Lecture (2)

Traditional Water Resources

Surface Water: (Rivers and Fresh Water Lakes)
Divide

a a

Str
eam
Precepitation
m
rea
St

b
b
R

Section a-a Watershed

Lake
Precepitation Ri
River ve
r

Str
R

eam
b
Section b-b
Groundwater : (Phreatic and Confined Aquifers)

Patm

Shallow W ell

Aquifer B

Pheratic Confined Leaky Artesian Confined

Leaky
Recharge
area

Ground Surface Perched Water

Flowing
Well
Piezometric Surface (B)
Piezometric Surface (C)

Sea
Water Table
Leakage
Aquifer A
Interface

Aquifer B
Leakage Sea
Water
Interface
Aquifer C
Water Quality:
- Salinity
- Soil Permeability
- Toxicity
The emphasis here on water salinity

Fresh less than

Brakish in Between Saline Greeter than
TDS=1000-1500 ppm
or equal to 30,000 ppm

TDS (Total dissolved Solids)

Parts per million (ppm)
1 mmhos = 640 ppm
 Water Transport (Conveyance)

Irrigation Canals

BANK BANK
D Free Board
BERM BERM AGR. LAND
WATER LEVEL

t:1 Side
BED
Slope

Water Disposal
Agricultural Drains
BANK BANK
2:1
AGR. LAND BERM BERM AGR. LAND

WATER LEVEL 3:2

3:2
BED
Irrigation Water Delivery System: (Distribution System)
al Lake
Can
d ary
e con
or S
Br.
Escape Regulator
P.S. or Pumping Station

Series of
falls, culvert, Main Drain
and P.S.
Syphon
Tail Escape Escape Aqueduct & Intermediate Escape

- Canals and drains

- Bridges

Main canal
- Dams
Roadw
ay
- Barrages/regulators
Culvert e
Culvert Bridge Bridg
Bridge

Village
- Culvert
t men
Embank

- Aqueduct
al
h Can
in
Levee or

h Dra
al
h Can

Branc

- Syphon
Branc
Branc

d
Heaulator
Reg
- Tail escape
canal
Barrage Main
& Lock Head
Regulator - P.S.
Dam and Spillway

Reservoir
Lake

CANAL CANAL
DRAIN