Measure of Central

Tendency
Statistics

Presented By
Salman Khan
AWKUM (Computer Science)
Salm0khan@yahoo.com
 Measure of Central Tendency
• Central tendency is a statistical
measure that determines a single
value that accurately describes the
center of the distribution and
represents the entire distribution of
scores.
 Types of Averages
There are five common type, namely;
Arithmetic Mean (AM)
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean (GM)
Harmonic Mean (HM)
Arithmetic Mean
• “The sum of all observations divide by the
total number of observation”.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Mean =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 Arithmetic Mean
AM for raw data 𝑥=
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3+⋯…..+𝑥𝑛
=
𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

Find mean for the data

45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, 36
n=9
45+32+37+46+39+36+41+48+36
𝑥= ∙
𝑛
𝟑𝟔𝟎 Sample Population data
𝒙= = 40 data
𝟗
n N
 Arithmetic Mean
𝑓𝑥
AM for Grouped data 𝑋=
𝑓

Classes Frequency Mid Points (x) fx

68-87 10 77.5 775
𝑓𝑥
88-107 13 97.5 1267.5 𝑥=
𝑓
108-127 15 117.5 1762.5 5402.5
128-147 9
𝑥=
137.5 1237.5 51
148-167 4 157.5 630 𝒙 = 105.9
𝑓 = 51 𝑓𝑥 = 5402.5
Median
• “A value which divides a data set that
have been ordered into two equal parts”.

OR

• “A median is a value at or below which

50% of ordered data lie”.
Median
 Median
Median for raw data
1 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
For even size 𝑥 = The size of item + +1 item
2 2 2

Find Median for the data

0, 5, 3, 2, 6, 7

0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
n=6
1 6 𝑡ℎ 6 𝑡ℎ
𝑥 = The size of item + + 1 item
2 2 2
1 𝑟𝑑 item 𝑡ℎ item
𝑥 = The size of 2 3 + 4
Sample Population data
1
𝑥 = [3+5] data
2
𝒙=4 n N
 Median
Median for raw data 𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
For Odd size 𝑥 = The size of item
2

Find Median for the data

0, 5, 3, 2, 6

0, 2, 3, 5, 6
n=5
5+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑥 = The size of item
2 Sample Population data
𝑥 = The size of 3 𝑟𝑑 item data

n N
𝒙=3
 Median
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
The size of 2
item lies in the class boundary ?
Median for grouped data 𝑥 = l+
ℎ 𝑛
𝑓 2
−𝑐

Classes Frequency Class boundaries C. Frequency L = Lower Class Boundary = 107.5

H = high boundary – lower boundary = 20
68-87 10 67.5-87.5 10 F = frequency of that class = 15
C = Cumulative Frequency of the
88-107 13 87.5-107.5 23 preceding class = 23

108-127 15 107.5-127.5 38 The size of 25 th item lies in the

128-147 9 127.5-147.5 47 class boundary 107.5 -127.5

148-167 3 147.5-167.5 50 𝑥 = 107.5+

20 50
− 23
15 2
𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑥 = 107.5+2.7
𝑥 = 110.2
Mode
• “A value which occurs most frequently in
a set of data”.
• A set of data may have more than one
mode or no mode at all when each
observation occurs the same number of
time.
Mode
 Mode
Mode for raw data 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Mode for QUALITATIVE data Rooms Frequency

Find Mode for the data (Rooms) C 2
D 4
D F D F E 1
C W F E F 7
F D F D W 2
F W F C Mode = F
𝑓 = 16
 Mode
Mode for raw data 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Mode for QUANTITATIVE data

 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 2
Mode = 2

 2, 1, 0, 5, 2, 6, 5, 4, 2, 5
Mode = 2, Mode = 5

 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7, 0
No Mode
 Mode
𝑓𝑚−𝑓1
Mode for Grouped data 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×h
𝑓𝑚−𝑓1 + (𝑓𝑚−𝑓2 )

Class boundaries Frequency l = Lower Class Boundary of the modal class = 107.5
𝒇𝒎 = Highest Frequency = 15
67.5-87.5 10 𝒇𝟏 = Preceding frequency of the modal class = 13
𝒇𝟐 = Following frequency of the modal class = 9
87.5-107.5 13 𝒇𝟏 h = Width of class interval = 20
107.5-127.5 15 𝒇𝒎 15 − 13
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 107.5 + × 20
127.5-147.5 9 𝒇𝟐 15 − 13 + (15 − 9)

147.5-167.5 4 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 112.5

Geometric Mean
• The geometric mean, G, of a set of n
Positive values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,…., 𝑥𝑛 is defined as
“the positive nth root of their product”.

𝒏 𝟏
𝑮= 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ,…., 𝒙𝒏 or 𝑮 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒙𝒊
𝒏
Where x > 0
 Geometric Mean
𝟏
Geometric Mean for raw data 𝑮 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒙𝒊
𝒏

Find Geometric Mean of the data

45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48 and 36
n=9
1
𝑮 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔45 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔32 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔37 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔46 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔39 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔36 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔41 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔48 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔46
9
1
log 𝐺 = 1.65321 + 1.50515 + 1.56820 + 1.66276 + 1.59106 + 1.55630 + 1.61278 + 1.68124 + 1.55630
9
1
log 𝐺 = 14.38700
9
log 𝐺 = 1.59856
𝐺 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.59856
𝑮 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟖
 Geometric Mean
𝟏
Geometric Mean for grouped data 𝑮 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝒇𝒊 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒙𝒊
𝒏

Weight 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝒊 1

𝑮 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑖
𝑛
65-84 9 74.5 1.8722 16.8498
85-104 10 94.5 1.9754 19.7540 1
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑮 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑖
𝑛
105-124 17 114.5 2.0589 35.0013
125-144 10 134.5 2.1287 21.2870 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐
𝑮=
𝟓𝟏
145-164 5 154.5 2.1889 10.9445
𝑮 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟖
51 103.9345
Harmonic Mean
• The Harmonic mean, H, of a set of n values 𝑥1 ,
𝑥2 ,…., 𝑥𝑛 is defined as

“the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of

the reciprocal of the values”.
𝒏 𝑛
𝐻= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 or 𝐻= 1
+
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
+⋯+ 𝒙𝒏 𝑥𝑖

Where x != 0
 Harmonic Mean
𝒏 𝑛
𝐻= or 𝐻=
Harmonic Mean for raw data 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 1
+ +⋯+
𝒙𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝒏 𝑥𝑖

Find Harmonic Mean of the given marks

Math = 92, English = 81, Urdu = 70
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗𝟐, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏=𝟑

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝐻= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 = =
+ + 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕+𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟓+𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟏
𝟗𝟐 𝟖𝟏 𝟕𝟎
𝑯 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟖
 Harmonic Mean
𝑛
𝐻=
Harmonic Mean for grouped data 1
𝑓1 𝑥
𝑖

𝟏 𝑛
Weight 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝐻=
1
𝒙𝒊 𝑓1
𝑥𝑖
65-84 9 74.5 0.12081
51
𝐻=
85-104 10 94.5 0.10582 0.49308

105-124 17 114.5 0.14847

𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
125-144 10 134.5 0.07435
145-164 5 154.5 0.03236
51 0.53405
 Relations Among Averages
Relation Among Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

o Symmetrical distribution
o Asymmetrical distribution

1. Symmetrical distribution
 The observations are equally distributed.
 The values of mean, median and mode are always equal.
i.e. Mean = Median = Mode
 Relations Among Averages
2. Asymmetrical distribution
The observations are not equally distributed.
Two possibilities are there:

Positively Skewed Negatively Skewed

Quantiles
• When the number of observation is quite large, the
principle according to which a distribution or an
ordered data set is divided into two equal parts, may
be extended to any number of divisions.
• These are:
1. Quartiles
2. Deciles
3. Percentiles
1. Quartiles
• “The three values which divide the
distribution into four equal parts”.
• These values are denoted by 𝑸𝟏 , 𝑸𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝟑 .
• 𝑄1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒.
• 𝑄2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒.
• 𝑄3 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒.
 Quartiles

𝑛
𝑸𝟏 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
4
2𝑛
𝑸𝟐 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
4
3𝑛
𝑸𝟑 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
4
2. Deciles
• “The nine values which divide the
distribution into ten equal parts”.
• These values are denoted by 𝑫𝟏 , 𝑫𝟐 , … , 𝑫𝟗 .
• Each Decile contains 10% of the total number
of observations.
 Deciles
𝑛 6𝑛
𝑫𝟏 = size of +1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑫𝟔 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
10 10
2𝑛
𝑫𝟐 = size of +1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎 7𝑛
10 𝑫𝟕 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
10
3𝑛
𝑫𝟑 = size of +1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
10 8𝑛
4𝑛 𝑫𝟖 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝑫𝟒 = size of +1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎 10
10
5𝑛 9𝑛
𝑫𝟓 = size of +1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑫𝟗 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
10 10
3. Percentiles
• “The ninety nine values which divide
the distribution into hundred equal
parts”.
• These values are denoted by 𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 , … , 𝑷𝟗𝟗 .
• Each Decile contains 1% of the total number
of observations.
 PERCENTILES

𝑗𝑛
𝑷𝒋 = size of + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
100

(j = 1 to j = 99)

𝑫𝟑 = size of
3𝑛 PERCENTILES
+ 1 𝑡ℎ 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
100