + O2 → Opx 3 + Pl3,
Grt2 + Hbl2 → Opx 3 + Pl3 + H2 O.
3.2.4. The final retrograde stage (M4)
The final retrograde stage (M4) is marked by the symplectic as-
semblages consisting of hornblende (Hbl4) + plagioclase (Pl4) + quartz
(Qz4) surrounding the garnet porphyroblasts (Fig. 4a–d), which formed
the inner “white-eye socket”. The hornblende at the edge or interior of
the matrix clinopyroxene formed by the retro-metamorphism of clin-
opyroxene may be also ascribed to M4 stage (Fig. 4e–f). Metamorphic
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Fig. 3. Outcrops of mafic granulites from the Fuping com-
plex. (a) Mafic granulite sample L37 occurs as lenses within
the TTG gneiss, with long axis parallel to the regional
gneissosity of the TTG gneiss. (b) Mafic granulite sample
L38 occurs as lenses within the TTG gneiss. (c) Mafic
granulite sample L32 is wrapped by the TTG gneiss. (d)
Distant view of mafic granulite sample L47. (e) Feature of
sample L37, with the “white-eye socket” assemblage sur-
rounding the medium-grained garnet porphyroblasts. (f)
Close-up of sample L38, displaying the “white-eye socket”
corona rimming the coarse-grained garnet.
reactions leading to the M4 products are possibly as follows:
Grt2 + Cpx 3 + Qz3 + H2 O+ O2 → Hbl 4 + Pl 4.
Cpx 3 + Opx 3 + Pl3 → Hbl 4 + Pl 4.
4. Analytical techniques
Representative fresh samples were chosen for electron microprobe
and zircon U–Pb isotopic analyses.
4.1. Electron microprobe analyses
Compositional analyses, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of
representative minerals as well as X-ray compositional mapping of ty-
pical garnets were determined on the JOEL JXA 8230 electron probe
microanalysis (EPMA) at the School of Resources and Environmental
Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, China. The operating
conditions were 15 kV accelerating voltage, 20 nA beam current,
3–5 μm electron beam diameter, and 10–20 s counting time. Natural
minerals were used as standards. The program ZAF was used for matrix
corrections. In general, three or four grains of each mineral were ana-
lyzed, and at least three spots of each grain were probed during the
analysis. The representative averaged mineral compositions are listed in
Table S1.
4.2. Zircon U–Pb isotopic analyses
The separated zircons were mounted and polished with zircon
standards Plešovice (Sláma et al., 2008) and Qinghu (Li et al., 2009,
2013) for accurate analysis. Transmitted and reflected light micro-
graphs as well as cathodoluminescence (CL) images of all zircons are
J.-H. Liu et al.
used to reveal their internal structures and select potential analysis
spots. The mount was vacuum-coated with high purity gold prior to
SHRIMP analysis.
Zircon geochronology was conducted using the SHRIMP II ion mi-
croprobe at the Beijing SHRIMP Center, Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences. Detailed instrument description and analytical procedure can
be found in Williams (1998). The intensity of the primary O2– ion beam
was 3nA, while spot sizes ranged from 25 to 30 μm. Zircon standard
Plešovice (206Pb/238U age = 337 Ma, Sláma et al., 2008) was tested to
calibrate Pb/U ratios, and zircon standard M257 (U = 840 ppm; Th/
U ∼ 0.27; 206Pb/238U age = 562 Ma) (Nasdala et al., 2008) was em-
ployed to calibrate U and Th concentrations. 204Pb was applied for the
common lead correction and data processing was carried out using the
Squid and Isoplot programs (Ludwig, 2003). Uncertainties in individual
analyses are reported at the 1σ level, whereas the concordia U/Pb ages
are quoted with 95% confidence interval.
5. Mineral composition
5.1. Garnet
X-ray compositional mapping analyses were carried out for the
above representative samples (Fig. 5). Rim-core-rim compositional
profile analyses (dotted red lines with arrow in Fig. 4a–d) were per-
formed on garnet porphyroblasts, as depicted in Fig. 6. It shows that
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Fig. 4. Optical micrographs and backscattered electron
(BSE) photos of the representative mafic granulite samples
from the Fuping complex. Red dotted lines with arrows re-
present the electronic microbe analytical profiles of the
garnet porphyroblasts (a–d). (a) Mineral assemblages in
mafic granulite sample L37. The garnet is decomposed into
two parts, indicating retrograde metamorphism occurred
along the crack; matrix assemblages exhibit ∼120° triple
conjunction, suggesting equilibrium state at the peak stage.
(b) Mineral assemblages in mafic granulite sample L38.
Three quarters of garnet was decomposed but a crescent-
shaped garnet is preserved, pointing a high degree of ret-
rograde metamorphism. (c) Mafic granulite sample L21 with
all four-stage metamorphic assemblages and “white eye-
socket” texture. (d) Mafic granulite sample L32 preserves
three-stage metamorphic assemblages and “white eye-
socket” texture but no inclusions. (e) Clinopyroxene retro-
graded to hornblende from the edge. (f) Clinopyroxene
retrograded to hornblende from the edge or interior along
the tiny cracks. Mineral abbreviations are after Whitney and
Evans (2010).
garnets are composed of almandine, grossular and pyrope with the
minor spessartine components (Fig. 6, Table S2).
In sample L37, both the X-ray mapping and chemical profile of the
garnet show obvious growth zoning (Figs. 5a and 6a), with XAlm and
XPrp increase from the core (XAlm = 0.47; XPrp = 0.11) to the inner rim
(XAlm = 0.58; XPrp = 0.15) to form inverted “bell-shaped” zoning pro-
files; and XGrs and Fe# [Fe# = Fe/(Fe + Mg)] decrease from the core
(XGrs = 0.38; Fe# = 0.81) to the inner rim (XGrs = 0.21; Fe# = 0.76) to
form “bell-shaped” zoning profiles. However, garnets in other samples
exhibit no meaningful growth zonation, possibly suggesting homo-
genization during the peak metamorphic episode. On the other hand, in
all samples, XGrs decreases while XSps increases from inner rim to out-
ermost rim (Figs. 5a–d and 6a–d); in sample L38, XPrp increases from
inner rim to outermost rim. They may represent retrograde zoning
(Spear, 2014; Spear and Florence, 1992).
5.2. Clinopyroxene
Chemical components of clinopyroxene vary from type to type
(Table S3), with XFe increasing from 0.26–0.34 (Cpx1) to 0.35–0.44
(Cpx2) and 0.36–0.46 (Cpx3); XMg decreasing from 0.66–0.74 (Cpx1) to
0.56–0.65 (Cpx2) and 0.54–0.64 (Cpx3); Ca contents decreasing from
0.92–0.94 p.f.u. (Cpx1) to 0.87–0.91 p.f.u. (Cpx2) and 0.89–0.91 p.f.u.
(Cpx3).
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Fig. 5. X-ray compositional mapping of Fe, Mg, Ca and Mn of garnet porphyroblasts of the mafic granulite samples. Colored columns on the right side show the element concentration (wt
%). (a) Garnet in sample L37 shows distinct chemical zoning. (b) Garnet in sample L38 represents clear chemical zoning. (c) Garnet in sample L21 exhibits no meaningful chemical zoning,
except for Mn. (d) Garnet in sample L32 displays negligible chemical zoning.

5.3. Orthopyroxene
Chemical compositions of orthopyroxene (Table S4) show homo-
geneity in XFe (0.54–0.63), XMg (0.38–0.46) and Al contents (0.03–0.04
p.f.u.). Sample L32 has higher XFe and lower XMg than other samples in
all generations. The orthopyroxene is ascribed to ferro hypersthene
(XMg = 0.37–0.46).
tschermakitic hornblende zone; the matrix hornblendes (M2) are as-
cribed to the ferro-tschermakitic and ferro hornblende; the symplectite
hornblendes (M4) are ferro hornblende, ferro-tschermakitic and
tschermakitic hornblende.
5.5. Plagioclase

5.4. Hornblende Chemical components of plagioclase are variable. The anorthite

content of plagioclase (Fig. 8; Table S6) decreases from Pl1
Chemical compositions of hornblende (Table S5) show XFe increases (An = 0.50–0.63) to Pl2 (An = 0.43–0.47), then increases slightly to Pl3
from Hbl1 (0.56) to Hbl2 (0.53–0.65) and Hbl4 (0.50–0.67). Sample L32 (An = 0.44–0.48) and Pl4 (An = 0.45–0.49), except for sample L32.
has higher XFe and lower XMg than other samples in all generations.
According to the hornblende classification scheme (Leake et al., 1997;
Fig. 7), the inclusion-type hornblende (M1) is plotted into the ferro-

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Fig. 6. Chemical compositional profiles of the garnet porphyroblasts. (a) Garnet chemical profile in mafic granulite sample L37, 0.6 mm in length. (b) Garnet chemical profile in mafic
granulite sample L38, 2.6 mm in length. Parts of components are affected by a fracture. (c) Garnet chemical profile in mafic granulite sample L21, 1.5 mm in length. (d) Garnet chemical
profile in mafic granulite sample L32, 1 mm in length. The analyzed profile locations are shown in Fig. 4.

6. Metamorphic P-T paths Fuping area, corresponding accurate and precise geothermometers and
geobarometers have been applied to determine metamorphic condition
6.1. Geothermobarometry of each metamorphic stage.
The garnet-clinopyroxene (GC) geothermometer (Ravna, 2000)
In order to reconstruct the P-T paths of the mafic granulites in the coupled with the garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz (GCPQ)

Fig. 7. Classification of hornblende (Leake et al., 1997) in the mafic granulite from the Fuping complex.

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6.2. Metamorphic P-T conditions and metamorphic P-T paths

6.2.1. Sample L37

In this sample, the P-T conditions of the M1, M2, M3 and M4 as-
semblages are determined to be 598 °C/7 kbar, 743–787 °C/
10–11.7 kbar, 762 °C/3.9 kbar and 622 °C/3.7 kbar, respectively. The P-
T path exhibits a clockwise curve with ITD retrograde segment followed
by IBC retrograde trajectory (Fig. 9a).

6.2.2. Sample L38

Due to the lack of M1 assemblage, there are three generations of
mineral assemblages in sample L38. The P-T conditions of the M2, M3
and M4 stages are evaluated to be 683–776 °C/8.9–11.1 kbar, 744 °C/
3.2 kbar and 604 °C/3.5 kbar, respectively. Similarly, the P-T trajectory
shows a clockwise shape with ITD and IBC processes (Fig. 9b).

6.2.3. Sample L21

Fig. 8. Chemical compositions of plagioclase in the mafic granulite from the Fuping
complex.
geobarometer (Eckert et al., 1991) were applied for the prograde stage
mineral assemblages (M1). The GC geothermometer (Ravna, 2000)
combined with the GCPQ geobarometer (Eckert et al., 1991), the
hornblende-plagioclase (HP) geothermometer (Holland and Blundy,
1994) combined with the garnet-hornblende-plagioclase-quartz
(GHPQ) geobarometer (Dale et al., 2000), as well as the garnet-ortho-
pyroxene (GO) geothermometer united with the garnet-orthopyroxene-
plagioclase-quartz (GOPQ) geobarometer (Bhattacharya et al., 1991)
were used for the peak stage (M2) mineral assemblages. The clinopyr-
oxene-orthopyroxene (CO) geothermometer (Taylor, 1998) in con-
certed with the clinopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz (CPQ) geobarometer
(McCarthy and PatinoDouce, 1998) were employed for the first retro-
grade stage (M3) mineral assemblages. The hornblende (Hbl) geother-
mobarometer (Gerya et al., 1997) was applied for the final retrograde
(M4) mineral assemblages. For estimation, the inner rim compositions
of garnets with the lowest XSps and the core compositions of matrix
minerals were used to calculate the peak metamorphic P-T conditions.
The P-T conditions of different metamorphic stages of all granulite
samples are listed in Table 1.
In sample L21, four metamorphic mineral assemblages can be
identified. Nevertheless, the pressure condition of the M3 cannot be
obtained perhaps due to unavailability of the CPQ barometer
(McCarthy and PatinoDouce, 1998). The P-T conditions from M1 to M4
stages are determined to be 526 °C/6.5 kbar, 678–816 °C/7.2–10.2 kbar,
732 °C and 635 °C/3.2 kbar. Despite lack of the pressure condition of
M3, it could also be reasonably anticipated that the P-T path of this
sample is clockwise based on mineral assemblages (Fig. 9c).
6.2.4. Sample L32
This sample preserves the peak (M2), the first retrograde (M3) and
the final retrograde (M4) assemblages but without prograde (M1) as-
semblages. Similarly, the pressure condition of the M3 cannot be gained
due to unavailability of the CPQ barometer, and the temperature con-
dition is 755 °C. The P-T conditions of the M2 and M4 are 722–793 °C/
7.9–11.5 kbar and 626 °C/3.5 kbar, respectively. The P-T track is
clockwise after a rough estimate of the pressure of M3 (Fig. 9d).
On the whole, all four granulite samples from the Fuping area ex-
hibit clockwise P-T tracks. The sample L37 and L38 even show ITD and
IBC retrograde segments, while the sample L21 and L37 preserve pro-
grade process.
The peak P-T conditions plot on the top of the intermediate P/T
facies series. Nevertheless, the real peak conditions may be higher than
that because of the decomposition of the garnet rim.

Table 1
Metamorphic P–T conditions retrieved for the different metamorphic stages of the Fuping mafic granulites.

Sample Prograde assemblage (M1) Peak assemblage (M2) First Retrograde assemblage (M3) Final Retrograde assemblage (M4)

T(°C) P (kbar) Method T (°C) P (kbar) Method T (°C) P (kbar) Method T (°C) P (kbar) Method

L37 598 7 GCPQ 743 11.7 GCPQ 762 3.9 COPQ 622 3.7 Hbl
787 10.4 GOPQ
759 10 GHPQ
L38 683 11.1 GCPQ 744 3.2 COPQ 604 3.5 Hbl
776 10.3 GOPQ
742 8.9 GHPQ
L21 526 6.5 GCPQ 678 9.8 GCPQ 732 CO 635 3.2 Hbl
789 10.2 GOPQ
816 7.2 GHPQ
L32 722 11.5 GCPQ 755 CO 626 3.5 Hbl
793 10.4 GOPQ
781 7.9 GHPQ

Thermobarometry symbols: CO, the clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene geothermometer (Taylor, 1998); GOPQ, the garnet-clinopyroxene (GC) Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer (Ravna,
2000) paired with the garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz (GCPQ) geobarometer (Eckert et al., 1991); GOPQ, the garnet-orthopyroxene (GO) geothermometer united with the
garnet-orthopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz (GOPQ) geobarometer (Bhattacharya et al., 1991); GHPQ, the hornblende-plagioclase geothermometer (Holland and Blundy, 1994) combined
with the garnet-hornblende-plagioclase-quartz geobarometer (Dale et al., 2000); COPQ, the clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene (CO) geothermometer (Taylor, 1998) together with the
clinopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz (CPQ) geobarometer (McCarthy and PatinoDouce, 1998); Hbl, the hornblende geothermobarometer (Gerya et al., 1997).

8
J.-H. Liu et al.
7. Geochronology
Four samples were analyzed in this study. Results of SHRIMP ana-
lyses are listed in Table S7. Representative CL images of zircon grains
and U-Pb age data plots are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. It is necessary to
note that zircons in sample L38 are round to ovoid in shape, and
homogeneous luminescence in color, suggesting these zircons are of
metamorphic origin (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger,
2003). However, it is hard to obtain reliable data due to the deficient U
(3 ppm) and 206Pb∗ (0.02–0.21 ppm) contents.
7.1. Sample L37
Zircons in sample L37 differ in shape from ovoid to long cylindrical,
range from 50 to 200 μm in lengths and 1:1–3:1 in length-width ratios.
Some zircons show weak “core-rim-like” structure while other zircons
are mainly homogeneous with grey luminescence. A total of thirteen
spots have been analyzed on 13 zircon grains, one discarded analytical
spot is marked in Table S7 and not expressed in Fig. 11a, probably
resulted from the lack of U content (3.78 ppm). The contents of Th, U
and the ratios of Th/U are 0.23–2.96 ppm, 14.7–157.33 ppm and
0.006–0.150, respectively. All 12 valid spots lie on or are close to the
concordia (Fig. 11a), forming a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of
1849 ± 17 Ma (MSWD = 1.5), validly constraining the metamorphic
event.
9
Precambrian Research xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 9. Metamorphic P-T paths retrieved from the mafic
granulite samples in the Fuping complex. The metamorphic
facies and metamorphic facies series are after Spear (1993).
The Al2SiO5 polymorph transition lines are from Holdaway
and Mukhopadhyay (1993). Symbols for geothermoba-
rometers are stated in text and Table 1.
7.2. Sample L21
Zircons in sample L21 are oval or stubby in shape, range from 100 to
250 μm in length. Under CL image (Fig. 10b), many zircons show a
“core-rim-like” texture with bright core and dark rim, and others are
structureless with homogeneous grey color. However, the core domains
are too small to be tested. Nineteen spots from 19 zircon grains were
analyzed, three of these are invalid due to the deficient U
(0.89–3.39 ppm) and 206Pb∗ (0.298–0.859 ppm) contents, which are
labeled in Table S7 and not shown in Fig. 11b. Th, U contents and Th/U
are 0.03–2.09 ppm, 42.46–108.16 ppm and 0.001–0.033, respectively,
also suggesting a metamorphic origin. 16 analytical spots lie on or are
close to the concordia (Fig. 11b), producing a weighted 207Pb/206Pb
mean age of 1856 ± 14 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), indicative of the meta-
morphic time.
7.3. Sample L32
In sample L32, zircons vary from oval to stubby in shapes with
50–220 μm in lengths. A few zircons show weak “core-rim-like” struc-
ture with bright core and dark rim in CL image (Fig. 10c), but most
zircons are primarily homogeneous with grey luminescence. However,
U-Pb analyses show richer U in dark rims but similar ages in both do-
mains (Table S7). The dark-bright distinction may be caused by het-
erogeneous U migration at metamorphic peak stage (Wang et al., 2016).
J.-H. Liu et al.
Sixteen spots for 15 zircons were analyzed and shown in Table S7 and
Fig. 11c. The Th, U contents and Th/U ratio are 1.19–12.08 ppm,
60.46–294.24 ppm and 0.010–0.137, respectively. All 16 analytical
spots lie on or are close to the concordia (Fig. 11c), yielding a weighted
207
Pb/206Pb mean age of 1846 ± 10 Ma (MSWD = 1.4), possibly re-
presenting the metamorphic age.
8. Discussion
8.1. Protolith and metamorphic time
The origin and geochronological constraints of the mafic granulite
in the FPC have not been totally settled. Zhang et al. (2006) proposed
that the precursors were mafic dykes through field mapping. Tang et al.
(2017) reported an age of 2327 ± 37 Ma of magmatic zircon in mafic
granulite and considered it to be the intrusion time of the mafic dykes.
In this contribution, some mafic granulite enclaves preserved the oc-
currence of dykes (Fig. 3d), possibly suggesting a protolith of mafic
dyke.
Metamorphic zircons from all three samples in this study yield a
weighted mean age of 1849 ± 9 Ma, which is consistent with the
metamorphic time summarized by Zhao et al. (1998, 1999b). Besides,
1.89–1.86 Ga by SIMS CAMECA U-Pb dating (Meng et al., 2017) and
1923 ± 19 Ma/1857 ± 17 Ma by LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating (Tang et al.,
2017) broadened the metamorphic time.
TTG gneiss, the country rock of the mafic granulite, emplaced at ca.
2.75–2.49 Ga (Guan et al., 2002; Han et al., 2012; Kröner et al., 2005;
Liu et al., 2002; Lu et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2002) and
experienced metamorphism during 1.89–1.79 Ga (Guan et al., 2002;
Meng et al., 2017; Sun and Guan, 2001; Wilde et al., 1998; Zhao et al.,
2002). Both mafic granulite and TTG gneiss underwent metamorphism
coevally, indicative of a regional tectonic-thermal event in the FPC
during the period ca. 1.9–1.8 Ga.
8.2. Metamorphism versus tectonic background
It has been widely accepted that the metamorphic facies series and
the P-T paths are associated with the crustal evolution and tectonic
setting (Bohlen, 1987, 1991; Brown, 1993; England and Thompson,
1984; Ernst, 1988; Harley, 1989; Miyashiro, 1961; Spear, 1993, p. 19;
10
Precambrian Research xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 10. Representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images
of zircons separated from the mafic granulite samples for
SHRIMP U-Pb dating. (a) Sample L37. (b) Sample L21. (c)
Sample L32. The circles with bigger figures represent ana-
lytical spots while the smaller numbers are the respective
204-corrected 207Pb/206Pb ages.
Thompson and England, 1984; Zhao et al., 1999b). A regional meta-
morphism in the FPC can be plotted in the intermediate P/T facies
series (Fig. 9). Moreover, P-T paths of the mafic granulites from the FPC
preserve prograde metamorphic stage and ITD retrograde segment,
indicative of a subduction process and a subsequent tectonic exhuma-
tion stage. The mafic granulites in the FPC record different peak pres-
sures ranging from 8.5 to 14 kbar (Liu, 1996; Meng et al., 2017; Tang
et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2000; this contribution), which are considered
to have been metamorphosed in different depths during the subduction
and were amalgamated later in the exhumation process. It should be
noted that all the mafic granulites of the FPC have experienced two
stages of tectonic exhumation: the ITD segment may represent fast
uplift, and the later, near isobaric cooling (IBC) segment may represent
near lithostatic cooling, which possibly means that the mafic granulites
experienced cooling in a shallower crustal depth. But, it remains un-
clear today if all the terranes within the TNCO had experienced two-
stage exhumation.
In fact, similar clockwise P-T paths with ITD segments have been
widely reconstructed from the granulites and amphibolites of many
microblocks in the TNCO, such as the Zhongtiao complex (Mei, 1994),
the Huai’an complex (Guo et al., 2002; Liu, 1997a; Liu et al., 1997; Zhai
et al., 1993; Zhao et al., 2010b), the Wutai complex (Qian et al., 2013;
Wang et al., 1996; Yu et al., 2001; Zhao et al., 1999a), the Hengshan
complex (Guo et al., 1999; Qian et al., 2015; Wang et al., 1991; Zhao
et al., 2001), the Lüliang complex (Zhao et al., 2008), the Zanhuang
complex (Xiao et al., 2011a,b, 2013, 2014) and the Taihua complex
(Wang et al., 2012, 2013, 2014; Chen et al., 2015, 2016; Jiang et al.,
2011; Lu et al., 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2017). These data suggest an
overall subduction-collision event in the TNCO. Combined with a wide
range of metamorphic time of ca. 1.97–1.80 Ga in the whole TNCO
summarized by Chen et al. (2015), we may conclude that the whole
assembly of the Eastern Block and Western Block occurred during ca.
1.97–1.80 Ga and finally formed the North China Craton basement.
9. Conclusion
(1) Four generations of metamorphic assemblages are identified in
mafic granulites from the Fuping area, middle segment of the Trans-
North China Orogen. The derived metamorphic P-T paths pass from
526–598 °C/6.5–7 kbar (M1) through 678–816 °C/7.2–11.7 kbar
J.-H. Liu et al.
(M2) to 732–762 °C/3.2–3.9 kbar (M3) and finally to 604–635 °C/
3.2–3.7 kbar (M4). All the P-T paths of the mafic granulites are
clockwise, two of which contain near-isothermal decompression
(ITD) and near-isobaric cooling (IBC) segments.
(2) High-resolution SHRIMP U-Pb dating of metamorphic zircons from
the mafic granulites in the Fuping area indicates a metamorphic
event at ∼1.85 Ga.
(3) We interpret the mafic granulites in Fuping metamorphic complex
to record the collision event of the Eastern and Western Blocks of
the North China Craton that led to the final assembly of this craton
during the period ca.1.9–1.8 Ga.
Acknowledgements
This paper is in honor of Professor Mingguo Zhai, member of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, dedicated to his contributions to meta-
morphic geology and Precambrian geology. We sincerely thank
Professor Yong-Hong Shi, Miss Juan Wang and Mr. Jun-Xian Zhao,
Hefei University of Technology, for their assistance in electronic mi-
croprobe analyses. We also thank Professor Yu-sheng Wan and Dr.
Chun-Yan Dong for their guidance in SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons at
Beijing SHRIMP Center, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. We
also thank two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the
11
Precambrian Research xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Fig. 11. U-Pb concordia diagram, age histogram, and
probability density diagrams of analytical zircons separated
from the mafic granulite samples. (a) Sample L37. (b)
Sample L21. (c) Sample L32.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (41672183) and Chinese
Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-DQC036).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the
online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.009.
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