A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
''Prepare the Report on Biomedical Instruments & Electric
Safety in the Hospital ''
SUBMITTED BY
Kashyap A. Pathak Shubham A. Walunj
Anil G. Gidhe

Under the Guidance of

Mr.B.M. Kardile

Diploma in Instrumentation
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai
(MSBTE)

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar
Academic Year 2019-20
 CERTIFICATE

''Report on
This is to certify that the micro-project report entitled
Biomedical Instruments & Electric Safety in the Hospital ''
has been duly completed by the following students under our guidance in a
satisfactory manner as a partial fulfillment of the Diploma course in
Instrumentation Engineering as prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of
Technical education, Mumbai.

Submitted by

Kashyap A. Pathak Shubham A. Walunj

Anil G. Gidhe

Mr.B.M.Kardile
Project Guide

Mr.B.M. Kardile Mr.M.S.Satarkar

H.O.D. Instrumentation Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity humbly express our sincere thanks to all those
concerned with our ''Report on Biomedical
micro-project titled
Instruments & Electric Safety in the Hospital ''. We have taken
efforts in this project. However there are many senior members who give their
essential guidance.

We wish to express our warm gratefulness appreciation to all those who have
contributed to this project both directly and indirectly, without the co-operate of
whom, it would not have been possible to complete this micro-project; we have highly
indebted to our colleagues for their immense support.

We are extremely thankful to Mr.B.M.Kardile (Guide) and (HOD) for his guidance
and Constant Supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding
the project &continuous encouragementandaso for his support in completing the
project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & faculties of
Instrumentation Department of Government polytechnic Ahmednagar. And also
thankful to Department of Instrumentation for providing the resources and for their
kind Co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project.

We are extremely thankful to Mr.M.S. Satarkar, Principle, for providing me

infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been
possible .

Submitted by

Kashyap A. Pathak Shubham A. Walunj

Anil G. Gidhe
Contents:
 Chapter 1:
 Introduction
 Chapter 2:
 Description
 Block Diagram
 Specifications
 Chapter 3:
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Chapter 4:
 Conclusion
 References
 Chapter 1
Introduction
What is Biomedical Instrumentation?
Biomedical instrumentation and engineering is the application of
knowledge and technologies to solve problems related to living biological
systems. It involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in
human beings.

The biomedical instruments are as follows:

ECG, EEG, EMG, Sphygmomanometer, Cardioverter, Defibrillator,

Blood cell counter, centri fuse, Ventilator, X-ray machine, CT & PET
Scanner, ECMO Dignosis machines & many more. But we prepared a
detail report on Blood cell counter & centric fuse.

Electrical Safety of Medical Equipment

The patient in hospital is the center of care, but he is also helpless in the
center of potential dangers, which are in the industry, long time ago, as
such identified (i.e. chemicals, electricity, radiation). Safety in hospital
means firstly patient safety, but it means also safety of operators and
others. Electrical safety is a very important element in hospital safety.
The electrical safety of the medical equipment in hospital is the most
important of it.
 Chapter 2
Description

 Blood cell counter:

Blood cell counter is a measure of the number of red blood cells ,

white blood cells & plates in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin
& the hematocrit are also measured.

The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly

ordered blood tests. The complete blood count is the calculation of
the cellular (formed elements) of blood. Special machines that
analyze the different components of blood in less than a minute
generally determine these calculations.A major portion of the
complete blood count is the measure of the concentration of white
blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood.The cost for a
complete blood count test or CBC test varies greatly, and can run
from Rs. 70 up to Rs. 600 depending on what type of insurance you
have, and whether or not you have it.

The full blood count (FBC) is a common test that can help to
diagnose a wide range of illnesses, infections and diseases. The
doctor, nurse or technician takes a blood sample from you using a
needle inserted into a vein in your hand or the crook of your
elbow.The blood sample is collected inside a special vial that
contains a chemical to prevent the blood from clotting. The sample
is sent to a laboratory and put into a machine for analysis.The FBC
test looks for abnormalities in your blood, such as unusually high
or low numbers of blood cells. If an abnormality is found, your
doctor will usually arrange further tests to find the cause of the
abnormali.
 Block Diagram

Specification

1. Test principle: Electrical resistence for counting and Cyanide

free method for HGB.
2. Clot clear: High voltage burn and high pressure flush.
3. Sample volume: whole blood : 9.8ul, prediluted : 20ul.
4. Aperture diameter: WBC: 100p m. ...
5. Chambers: Two chambers.
6. Throughput 60 sam

Waveforms
 Centrifuge

Centrifugation is the process where a mixture is separated through

spinning. It is used to separate skim milk from whole milk, water from
your clothes, and blood cells from your blood plasma.Centrifuge is a
motor-driven device used in laboratories for the purposes of separating
the components of a liquids. Laboratory centrifuges are widely used in
hospitals or other industries where they are used for extracting
suspended material from a variety of medium. This is achieved
through the sedimentation principle, where centripetal acceleration
results in denser substances moving towards the radial direction.

As the device spins, a large force is created that causes denser

substances in the liquid to start moving and eventually settle outward
while the less dense move to the middle. Laboratory centrifuges vary
in size and speed depending on intended use. While power is required
to operate the device (cause it to spin) there are also various manually
operated centrifuges that can simply work by rotating a lever.

Block Diagram
 Specifications

1. Speed regulation range for microtitre plates 100-2000

2. Setting resolution 100 rpm
3. Digital time setting 1 - 90 min (increment 1 min)
4. Timer sound signal +
5. Rotor imbalance diagnostics (automatic stop, “IMBALANCE”
warning) +
6. Display LCD, 2 x 16 signs
7. Chamber diameter 335 mm
8. Overall dimensions (W×D×H) 420 x 495 x 235 mm
9. Weight 11.8 kg
10. Nominal operating voltage 230 V, 50/60 Hz or 120 V, 50/60

Waveforms
 Electric Safety in Hospital
Assurance the highest possible level of med. Equipment safety in
hospital is one of the most important tasks of the med. / clinical
engineer.The med. / clinical engineer, therefore, must be aware of and
very familiar with the issues of the electrical safety of the medical
equipment in hospital. Electrical Safety means electrical shock protection.

The Mechanism of the El. Shock

El. Shock occurs when a victim is a part of an electrical circuit (an
element closing it), in which an electrical current can flow and has the
ability to harm the victim or even cause death (electrocution).That means
consequently that there must be a simultaneous two-points contact of the
victim with the electrical shock circuit.
El. Shock = Closing the El. Shock Circuit

El. Power Distribution System

For technical reasons, neutral point (and consequently the neutral
line) is deliberately connected to earth. It is this connection that makes
the electrical service a “grounded system”.Understanding this is the key
for understanding the mechanism of electric shock and electrocution.The
voltage between the two power-carrying wires (Phase (P) & Neutral (N)
or “hot & cold”) is also present between Phase and Ground (which is not
considered as power carrying wire) and every thing connected to earth.
Two Kinds of Grounding / Earthing

Grounding of Electrical Systems:

Connecting N-line of the service side to earth due to technical
reason and for protection of systems and plants (removing the floating
high voltage in the secondary (service) side of the distribution
transformer).

Protective Grounding:
Connecting conducting parts, which are not intended for carrying
current in normal circumstances (enclosures; switch-, fuse-, outlet- metal
boxes; etc.) via 3rd conductor (which, in normal situations, does not carry
current) to earth.

Leakage Currents: Caused by stray capacitances, which are always

present between conducting surfaces.
Leakage Current & Fault Current
Due to the relatively low values of the stray capacitances and
frequency, the resulting el. Pathway is very high resistive, and hence, the
resulting leakage currents are very low. Distinguishing between leakage
and fault current depends on the internal resistance of the source in
relation to the load in a given circuit.
MACRO-SHOCK:
External or touch - current shock (voltage applied externally,
current pass through the skin in and out

MICRO-SHOCK
Current affect heart directly (through pacemaker leads or catheter)
Currents less than (100) micro-Ampere have the potential to cause VF (it
is possible from (25) micro-Ampere up).
Methods of Protection Against Electric Shock
 Over-current protection (indirect protection).
 Protective earthing (grounding).
 Double insulation.
 Low voltage power supply.
 Differential circuit breaker (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFCI) .
 Isolated power system (IPS).

Protective Earthing
Simple, efficient, and inexpensive, but it is not “fail-safe” (i.e. if it fails,
equipment does not go in a safe mode (alarm, power interruption for
example)).

Double insulation
All surfaces which can be contacted are made of non- conductive
materials, or all voltage carrying parts are double insulated. Equipment
protected this way are referred to as class II, and need not to be earthed.

Low Voltage Supply

 Referred to as class III.
 Supply voltage less than 50 Volt.
 Equipment need not to be earthed.
 For wet areas: voltage less than 25 Volt.
 If skin immersed in water: voltage less than 12 Volt.
 If supply is via transformer, then primary and secondary must be
galvanically separated.
Differential Circuit Breaker &GFCI
If difference between currents in “hot” and neutral wires is more than 6
mA, the circuit breaker is activated within 5 ms.

Isolated Power System (IPS) & Isolation Transformer

Isolation transformer is used to omit the ground connection so that the el.
System on service side is no more “ground seeking

 IPS & Line Isolation Monitor (LIM)

 IPS are not 100% isolated. It has certain “resistance” to earth (caused
by stray capacitances).
 LIM measure this resistance.The monitored value in LIM represent a
virtual current which would flow if a short-circuit occurred between a
power carrying line and earth (prognostic value, worst case condition).
 LIM gives audio-visual alarm if the a.m. prognostic value exceeds 5
mA (USA standard).
 The 5 mA could be annoying, but it is normally not dangerous.
 Grounding of the equipment is independent of the power system
(isolated or not).
IPS Applications
 IPS is a protection against macro-shock. It is not (and has
never been) a protection against micro-shock ( even if it
makes the related safety level higher).
 IPS is necessary for operation theatres (OT), but is not
necessary (and not required) for ICU.

Hazard due to ungrounded lamp

(lamp failure → lamp metal cover carries voltage → patient connected to
grounded equipment touches cover → current path through patient to
earth)

Protection through non-conductive signal transfer (lamp failure →

lamp metal cover carries voltage → patient connected to grounded
equipment (but here via battery operated amplifier which is connected to
equipment via glass fiber ) touches cover → no current path through
patient to earth).
Hazards due to using open sockets (extensions)

If patient connected to more than one equipment , and the equipment are
powered from a socket-block, then the connection of the patient with the
ground must be through one wire only.

Rules for Med. Equipment Electrical Safety

 Equipment connected to a patient to be powered from one socket, or a
block of sockets having the same protective grounding point.
 All metal subjects in the vicinity of the patient to be grounded one at a
time with the same protective ground point.
 Patient to be connected to the common ground through only one
grounding pole.
 Isolation amplifiers to be used for measurements if possible.
 If possible, avoid using material which can be charged electro-
statically .
 Deal carefully with electric wires and sockets and let it be checked
periodically. Do not use extension cables. Do not use faulty cables /
plugs and ask for replacement.
 If an equipment has a failure, which can cause electric shock, it has to
be taken out of service immediately. Reversing the plug (this “advice”
is heard often) , which might lead to eliminate the shock, is a wrong
action / behavior.
 If, by touching the metallic surface of an equipment, you sensed an
electric prickle (even a light one), then plug off the equipment
immediately and ask for check. This equipment is either badly earthed
or not earthed at all.
 Do not use any medical equipment you do not know the basics of its
operation and did not read its instruction manual carefully.
 Chapter 3
Benefits and Drawbacks

 Blood Cell Counter Benefits

1. Speed with efficient handling of a large number of samples.
2. Accuracy and precision in quantitative blood tests.
3. Ability to perform multiple tests on a single platform.
4. Significant reduction of labor requirements.
5. Invaluable for accurate determination of red cell indices.

 Blood Cell Counter Drawbacks

1. Flagging of a laboratory test result demands labour-intensive

manual examination of a blood smear.
2. Comments on red cell morphology cannot be generated. Abnormal
red cell shapes (such as fragmented cells) cannot be recognized.
3. Erroneously increased or decreased results due to interfering factors.
4. Expensive with high running costs.

 Centrifuge Reaction

1. Enhanced G Force for Faster and More Efficient Phase Separation

2. Low Product Inventory, Improved Process Control, and Reduced
Waste
3. Rapid and Intimate Mixing of Liquid Phases
4. Needed for Extraction, Washing, and Reactions
5. Compact Design (For Limited Space or Portability)
6. Multiple Units Can Be Employed for Counter Current or Parallel
Processing
 Centrifuge Drawbacks
1. Without, however, undermining the success achieved by this
appliance:heavy polymer consumption (table 21), high energy
consumptions, protection against noise inevitable, reduced but
specialised maintenance, need for a stand-by unit in many cases.
 Chapter 4
Conclusion & References

 Conclusion:

We visit to hospital near to our college and prepare a detail report

on what are the biomedical instruments and make the list of them.
We also explained the some of the biomedical instruments.
We also studied the most important parameter of hospital is electric
safety. Then we prepare a proper detail report on electric safety of
biomedical instruments. We write some rules related to electric
safety & explain what is electric safety.

 References:

1. https://www.techshopbd.com/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical instruments/
3. http://www.myclassbook.org /
4. http://www.slideshare.net/PankajJagadale1/