Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark;[1] 10
Prince Philip
June 1921[fn 1] – 9 April 2021) was a member of the British royal family as the husband of
Elizabeth II. Duke of Edinburgh (more)

Philip was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was born in Greece, but his
family was exiled from the country when he was eighteen months old. After being
educated in France, Germany and the United Kingdom, he joined the British Royal Navy
in 1939, aged 18. From July 1939, he began corresponding with the thirteen-year-old
Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he
served with distinction in the Mediterranean and Pacific Fleets.

After the war, Philip was granted permission by George VI to marry Elizabeth. Before the
official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, he abandoned his Greek and
Danish titles and styles, became a naturalised British subject, and adopted his maternal
grandparents' surname Mountbatten. He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. Just
before the wedding, he was granted the style His Royal Highness and created Duke of
Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich by King George VI. Philip left active
military service when Elizabeth became queen in 1952, having reached the rank of
commander, and was made a British prince in 1957. Philip had four children with
Elizabeth: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York;
and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex. Through a British Order in Council issued in 1960,
descendants of the couple not bearing royal styles and titles can use the surname Prince Philip in 1992
Mountbatten-Windsor, which has also been used by some members of the royal family who Consort of the British monarch
do hold titles, such as Anne, Andrew and Edward. Tenure 6 February 1952 –
9 April 2021
A sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He was
a patron, president or member of over 780 organisations, and he served as chairman of The Born Prince Philip of
Duke of Edinburgh's Award, a self-improvement program for young people aged 14 to Greece and
24.[2] He was the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the longest-
Denmark
lived male member of the British royal family. He retired from his royal duties on 2 August
10 June 1921[fn 1]
2017, aged 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements and 5,493 speeches since
1952.[3] Philip died on 9 April 2021, two months before his 100th birthday. Mon Repos, Corfu,
Kingdom of Greece
Died 9 April 2021
(aged 99)
Contents
Windsor Castle,
Early life Windsor, Berkshire,
Youth England, UK
Education Spouse Elizabeth II (m. 1947)
Naval and wartime service Issue Charles, Prince of
Marriage Detail Wales
Consort of the Queen Anne, Princess Royal
Royal house Prince Andrew, Duke
Duties and milestones of York
Charles and Diana
Prince Edward, Earl
Longevity and final years of Wessex
Retirement
House Glücksburg (until
Death 1947)
Personality and image Mountbatten (from
Portrayals 1947)
Books Father Prince Andrew of
Titles, styles, honours and arms Greece and
Honours and honorary military appointments Denmark
 Arms Mother Princess Alice of
Battenberg
Issue
Signature
Ancestry
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Military career
Early life Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/ Royal Navy
Prince Philip (Greek: Φίλιππος, branch British Army
romanized: Fílippos[4]) of Greece and Denmark
was born in Mon Repos on the Greek island of Royal Air Force
Corfu on 10 June 1921, the only son and fifth Years of 1939–1952
and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and service (active service)
Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.[5]
A member of the House of Glücksburg, the Rank Admiral of the Fleet
ruling house of Denmark, he was a prince of Field Marshal
both Greece and Denmark by virtue of his Marshal of the Royal
Mon Repos, Philip's birthplace on Corfu,
patrilineal descent from George I of Greece and
Greece Air Force
Christian IX of Denmark, and he was from
birth in the line of succession to both Captain General
thrones.[fn 2] Philip's four elder sisters were Royal Marines
Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and Sophie. He was baptised in the Greek Orthodox rite at Commander (active
St. George's Church in the Old Fortress in Corfu. service)

Shortly after Philip's birth, his maternal grandfather Prince Louis of Battenberg, then Commands HMS Magpie
known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a held
naturalised British subject who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his
Battles/wars Second World War
German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten – an Anglicised version of Battenberg
Battle of Crete
– during the First World War, owing to anti-German sentiment in Britain. After visiting
London for his grandfather's memorial service, Philip and his mother returned to Greece, Battle of Cape
where Prince Andrew had remained to command a Greek Army division embroiled in the Matapan
Greco-Turkish War.[7] Allied invasion of
Sicily
The war went badly for Greece, and the Turks made large gains. Philip's uncle and high Operation
commander of the Greek expeditionary force, King Constantine I, was blamed for the Dragoon
defeat and was forced to abdicate on 27 September 1922. The new military government Operation
arrested Prince Andrew, along with others. The commanding officer of the army, General
Robson
Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians, were arrested, tried, and executed in the
Operation Lentil
Trial of the Six. Prince Andrew's life was also believed to be in danger, and Princess Alice
was under surveillance. Finally in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Battle of
Andrew from Greece, for life.[8] The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Prince Okinawa
Andrew's family, with Philip carried to safety in a cot made from a fruit box. Philip's family Awards Mentioned in
went to France, where they settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to dispatches
them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece and Denmark.[9]
Croix de Guerre with
Because Philip left Greece as a baby, he did not speak Greek. In 1992, he said that he Palm
"could understand a certain amount".[10] Philip stated that he thought of himself as Danish, Greek War Cross
and his family spoke English, French, and German.[10] Philip, who in his youth was
known for his charm, was linked to a number of women, including Osla Benning.[11]

Youth

Education
Philip was first educated at The Elms, an American school in Paris run by Donald
MacJannet, who described Philip as a "know it all smarty person, but always remarkably
polite".[12] In 1928, he was sent to the United Kingdom to attend Cheam School, living with
his maternal grandmother, Victoria Mountbatten, Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, at
Kensington Palace and his uncle, George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, at
Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire.[13] In the next three years, his four sisters married German
princes and moved to Germany, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in
an asylum,[14] and his father took up residence in Monte Carlo.[15] Philip had little contact
with his mother for the remainder of his childhood.[16] In 1933, he was sent to Schule
Schloss Salem in Germany, which had the "advantage of saving school fees" because it was Philip was educated at Gordonstoun
owned by the family of his brother-in-law, Berthold, Margrave of Baden.[17] With the rise of school in Scotland.
Nazism in Germany, Salem's Jewish founder, Kurt Hahn, fled persecution and founded
Gordonstoun School in Scotland, to which Philip moved after two terms at Salem.[18] In
1937, his sister Cecilie, her husband Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse, her two young sons, Ludwig and Alexander,
her newborn infant, and her mother-in-law, Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, were killed in an air crash at Ostend;
Philip, then 16 years old, attended the funeral in Darmstadt.[19] Both Cecilie and her husband were members of the Nazi Party.[20]
The following year, his uncle and guardian Lord Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer.[21]

Naval and wartime service

After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939, Philip completed a term as a cadet at the
Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, then repatriated to Greece, living with his mother in
Athens for a month in mid-1939. At the behest of the Greek king, George II (his first-
cousin), he returned to Britain in September to resume training for the Royal Navy.[22]
He graduated from Dartmouth the next year as the best cadet in his course.[23] During
the Second World War, he continued to serve in the British forces, while two of his
brothers-in-law, Prince Christoph of Hesse and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, fought
on the opposing German side.[24] Philip was appointed as a midshipman in January Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the
1940. He spent four months on the battleship HMS Ramillies, protecting convoys of Battle of the Mediterranean
the Australian Expeditionary Force in the Indian Ocean, followed by shorter postings
on HMS Kent, on HMS Shropshire, and in Ceylon.[25] After the invasion of Greece by
Italy in October 1940, he was transferred from the Indian Ocean to the battleship HMS Valiant in the Mediterranean Fleet.[26]

On 1 February 1941,[27] Philip was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant after a series of courses at Portsmouth, in which he gained the
top grade in four out of five sections of the qualifying examination.[28] Among other engagements, he was involved in the battle of
Crete, and was mentioned in dispatches for his service during the battle of Cape Matapan, in which he controlled the battleship's
searchlights. He was also awarded the Greek War Cross.[23] In June 1942, he was appointed to the V and W-class destroyer and
flotilla leader HMS Wallace, which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain, as well as the Allied invasion of
Sicily.[29]

Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942.[30] In October of the same year, he became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace, at 21
years old one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy. During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second in command
of Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully
distracted the bombers, allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed.[29] In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where
he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla.[31][32] He was present in Tokyo Bay when the instrument
of Japanese surrender was signed. Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946, and was posted as an
instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire.[33]

Marriage
In 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During the visit, the Queen and Louis
Mountbatten asked his nephew Philip to escort the King's two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, who were Philip's third cousins
through Queen Victoria, and second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.[34] Elizabeth fell in love with
Philip, and they began to exchange letters when she was 13.[35]

Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked the King for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request, provided
that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April.[36] By March 1947, Philip had abandoned
his Greek and Danish royal titles, had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family, and had become a naturalised
British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 10 July 1947.[37]
Though Philip appeared "always to have regarded himself as an Anglican",[38] and he had attended Anglican services with his
classmates and relations in England and throughout his Royal Navy days, he had been baptised in the Greek Orthodox Church. The
Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wanted to "regularise" Philip's position by officially receiving him into the Church of
England,[39] which he did in October 1947.[40] During a visit by Hilarion, Metropolitan of Volokolamsk to Buckingham Palace, on
25 May 2011, Prince Philip admitted that he "became Anglican, but remained Orthodox".[41]

The day before the wedding, King George VI bestowed the style of Royal Highness on Philip and, on the morning of the wedding,
20 November 1947, he was made the Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of
London.[42] Consequently, being already a Knight of the Garter, between 19 and 20 November 1947 he bore the unusual style His
Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten, and is so described in the Letters Patent of 20 November 1947.[42]

Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people
around the world.[43] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for any of the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations to be invited to
the wedding, including Philip's three surviving sisters, all of whom had married German princes. After their marriage, the Duke and
Duchess of Edinburgh took up residence at Clarence House. Their first two children were born before Elizabeth succeeded her father
as monarch in 1952: Prince Charles in 1948 and Princess Anne in 1950. Their marriage was to become the longest of any British
monarch.[44][45]

Philip was introduced to the House of Lords on 21 July 1948,[46] immediately before his uncle Louis Mountbatten, who had been
made Earl Mountbatten of Burma.[47] Philip, like his sons Charles and Andrew and other royals (with the exception of the 1st Earl of
Snowdon), ceased to be members of the House of Lords following the House of Lords Act 1999. He never spoke in the House.

After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home, Broadlands, Philip returned to the
navy at first in a desk job at the Admiralty, and later on a staff course at the Naval Staff
College, Greenwich.[48] From 1949, he was stationed in Malta (residing at Villa
Guardamangia) after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers, the
lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet.[49] On 16 July 1950, he was
promoted to lieutenant commander and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie.[50][51]
On 30 June 1952, Philip was promoted to commander,[52] though his active naval career had
ended in July 1951.[53][54]

With the King in ill health, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were both
appointed to the Privy Council on 4 November 1951, after a coast-to-coast tour of Canada. 1951 tour of Canada with Prime
At the end of January 1952, Philip and his wife set out on a tour of the Commonwealth. On 6 Minister Louis St. Laurent
February 1952, they were in Kenya when Elizabeth's father died and she became queen. It
was Philip who broke the news to Elizabeth at Sagana Lodge, and the royal party
immediately returned to the United Kingdom.[55]

Consort of the Queen

Royal house

The accession of Elizabeth to the throne brought up the question of the name of the royal house, as
Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip's last name upon marriage. The Duke's uncle, Earl
Mountbatten of Burma, advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of
Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[56] When Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother, heard of this, she
informed the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, who himself later advised the Queen to issue
a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor.
Prince Philip privately complained, "I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the
country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[57]

Coronation portrait of
Elizabeth II with the Duke of
Edinburgh, June 1953
On 8 February 1960, several years after the death of Queen Mary and the resignation of Churchill as
prime minister, the Queen issued an Order in Council declaring that Mountbatten-Windsor would be
the surname of her and her husband's male-line descendants who are not styled as Royal Highness or
titled as prince or princess.[58] While it seems the Queen had "absolutely set her heart" on such a
change and had it in mind for some time, it occurred only 11 days before the birth of Prince Andrew
(19 February), and only after three months of protracted correspondence between constitutional
expert Edward Iwi (who averred that, without such a change, the royal child would be born with "the
Badge of Bastardy") and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan who had attempted to rebut Iwi's
arguments.[59]
After her accession to the throne, the Queen also announced that the Duke was to have "place, pre-eminence and precedence" next to
her "on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament". This meant the Duke took
precedence over his son, the Prince of Wales, except, officially, in the British parliament. In fact, however, he attended Parliament
only when escorting the Queen for the annual State Opening of Parliament, where he walked and sat beside her.[60] Contrary to
rumours over the years, the Queen and Duke were said by insiders to have had a strong relationship throughout their marriage, despite
the challenges of Elizabeth's reign.[61][62] The Queen referred to Prince Philip in a speech on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee in
2012 as her "constant strength and guide".[62]

Prince Philip received a Parliamentary annuity (of £359,000 since 1990[fn 3]) that served to meet official expenses in carrying out
public duties. The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.[63][64] Any part of the
allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax. In practice, the entire allowance was used to fund his
official duties.[65]

Duties and milestones

As consort to the Queen, Philip supported his wife in her new duties as sovereign, accompanying her
to ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament in various countries, state dinners, and tours
abroad. As chairman of the Coronation Commission, he was the first member of the royal family to
fly in a helicopter, visiting the troops that were to take part in the ceremony.[66] Philip was not
crowned in the service, but knelt before Elizabeth, with her hands enclosing his, and swore to be her
"liege man of life and limb".[67]

In the early 1950s, his sister-in-law, Princess Margaret, considered marrying a divorced older man,
Peter Townsend. The press accused Philip of being hostile to the match, to which he replied "I
haven't done anything." Philip had not interfered, preferring to stay out of other people's love
lives.[68] Eventually, Margaret and Townsend parted. For six months, over 1953–1954, Philip and
Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth; as with previous tours the children were left in Britain.[69]
With the Queen in
In 1956, the Duke, with Kurt Hahn, founded The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in order to give young Cambridge, New Zealand in
people "a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities". In the same year, he also 1954
established the Commonwealth Study Conferences. From 1956 to 1957, Philip travelled around the
world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia, during which he opened the 1956 Summer
Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic, becoming the first royal to cross the Antarctic Circle.[70] The Queen and the
children remained in the UK. On the return leg of the journey, Philip's private secretary, Mike Parker, was sued for divorce by his
wife. As with Townsend, the press still portrayed divorce as a scandal, and eventually Parker resigned. He later said that the Duke
was very supportive and "the Queen was wonderful throughout. She regarded divorce as a sadness, not a hanging offence."[71] In a
public show of support, the Queen created Parker a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[72]

Further press reports claimed that the Queen and the Duke were drifting apart, which enraged the Duke and dismayed the Queen,
who issued a strongly worded denial.[73] On 22 February 1957, she granted her husband the style and title of a Prince of the United
Kingdom by Letters Patent, and it was gazetted that he was to be known as "His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh".[74] Philip was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957, taking his Oath of Allegiance
before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence, Rideau Hall.[75] Remarks he made two years later to the Canadian Medical
Association on the subject of youth and sport were taken as a suggestion that Canadian children were out of shape. This was at first
considered "tactless", but Philip was later admired for his encouragement of physical fitness.[76] In Canada in 1969, Philip spoke
about his views on republicanism:

It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch. It doesn't. It exists in
the interests of the people. If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable, then it is up to them to
change it.[77]

In 1960, Philip attended the National Eisteddfod wearing a long green robe, where he was initiated as an Honorary Ovate by the
archdruid of Wales Edgar Phillips through his bardic name Philip Meirionnydd to reflect his Earl of Merioneth title.[78]

Philip was patron of some 800 organisations, particularly focused on the environment, industry, sport, and education. His first solo
engagement as Duke of Edinburgh was in March 1948, presenting prizes at the boxing finals of the London Federation of Boys'
Clubs at the Royal Albert Hall.[79] He was president of the National Playing Fields Association (now known as Fields in Trust) for 64
years, from 1947 until his grandson Prince William took over the role in 2013.[80] He served as UK president of the World Wildlife
Fund from 1961 to 1982, international president from 1981, and president emeritus from 1996.[70] In 1952, he became patron of The
Industrial Society (since renamed The Work Foundation).[81] Between 1959 and 1965 Prince Philip was the President of BAFTA.[82]
He was president of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986,[83] and served as chancellor of the universities of
 Cambridge, Edinburgh, Salford, and Wales.[84] In
2017, the British Heart Foundation thanked Prince
Philip for being its patron for 55 years, during which
time, in addition to organising fundraisers, he
"supported the creation of nine BHF-funded centres
of excellence".[85] He was an Honorary Fellow of St
Edmund's College, Cambridge.[86]

Charles and Diana

Visiting Salford University in 1967
At the beginning of 1981, Philip wrote to his eldest
Philip Meirionnydd at the National son, Charles, counselling him to make up his mind to
Eisteddfod being awarded an ovate
either propose to Lady Diana Spencer or break off their courtship.[87] Charles felt pressured
by the archdruid of Wales, 1960
by his father to make a decision and did so, proposing to Diana in February.[88] They married
five months later. By 1992, the marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales had broken
down. The Queen and Philip hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana, trying to effect a
reconciliation, but without success.[89] Philip wrote to Diana, expressing his disappointment at both Charles's and her extra-marital
affairs, and asking her to examine both his and her behaviour from the other's point of view.[90] She found the letters hard to take, but
nevertheless appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[91] Charles and Diana later separated and were divorced in 1996.

A year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. At the time, the Duke was on holiday at
Balmoral with the extended royal family. In their grief, Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church and so
their grandparents took them that morning.[92] For five days, the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press
interest by keeping them at Balmoral, where they could grieve in private.[92] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay,[92]
but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by the Queen on 5 September.[93] Uncertain as to whether they should walk
behind her coffin during the funeral procession, Diana's sons hesitated.[93] Philip told William, "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret
it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?"[93] On the day of the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana's brother, Earl
Spencer, walked through London behind her bier.

Over the next few years, Mohamed Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Prince Philip had ordered
the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into the Princess of Wales's death concluded in 2008 that there was
no evidence of a conspiracy.[94]

Longevity and final years

In April 2009, Philip became the longest-serving British royal consort.[95] He became the
oldest-ever male British royal in February 2013, and the third-longest-lived member of the
British royal family (following Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Queen Elizabeth
The Queen Mother) in April 2019.[96] Personally, he was not enthused about living an
extremely long life, remarking in a 2000 interview (when he was 79) that he could not
"imagine anything worse" and had "no desire whatsoever" to become a centenarian, saying
"bits of me are falling off already".[97]
At Trooping the Colour, 2015
In 2008, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital, London, for a chest infection;
he walked into the hospital unaided, recovered quickly,[98] and was discharged three days
later.[99] After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer, Buckingham
Palace – which usually refuses to comment on health rumours – denied the story[100] and the paper retracted it.[101][102]

In June 2011, in an interview marking his 90th birthday, he said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he
had "done [his] bit".[103] His wife, the Queen, gave him the title Lord High Admiral for his 90th birthday.[104] While staying at
Sandringham House, the royal residence in Norfolk, on 23 December 2011, the Duke suffered chest pains and was taken to the
cardio-thoracic unit at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, where he underwent successful coronary angioplasty and stenting.[105] He
was discharged on 27 December.[106]

On 4 June 2012, during the celebrations in honour of his wife's Diamond Jubilee, Philip was taken from Windsor Castle to King
Edward VII's Hospital suffering from a bladder infection.[107][108] He was released from hospital on 9 June.[109] After a recurrence
of infection in August 2012, while staying at Balmoral Castle, he was admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for five nights as a
precautionary measure.[110] In June 2013, Philip was admitted to the London Clinic for an exploratory operation on his abdomen,
spending 11 days in hospital.[111] On 21 May 2014, the Prince appeared in public with a bandage on his right hand after a "minor
procedure" was performed in Buckingham Palace the preceding day.[112] In June 2017, he was taken from Windsor to London and
admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital after being diagnosed with an infection.[113] He spent two nights in the hospital and was
unable to attend the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot.[114][115]

Retirement

Prince Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, meeting Royal Marines in his final solo
public engagement, aged 96. Since 1952 he had completed 22,219 solo engagements. Prime Minister
Theresa May thanked him for "a remarkable lifetime of service".[116][117] On 20 November 2017, he
celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with the Queen, which made her the first British monarch to
celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[118]

On 3 April 2018, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital for a planned hip replacement,
which took place the next day. This came after the Duke missed the annual Maundy and Easter
Sunday services. On 12 April, his daughter, Princess Anne, spent about 50 minutes in the hospital
and afterwards said her father was "on good form". He was discharged the following day.[119] On 19
May, six weeks later, he attended the wedding of his grandson Prince Harry to Meghan Markle and
was able to walk with the Queen unaided.[120] That October, he accompanied the Queen to the
wedding of their granddaughter Princess Eugenie to Jack Brooksbank,[121] with The Telegraph
reporting that Philip works on a "wake up and see how I feel" basis when deciding whether to attend
The Duke of Edinburgh in
2015 an event or not.[122]

On 17 January 2019, 97-year-old Philip was involved in a car crash as he pulled out onto a main road
near the Sandringham Estate. An official statement said he was uninjured. An eyewitness who came
to the prince's aid described having to wipe blood off his hands.[123] The driver and a passenger of the other car were injured and
taken to hospital.[124] Philip attended hospital the next morning as a precaution.[125] He apologised,[126] and three weeks later
voluntarily surrendered his driving licence.[127][128] On 14 February, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that prosecuting
Philip would not be in the public interest.[129] The Duke was still allowed to drive around private estates, and was seen behind the
wheel in the grounds of Windsor Castle in April 2019.[130]

From 20 to 24 December 2019, Philip stayed at King Edward VII's Hospital and received treatment for a "pre-existing condition", in
a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a "precautionary measure".[131] He had not been seen in public since attending Lady
Gabriella Kingston's wedding in May 2019.[132] A photo of Philip with the Queen as they isolated at Windsor Castle during the
COVID-19 pandemic was released ahead of his 99th birthday in June 2020.[133] In July 2020, he stepped down as Colonel-in-Chief
of The Rifles, a position he had held since 2007. He was succeeded by the Duchess of Cornwall.[134]

On 9 January 2021, Philip and the Queen were vaccinated against COVID-19 by a household doctor at Windsor Castle.[135] On 16
February 2021, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as a "precautionary measure" after feeling unwell.[136] He was
visited by Prince Charles on 20 February.[137] On 23 February, it was confirmed by Buckingham Palace that Philip was "responding
to treatment" for an infection.[138][139] On 1 March 2021, Philip was transferred by ambulance to St Bartholomew's Hospital to
continue treatment for an infection, and additionally to undergo "testing and observation" relating to a pre-existing heart
condition.[140] He underwent a successful procedure for his heart condition on 3 March,[141] and was transferred back to King
Edward VII's Hospital on 5 March.[142] He was discharged on 16 March.[143]

Death
Philip died on 9 April 2021, aged 99, two months before his 100th birthday. He was the longest-serving royal consort in British
history.[144] The cause of death has not been disclosed, though the palace said that he died peacefully.[145] His death led to the
commencement of Operation Forth Bridge, the plan for publicly announcing his death and organising his funeral, commensurate with
his wish for minimal "fuss".[145][146]

Personality and image

Philip played polo until 1971, when he started to compete in carriage driving, a sport which he helped to expand; the early rule book
was drafted under his supervision.[147] He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with Uffa Fox, in Cowes.
Philip and the Queen regularly attended Cowes Week in HMY Britannia.

Philip's first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952 and by his 70th birthday he had accrued 5,150 pilot hours.[148] He was
presented with Royal Air Force wings in 1953.[149] In April 2014, it was reported that an old British Pathe newsreel film had been
discovered of Philip's 1962 two-month flying tour of South America. Filmed sitting alongside Philip at the aircraft's controls was his
co-pilot Captain Peter Middleton, the grandfather of the Duke's granddaughter-in-law, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.[150]
He painted with oils, and collected artworks, including contemporary cartoons, which hang at
Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House, and Balmoral Castle. Hugh
Casson described Philip's own artwork as "exactly what you'd expect ... totally direct, no
hanging about. Strong colours, vigorous brushstrokes."[152]

Philip's down-to-earth manner was attested to by a White House butler who recalled that, on
a visit in 1979, Philip engaged him and a fellow butler in a conversation and poured them
drinks.[153] As well as a reputation for bluntness and plain speaking,[154] Philip was noted
for occasionally making observations and jokes that have been construed as either funny, or
as gaffes: awkward, politically incorrect, or even offensive, but sometimes perceived as
Philip at the World Championship
stereotypical of someone of his age and background.[155][156][157][158][159] In an address to Coach-and-fours, 1982
the General Dental Council in 1960, he jokingly coined a new word for his blunders:
"Dontopedalogy is the science of opening your mouth and putting your foot in it, a science
which I have practised for a good many years."[160] Later in life, he suggested his comments
may have contributed to the perception that he was "a cantankerous old sod".[161]

During a state visit to China in 1986, in a private conversation with British students from
Xi'an's Northwest University, Philip joked, "If you stay here much longer, you'll go slit-
eyed."[162] The British press reported on the remark as indicative of racial intolerance, but the
Chinese authorities were reportedly unconcerned. Chinese students studying in the UK, an
official explained, were often told in jest not to stay away too long, lest they go "round-
eyed".[163] His comment had no effect on Sino-British relations, but it shaped his own
reputation.[164]
Her Majesty the Queen at Breakfast
painted by Philip in 1957. Biographer
In 2011 the historian David Starkey described him as a kind of "HRH Victor Meldrew".[165]
Robert Lacey described the painting
For example, in May 1999, British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a
as "a tender portrayal,
pop concert in Wales by saying, "No wonder you are deaf listening to this row."[166] Later,
impressionistic in style, with
Philip wrote, "The story is largely invention. It so happens that my mother was quite brushstrokes that are charmingly soft
seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages, so and fuzzy".[151]
it's hardly likely that I would do any such thing."[167] When he and the Queen met Stephen
Menary, an army cadet blinded by an IRA bomb, and the Queen enquired how much sight he
retained, Philip quipped: "Not a lot, judging by the tie he's wearing." Menary later said: "I think he just tries to put people at ease by
trying to make a joke. I certainly didn't take any offence."[168]

Portrayals
Philip has been portrayed by several actors, including Stewart Granger (The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982),
Christopher Lee (Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982), David Threlfall (The Queen's Sister, 2005), James Cromwell (The
Queen, 2006), and Finn Elliot, Matt Smith, Tobias Menzies, and Jonathan Pryce (The Crown, 2016 onwards).[169][170]

Prince Philip appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet (1952), Paul Gallico's novel Mrs. 'Arris Goes to
Moscow (1974), Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games (1987), and Sue Townsend's novel The Queen and I (1992).[171] In John
Gardner's 1964 novel, The Liquidator, subsequently filmed, the story concludes after the central character, Boysie Oakes, is set up by
a double agent to make a staged but unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh when the latter visits an RAF base.

Books
Philip authored a number of books:

Selected Speeches – 1948–55 (1957, revised paperback edition published by Nabu Press in 2011) ISBN 978-
1245671330
Selected Speeches – 1956–59 (1960)
Birds from Britannia (1962) (published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters) ISBN 978-
1163699294
Wildlife Crisis with James Fisher (1970) ISBN 978-0402125112
The Environmental Revolution: Speeches on Conservation, 1962–1977 (1978) ISBN 978-0846414537
Competition Carriage Driving (1982) (published in France 1984, second edition 1984, revised edition 1994)
ISBN 978-0851315942
A Question of Balance (1982) ISBN 978-0859550871
Men, Machines and Sacred Cows (1984) ISBN 978-0241111741
A Windsor Correspondence with Michael Mann (1984) ISBN 978-0859551083
 Down to Earth: Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961–87 (1988) (paperback edition
1989, Japanese edition 1992) ISBN 978-0828907118
Survival or Extinction: A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann (1989) ISBN 978-0859551588
Driving and Judging Dressage (1996) ISBN 978-0851316666
30 Years On, and Off, the Box Seat (2004) ISBN 978-0851318981

Forewords to:

Royal Australian Navy 1911–1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy, Canberra
(1961)
The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin, Ebury Press/ Michael Joseph (1965)
Kurt Hahn by Hermann Röhrs and Hilary Tunstall-Behrens (1970)
The Art of Driving by Max Pape (1982) ISBN 978-0851313399
Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman (1988) ISBN 978-0867770674
National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley, (2000)
The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History by Richard Johnstone-Bryden, Conway Maritime Press (2003)
ISBN 978-0851779379
1953: The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice, (2003)
British Flags and Emblems by Graham Bartram, Tuckwell Press (2004) ISBN 978-1862322974
Chariots of War by Robert Hobson, Ulric Publication (2004) ISBN 978-0954199715
RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An Insight into the Design, Construction and Operation of the World's Largest Ocean
Liner by Stephen Payne, Haynes Publishing (2014)
The Triumph of a Great Tradition: The Story of Cunard's 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher, Lily
Publications (2014) ISBN 978-1906608859

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Philip held a number of titles throughout his life. Originally holding the title and style of a prince of
Greece and Denmark, Philip abandoned these royal titles prior to his marriage, and was thereafter
created a British duke, among other noble titles.[172] The Queen formally issued letters patent in 1957
making Philip a British prince.[74]

When addressing the Duke of Edinburgh, as with any male member of the royal family except the
monarch, the rules of etiquette were to address him the first time as Your Royal Highness, and
thereafter as Sir.[173]

Honours and honorary military appointments

The Duke of Edinburgh was appointed by King George VI to the Order of the Garter on 19 Philip's monogram
November 1947, the eve of his wedding. Since then, Philip has received 17 different appointments
and decorations in the Commonwealth, and 48 from foreign states. The inhabitants of some villages
on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu worship Prince Philip as a god; the islanders possess portraits of the Duke and hold feasts on his
birthday.[174]

Upon his wife's accession to the throne in 1952, the Duke was appointed Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps, Colonel-in-Chief of the
British Army Cadet Force, and Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps.[175] The following year, he was appointed to the
equivalent positions in Canada and made Admiral of the Fleet, Captain General Royal Marines, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the
Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom.[176] Subsequent military appointments were made in New Zealand and Australia.[177] In
1975, he was appointed Colonel of the Grenadier Guards, a position he handed over to his son Andrew in 2017.[178] On 16
December 2015, his role as Honorary Air Commodore-in-Chief was handed over to the Duchess of Cambridge.

To celebrate his 90th birthday, the Queen appointed him Lord High Admiral,[179] as well as to the highest ranks available in all three
branches of the Canadian Armed Forces.[180]

On their 70th wedding anniversary, 20 November 2017, the Queen appointed him Knight Grand Cross (GCVO) of the Royal
Victorian Order, making him the first British national since his uncle Earl Mountbatten of Burma to be entitled to wear the breast stars
of four orders of chivalry in the United Kingdom.[181]
The Duke of Edinburgh, Colonel-in-
Chief of the Royal Canadian
Regiment, presenting the 3rd
Battalion with their Regimental
Colours in April 2013

Arms
 Coat of arms of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Notes
Following his marriage to Princess Elizabeth until 1949, Prince Philip's arms featured a
differenced version of the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, derived from his ancestor
Princess Alice.[182]
Unlike the arms used by other members of the royal family, the Duke's arms no longer features
the royal arms of the United Kingdom, as he was granted new arms by King George VI in
1949. However, they do feature elements representing Greece and Denmark, from which he is
descended in the male line; the Mountbatten family arms, from which he is descended in the
female line; and the City of Edinburgh.
Adopted
19 November 1947
Crest
Issuant from a ducal coronet Or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately Sable and Argent;
Torse
Mantling Or and ermine
Helm
Upon a coronet of a son of the sovereign Proper, the royal helm Or[183]
Escutcheon
From 1949:
Quarterly: First Or, semée of hearts Gules, three lions passant in pale Azure (For Denmark),
Second Azure, a cross Argent (For Greece), Third Argent, two pallets Sable (For Battenberg or
Mountbatten), Fourth Argent, upon a rock Proper a castle triple towered Sable, masoned
Argent, windows, port, turret-caps and vanes Gules (For Edinburgh), the whole surrounded by
the Garter.[183]
Supporters
Dexter, a representation of a wild man girt about the loins with a lion skin, crowned with a
chaplet of oak leaves, holding in the dexter hand a club Proper (from the Danish and Greek
royal coat of arms); sinister, a lion queue fourchée ducally crowned Or and gorged with a naval
coronet Azure;
Motto
GOD IS MY HELP
Orders
The Order of the Garter ribbon
HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE
(Shamed be he who thinks evil of it)
Banner
A banner of the Duke's arms is used as his personal standard.[184]
Symbolism
The arms of Denmark and Greece, represent the Duke of Edinburgh's familial lineage. The
arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip's dukedom. The naval crown collar alludes to
the Duke's naval career.
Previous versions

From 1947 to 1949:

"Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of
Denmark; and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice,
daughter of Queen Victoria, viz, the Royal Arms differenced with a
label of three points argent, the middle point charged with a rose
gules and each of the others with an ermine spot. The shield is
encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattée and
fleurs-de-lis, above which is placed a barred helm affronte, and thereon the crest;
out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and
argent. The supporters are, dexter, the figure of Hercules proper, and sinister, a lion
queue fourche ducally crowned or, gorged with a naval coronet azure."[182]

Issue
 Marriage
Name Birth Their children Their grandchildren
Date Spouse
Prince George of
Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of
29 July 1981 Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Lady Diana Cambridge
Divorced 28 Prince Louis of
Charles, Prince of 14 November Spencer
August 1996 Cambridge
Wales 1948
Archie Mountbatten-
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Windsor
Camilla Parker
9 April 2005 None
Bowles
Savannah Phillips
14 November Peter Phillips
Isla Phillips
1973
Mark Phillips Mia Tindall
15 August Divorced 28 April
Anne, Princess Royal 1992 Zara Tindall Lena Tindall
1950
Lucas Tindall
12 December Timothy
None
1992 Laurence
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo
23 July 1986 None
Prince Andrew, Duke 19 February Mapelli Mozzi
Divorced 30 May Sarah Ferguson
of York 1960 Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack
1996 August Brooksbank
Brooksbank

Prince Edward, Earl of 10 March Sophie Rhys- Lady Louise Windsor None
19 June 1999
Wessex 1964 Jones James, Viscount Severn None

Ancestry
Both Philip and Queen Elizabeth II are great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria, Elizabeth by descent from Victoria's eldest son,
King Edward VII, and Philip by descent from Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice. Both are also descended from King
Christian IX of Denmark.[34]

Philip was also related to the House of Romanov through both of his parents. He was a direct descendant of Emperor Nicholas I of
Russia via his paternal grandmother Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia.[185] His maternal grandmother, Princess Victoria
of Hesse and by Rhine, was a sister of Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), wife of Emperor Nicholas II.

In 1993, scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family, more than seventy
years after their deaths in 1918, by comparing their mitochondrial DNA to living matrilineal relatives, including Philip. Philip,
Alexandra, and her children are all descended from Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, the daughter of Queen Victoria, through a
purely female line.[186]

Ancestors of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh[187]

8. Christian IX of Denmark
4. George I of Greece
9. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel
2. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
10. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia
5. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia
11. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg
1. Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh
12. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine
6. Prince Louis of Battenberg
13. Countess Julia von Hauke
3. Princess Alice of Battenberg
14. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
7. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
 15. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

Notes
1. He was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar. Until 1 March 1923, Greece used the Julian
calendar, in which the date is 28 May 1921.
2. The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark.[6]
3. The amount was set by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1990. It was initially set at £40,000 in
the Civil List Act 1952, raised to £65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase
of Financial Provision) Order 1984.

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Bibliography
Alexandra of Yugoslavia (1959). Prince Philip: A Family Portrait. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Boothroyd, Basil (1971). Prince Philip: An Informal Biography. New York: McCall. ISBN 0-841-50116-5
Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
Eade, Philip (2011). Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II. New York:
St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-1-250-01363-7
Heald, Tim (1991). The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-54607-7
Lacey, Robert (2002). Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85940-0
Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5

External links
The Duke of Edinburgh at the Royal Family website (https://www.royal.uk/the-duke-of-edinburgh)
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456258) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Duke of Edinburgh's profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zqqy2nb) on BBC
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (http://www.dofe.org/)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0697611/) at IMDb
 In the Words of Prince Philip (https://web.archive.org/web/20111206103156/http://www.life.com/gallery/58221/in-the
-words-of-prince-philip#index/0) – slideshow by Life
Newspaper clippings about Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013568) in
the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?philip) on C-SPAN

British royalty
Preceded by
Consort of the British monarch
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Vacant
6 February 1952 – 9 April 2021
as queen consort

Peerage of the United Kingdom

Duke of Edinburgh Succeeded by
New creation
1947–2021 The Prince of Wales

Academic offices
Preceded by
Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh Succeeded by
The Marquess of
1953–2010 The Princess Royal
Linlithgow
Chancellor of the University of Salford Succeeded by
New institution
1967–1991 The Duchess of York
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Cambridge Succeeded by
The Lord Adrian 1976–2011 The Lord Sainsbury of Turville

Honorary titles
Grand Master of the Order of the British
Preceded by
Empire Vacant
Queen Mary
24 March 1953 – 9 April 2021
Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Succeeded by
Preceded by
Corps The Duchess of Cambridge
King George VI
1953–2015 As Air Commandant

Military offices
Preceded by Lord High Admiral
Vacant
Queen Elizabeth II 10 June 2011 – 9 April 2021

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