SuppEx Solution 3A E

Topic 7 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds
Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 25 Fossil fuels
Fill in the blanks

1 coal; petroleum; natural gas
2 natural gas; marine
3 a) alkanes
b) cycloalkanes
c) aromatic hydrocarbons
4 fractional distillation
5 oil refinery; fractionating towers
6 naphtha
7 liquefied petroleum gas
8 Bitumen
9 Diesel oil
10 Fuel oil
11 exothermic
12 greenhouse
13 a) carbon monoxide
b) hydrocarbons
c) suspended particulates
d) oxides of nitrogen
14 nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide
15 photochemical smog .
16 desulphurization; scrubbers
17 electrostatic precipitators
18 a) nitrogen
b) carbon dioxide
c) carbon dioxide; water
1
True or false
19 T Petroleum is a mixture of many different compounds. It is mainly composed of hydrocarbons. There are
also a small amount of compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur in petroleum.
20 T Both petroleum and natural gas were formed from marine animals and plants that lived millions of
years ago.
21 F Refinery gas is a gas while bitumen is a solid.
22 F During the fractional distillation of petroleum, petroleum is separated into groups of hydrocarbons with
different boiling point ranges.
23 T Petroleum fraction with a lower boiling point range contains hydrocarbons with a smaller number of
carbon atoms in their molecules.
24 T Compared with the petrol fraction, the heavy oil fraction contains hydrocarbons with a greater number
of carbon atoms in their molecules.
25 F Hong Kong town gas is produced from naphtha.

Since 2006, natural gas has been introduced as feedstock in addition to naphtha to ensure a more stable
supply of town gas and reduce emissions.
26 T
Fraction Boiling point range (°C)
Kerosene 170 – 250
Fuel oil over 350
27 T Compared with petrol, the hydrocarbons in diesel have a higher percentage of carbon by mass. These
hydrocarbons have a higher possibility of undergoing incomplete combustion to give particulates.
28 F Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide react with rainwater to form acids that
lower the pH of rainwater. This gives rise to acid rain.
Carbon dioxide is NOT considered as an air pollutant.
29 T Compared with petrol, the hydrocarbons in liquefied petroleum gas have a lower percentage of carbon
by mass. These hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion more readily, giving less carbon monoxide.
30 F In Hong Kong, taxis have switched from using diesel to using liquefied petroleum gas as fuel.
31 F Electrostatic precipitators can remove particulates from flue gas.
32 F In the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are mixed with air and oxidized to water and carbon
dioxide.
33 F Scrubbers remove sulphur dioxide from the flue gas of a factory.
2
Multiple choice questions
34 C Option A — Coal is a solid while natural gas is a gas.

Option B — Coal is formed from plants that lived millions of years ago.
35 C
36 A Option A — The compound is 2-methylbutane, a member of the alkane series.
37 B Option B — Coal is a non-renewable energy source.
38 B
39 D Options A, B and C — In the experiment, the crude oil is separated into group of hydrocarbons with
different boiling point ranges. A physical change occurs.
40 A Option A — The fraction containing hydrocarbons with the smallest number of carbon atoms in their
molecules has the lowest boiling point range.
41 C
Option Fraction Name of fraction
A 2 petrol / naphtha
B 3 kerosene
C 4 diesel oil
D 5 fuel oil
42 B A fraction containing hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in their molecules:
• is lighter in colour;
• is less viscous;
• is more flammable;
• burns with a clearer flame.
A fraction containing hydrocarbons with a greater number of carbon atoms in their molecules:
• is darker in colour;
• is more viscous;
• is less flammable;
• burns with a sootier flame.
Option A — Fraction 1 is lighter in colour than fraction 3.
Option C — Fraction 5 burns less easily than fraction 3.
Option D — Fraction 6 burns with a sooty flame.
3
43 B
Option Fraction Number of carbon atoms per molecule of hydrocarbon in fraction
A diesel oil 14 – 25
B fuel oil above 25
C kerosene 10 – 14
D petrol 5 – 10
44 D
A 4 diesel oil
B 5 fuel oil
C 6 lubricating oil and wax
D 7 bitumen
45 A
A 2 petrol
B 3 kerosene
C 4 diesel oil
D 5 fuel oil
46 B Options A, C and D —
Petroleum fraction Main use
Diesel oil as fuel for heavy vehicles and factories
Naphtha for manufacturing town gas
Kerosene as fuel for aircraft / domestic fuel
47 B Option B — Household bleach is manufactured from chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide solution. Both
of these are obtained from the electrolysis of brine.
48 D Chemical equation for the complete combustion of butane:

2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
49 A Option A — Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin much more strongly than oxygen does.
When carbon monoxide enters the blood, haemoglobin is used up in the combination
with carbon monoxide. The blood can no longer carry sufficient oxygen to various parts
of the body. The person thus feels dizzy.
50 A
51 C Option C — Car exhaust gas is acidic.
52 D
4
53 C Option A — Carbon dioxide is NOT considered as an air pollutant.
Option B — Oxides of nitrogen can give rise to acid rain.
Option D — Some hydrocarbons such as benzene may cause cancer.
54 A Option A — Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces dark smoke which contains mainly
carbon particles. Dark smoke does NOT cause acid rain.
Option C — Some carbon particles are too small to be filtered by hairs in the nose. They can irritate
our respiratory system and cause lung diseases.
55 B Option B — Inside car engines and power station furnaces, the air gets so hot that nitrogen and
oxygen react together, forming oxides of nitrogen.
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with rainwater to form acids that lower the pH of rainwater. This
gives rise to acid rain.
56 D Option D — Compared with petrol, the hydrocarbons in liquefied petroleum gas have a lower
percentage of carbon by mass. These hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion more
readily, giving less carbon monoxide.
57 C Option C — A tall chimney CANNOT reduce the emission of pollutants.
58 A Option A — Oxides of nitrogen react with carbon monoxide as they pass through the catalyst in a
catalytic converter. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are formed.
catalyst
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
59 C
60 B Option B — Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form weak carbonic acid. Hence normal rainwater is
slightly acidic and has a pH of about 5.6.
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid and nitrous acid.
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
nitric acid nitrous acid
61 B (1) Petroleum burns with a sooty flame.

(3) The constituents of petroleum can be separated into different groups by fractional distillation.
62 C (2) and (3) The major classes of compounds found in petroleum are alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
63 A (2) The compound shown is a cycloalkene.

(3) The compound shown is benzene.
64 D (1) The compound shown is a cycloalkane.

(2) and (3) Hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring are aromatic hydrocarbons.
5
65 C (2) When the number of carbon atoms in hydrocarbon molecules of a petroleum fraction increases, the
fraction burns with a more sooty flame.
66 B Fractions containing hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in their molecules have
lower boiling point ranges. They burn with clearer flames.
Fractions containing hydrocarbons with a greater number of carbon atoms in their molecules have
higher boiling point ranges. They burn with sootier flames.
(1)
Fraction Boiling point range
X lowest
Y middle
Z highest
(2) The viscosity of fraction Z is the highest.
67 D
68 D
69 D The diagram shows some of the flows in the carbon cycle.
DBSCPOEJPYJEFJOUIFBUNPTQIFSF
SFTQJSBUJPO EFDBZPGQMBOUT
QIPUPTZOUIFTJT CVSOJOHPG MPTUGSPNTFBT
GPSFTUBUJPO GPTTJMGVFMT BOEPDFBOT
EFGPSFTUBUJPO TPMVUJPOJOTFBT
BOEPDFBOT
70 D
71 C (3) When a gaseous fuel leaks, it forms a mixture with air. The mixture can be dangerously explosive.
72 C (1) Photochemical smog occurs through a series of reactions involving unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides
of nitrogen.
(2) Sulphur dioxide is a cause of acid rain. It reacts with rainwater to form acid that lowers the pH
value of rainwater.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
sulphurous acid
73 A (3) Scrubbers are used to remove sulphur dioxide from flue gas.
6
74 A (1) Low-grade petroleum contains sulphur. Sulphur dioxide is given off when low-grade petroleum is
burnt.
Sulphur dioxide reacts with rainwater to form sulphurous acid that lowers the pH of rainwater. This
gives rise to acid rain.
(3) Carbon dioxide is NOT considered as an air pollutant.
75 B (1) Catalytic converters reduce the emission of nitrogen dioxide which can cause acid rain.
(2) Electrostatic precipitators remove particulates. However, particulates do NOT cause acid rain.
(3) Using fuels of low sulphur content in factories reduces the emission of sulphur dioxide which can
cause acid rain.
76 D (1) Air pollution caused by sulphur dioxide can be reduced by using fuels with a low sulphur content.
(3) Scrubbers remove sulphur dioxide in flue gas from power station.
77 A (1) Nitrogen monoxide react with carbon monoxide as they pass through the catalyst in a catalytic
converter. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are formed.
catalyst
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
(3) An electrostatic precipitator removes particulates, NOT carbon monoxide.
78 A
79 B Wood is NOT a fossil fuel.
80 C During fractional distillation, a mixture of alkanes is separated into groups of alkanes with different
boiling point ranges.
Cracking, NOT fractional distillation, can convert large alkane molecules to small alkane molecules.
81 D Hong Kong town gas is produced from naphtha.

Since 2006, natural gas has been introduced as feedstock in addition to naphtha to ensure a more
stable supply of town gas and reduce emissions.
82 B
83 C High-boiling petroleum fractions are more viscous than low-boiling petroleum fractions.
84 A
85 C Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide react with rainwater to form acids that
lower the pH of rainwater. This gives rise to acid rain.
86 B Catalytic converters reduce the emission of nitrogen dioxide which can cause acid rain.
In catalytic converters, carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
87 D Electrostatic precipitators remove particulates, NOT sulphur dioxide.
7
Unit 26 Homologous series, structural formulae and naming of
carbon compounds
Fill in the blanks

1 structural
2 functional
3 hydroxyl
4 homologous
5 CnH2n+2
6 CnH2n
7 14
8 methane
9 ethene
10 methanol
11 molecular
12 general
True or false
13 T
14 F Members in the same homologous series have the same general formula.
15 T
16 F The general formula of alkanols is CnH2n+1OH.
17 F Ethene is the first member of the alkene series.
18 F All alkanoic acids contain a carboxyl functional group (–COOH).
19 F The molecular formula of both but-1-ene and but-2-ene is C4H8.
20 T Both propan-1-ol and butan-2-ol are alkanols. They can be represented by the same general formula
(CnH2n+1OH).
8
21 F The volatility of members in a homologous series decreases with increasing relative molecular mass.
For example, an alkane molecule becomes larger and heavier as the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule increases. The number of electrons in the molecule also increases. Hence the van der Waals’
forces between the molecules increase.
Thus, the van der Waals’ forces between alkane molecules increase with increasing relative molecular
mass. The volatility of alkanes decreases with increasing relative molecular mass.
22 T The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions.
An alkane molecule becomes larger and heavier as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.
The number of electrons in the molecule also increases. Hence the van der Waals’ forces between the
molecules increase.
Thus, the van der Waals’ forces between butane molecules are stronger than those between ethane
molecules. More heat is needed to separate the butane molecules during boiling. The boiling point of
butane is higher than that of ethane.
23 F 2,4-dimethylpentane and heptane have different boiling points.

The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions.
A heptane molecule is longer and somewhat spreadout while a 2,4-dimethylpentane molecule is more
spherical and compact. The shape of a heptane molecule allows greater surface contact between
molecules.
Thus, heptane has stronger van der Waals’ forces than 2,4-dimethylpentane.
24 T A pentane molecule is longer and somewhat spreadout while a 2-methylbutane molecule is more
spherical and compact. The shape of a pentane molecule allows greater surface contact between
molecules. Thus, pentane has stronger van der Waals’ forces than 2-methylbutane.
Stronger van der Waals’ forces in pentane pull the molecules closer together. So, the density of pentane
is higher.
25 T Propan-1-ol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
H
O
H
CH3CH2CH2 H
O
H
O
H
O
key:
CH3CH2CH2 H hydrogen bond
9
26 F A hexane molecule has a larger molecular mass / size (or a greater number of electrons) than a
pentane molecule. Thus, hexane has stronger van der Waals’ forces than pentane.
The viscosity of a liquid depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. Thus, hexane is more
viscous than pentane.
27 C Members in a homologous series show the following characteristics:

• They have the same general formula, NOT the same molecular formula.
• Each member in a homologous series differs from the next by a —CH2— unit, NOT a —CH3— unit.
• They show a gradual change in physical properties.
• They show similar chemical properties, NOT the same chemical properties.
28 C Homologous series Functional group

Alkane —
Alkene C C
Alkanoic acid C O H
29 C Option C — The molecular formulae of the three cycloalkenes are C4H6, C5H8 and C6H10. The general
formula for this homologous series is CnH2n–2.
30 B Compound X is pentane (C5H12) while compound Y is 2-methylbutane (C5H12). They have the same
molecular formula.
31 D Option D — The functional group of alkenes is –C=C– bond.
32 A The compound shown is pentane.

Option B — The condensed structural formula of the compound is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3.
Option C — The molecular formula, NOT skeletal formula, of the compound is C5H12.
Option D — The compound (pentane) is a liquid at room temperature and pressure.
33 A The compound shown is pent-2-ene.

Option B — The compound is an alkene. It can be represented by the general formula CnH2n.
Option C — The skeletal formula of the compound is .
10
34 C Option C — There are four possible straight-chain compounds with the molecular formula C3H6Br2.
H H Br H Br Br Br H Br
H C C C Br H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H H H H
H Br H
H C C C H
H Br H
35 A Compound X is 3-methylpentane (C6H14) while compound Y is 2,2-dimethylbutane (C6H14).

Option B — Both compounds are alkanes. They can be represented by the general formula CnH2n+2.
Option D — The compounds have similar physical properties.
36 B The two structures represent the same compound hexane.

6
H H H H CH3
1 2 3 4 5
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
structure Y
37 B Compound X is but-2-ene (C4H8) while compound Y is but-1-ene (C4H8).

Option A — Both compounds have the same molecular formula (C4H8).
Option C — Both compounds are alkenes.
Option D — The compounds have different skeletal formulae.
compound X compound Y
38 B The compound shown is ethanol (CH3CH2OH).

Option A — The molecular formula, NOT structural formula, of the compound is C2H6O.
Option C — The general formula of the compound is CnH2n+1OH.
Option D — The compound contains a hydroxyl group.
39 C The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2.
40 B Option B — The molecular formula CH4O represents an alkanol (CH3OH).
11
41 A Option A — The compound shown is hexane.
6
CH3 H H H H
5 4 3 2 1
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
Options B and D — The compounds shown are branched-chain alkanes.

Option C — The compound shown is an alkene.
42 A The parent chain contains 4 carbon atoms, i.e. butane. A methyl group attaches to the second carbon
atom, i.e. 2-methylbutane.
5 1
43 D CH3 H CH3
4 3 2
H C C C H
H H CH3
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, i.e. pentane. A methyl group attaches to the second carbon
atom, i.e. 2-methylpentane.
44 C H H H H H H H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H C C C C C C C H
H H CH3 CH2 H H H
CH3
The parent chain contains 7 carbon atoms, i.e. heptane. A methyl group attaches to the third carbon
atom, i.e. 3-methyl. An ethyl group attaches to the fourth carbon atom, i.e. 4-ethyl.
List the two alkyl groups in alphabetical order (i.e. ethyl before methyl).
Thus, the IUPAC name of the compound is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane.
1
45 D CH3
2
H CH2 H H
3 4
H C C C C H
5
H H CH2 H
6
CH3
The parent chain contains 6 carbon atoms, i.e. hexane. Two methyl groups attach to the third and
fourth carbon atoms, i.e. 3,4-dimethylhexane.
12
46 A H H H
1 2 3
H C C C H
4
H C H
H
The parent chain contains 4 carbon atoms, with the double bond between the first and second carbon
atoms, i.e. but-1-ene.
5
47 C CH3
4
CH3CH 2
CH1CH3
CH3
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, with the double bond between the second and third
carbon atoms, i.e. pent-2-ene. A methyl group attaches to the fourth carbon atom, i.e. 4-methylpent-2-ene.
48 B H H H H H H H
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
H C C C C C C C H
H H H H H O H
H
The parent chain contains 7 carbon atoms, with the –O–H group attached to the second carbon atom, i.e.
heptan-2-ol.
1
49 D H H CH3
4 3 2
H C C C OH
H H CH3
The parent chain contains 4 carbon atoms, with the –O–H group attached to the second carbon atom, i.e.
butan-2-ol. A methyl group attaches to the second carbon atom, i.e. 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
50 A
51 D H H OH CH3
5 4 3 2 1
H C C C C CH3
H CH3 H CH3
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, with the –O–H group attached to the third carbon atom,
i.e. pentan-3-ol. Two methyl groups attach to the second carbon atom while one methyl group to the
fourth carbon atom, i.e. 2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-ol.
52 D Option D — Butane is a gas at room temperature and pressure.
53 C Option C — The first compound is propan-2-ol (C3H7OH) while the second one is propan-1-ol (C3H7OH).
They have the same molecular formula, and hence the same relative molecular mass.
13
54 C Name Molecular formula Boiling point (°C) State at room temperature and pressure
Methane CH4 –162
Ethane C2H6 –89
gas
Propane C3H8 –42
Butane C4H10 –0.5
Pentane C5H12 36
Hexane C6H14 69
Heptane C7H16 98
liquid
Octane C8H18 126
.. .. ..
. . .
Heptadecane C17H36 302
Octadecane C18H38 316
solid
Nonadecane C19H40 330
Options B and C — Both C5H12 and C13H28 are liquids at room temperature and pressure. However,
C5H12 is quite volatile while C13H28 is NOT.
55 B Straight-chain hydrocarbon C2H6 is ethane while straight-chain hydrocarbon C3H8 is propane.

Option A — C2H6 and C3H8 differ by a —CH2— unit. Thus, their relative molecular masses differ by 14.
Option B — C2H6 and C3H8 have different structural formulae.
Option D — C3H8 has stronger van der Waals’ forces than C2H6. Thus, C2H6 is more volatile than C3H8.
5
56 B (2) CH3 H H H
4 3 2 1
H C C C C H
H H H H
This compound is pentane, a straight-chain alkane.
57 B (1) The members of a homologous series have the same general formula, NOT the same structural
formula.
(2) Each successive members of a homologous series differs by a —CH2— unit. Thus, the relative
molecular mass differs by 14.
(3) The volatility of the members in a homologous series decreases with increasing relative molecular
mass.
For example, an alkane molecule becomes larger and heavier as the number of carbon atoms in
the molecule increases. The number of electrons in the molecule also increases. Hence the van der
Waals’ forces between the molecules increase.
Thus, the van der Waals’ forces between alkane molecules increase with increasing relative
molecular mass. The volatility of alkanes decreases with increasing relative molecular mass.
4 5
58 C (1) CH2 CH3
1 2 3
CH3 CH CH2
CH3
This compound is 2-methylpentane.
14
5 4 3
(2) and (3) CH3 CH2 CH CH3
2 1
CH3 CH CH3
This compound is 2,3-dimethylpentane.
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3
CH3 CH3
This compound is 2,3-dimethylpentane.
Thus, (2) and (3) are different ways of drawing the same molecule.
59 B (1) Both but-2-ene and but-1-ene have the molecular formula C4H8.
(2) But-2-ene is in the alkene series, NOT in the alkane series.
60 A (1) Both compounds are alkanes.

(2) Alkanes are insoluble in water.
(3) The density of compound X is higher than that of compound Y.
The shape of a molecule of compound X is longer and more spread-out than a molecule of
compound Y. The shape of molecule of compound X allows greater surface contact between
molecules. Thus, compound X has stronger van der Waals’ forces than compound Y. Stronger van
der Waals’ forces in compound X pull the molecules closer together.
61 D (1) Compound X is butan-1-ol while compound Y is propanone. They belong to different homologous
series.
(2) Both compounds X and Y are polar.
δ–
O
δ+ δ+
C CH3CH2CH2CH2 H
δ–
CH3 CH3 O
(3) A liquid with strong intermolecular forces has a higher viscosity than one with weak intermolecular
forces. The viscosity of compound X is much higher than that of compound Y due to its ability of
forming hydrogen bonds.
62 A (1) The compound shown is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).

(2) Ethanoic acid is an electrolyte.
(3) Ethanoic acid contains a carboxyl group.
63 B Carbon atoms can join up with one another to form carbon chains of different sizes.
64 C The volatility of members of a homologous series decreases down the series.

For example, an alkane molecule becomes larger and heavier as the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule increases. The number of electrons in the molecule also increases. Hence the van der Waals’
forces between the molecules increase.
Thus, the van der Waals’ forces between alkane molecules increase down the series. The volatility of
alkanes decrease down the series. 15
65 D Members in the same homologous series have similar chemical properties and the same general
formula.
66 A Weak van der Waals’ forces exist between ethane molecules.
67 B The correct explanation is that they have the same general formula CnH2n+2.
68 B The fact that ethene contains a carbon-carbon double bond is NOT a correct explanation. For example,
the second member of the alkene series, propene, also contains a carbon-carbon double bond.
69 A
70 C Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol have different boiling points.

Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol have the same molecular formula (C3H7OH). Thus, they have the same
relative molecular mass.
71 B A pentane molecule is longer and somewhat spreadout while a 2,2-dimethylpropane molecule is more
spherical and compact. The shape of a pentane molecule allows greater surface contact between
molecules. Thus, pentane has stronger van der Waals’ forces than 2,2-dimethylpropane.
Stronger van der Waals’ forces in pentane pull the molecules closer together. So, the density of
pentane is higher.
The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. Thus, the
boiling point of pentane is higher than that of 2,2-dimethylpropane.
72 C A liquid with strong intermolecular forces has a higher viscosity than one with weak intermolecular
forces. The viscosity of propan-1-ol is much higher than that of pentane due to its ability of forming
hydrogen bonds.
Unit 27 Alkanes and alkenes
Fill in the blanks

1 unsaturated
2 alkanes
3 combustion
4 substitution
5 a) initiation
b) propagation
c) termination
6 haloalkane
7 radical
16
8 cracking
9 addition
10 a) orange
b) 1,2-dibromoethane
True or false
11 F Straight-chain hydrocarbon C4H10 is butane. It is saturated.
12 T The yellow colour of a flame is due to the presence of tiny carbon particles.
13 T Compared with pentane, octane has a higher percentage of carbon by mass. Its possibility of
undergoing incomplete combustion to give carbon is higher.
14 T The following equation represents the complete combustion of ethene:

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
15 F For the reaction between ethane and bromine to occur, sufficient energy (ultraviolet light) must be
supplied.
Thus, the reaction would NOT occur in the dark.
16 T When propane reacts with bromine, substitution of hydrogen takes place.

C3H8(g) + Br2(g) C3H7Br(l) + HBr(g)
The concentration of bromine in the reaction mixture decreases, and thus the colour of the reaction
mixture fades.
17 F The substitution reaction between hexane and chlorine is NOT an effective way for the preparation of
dichlorohexane because a mixture of chlorohexanes would form in the reaction.
18 F During the cracking process, alkanes are heated in the absence of air. Otherwise, the alkanes will burn.
19 T The cracking of petroleum fractions takes in heat.
20 F Propene can be manufactured by the cracking of petroleum fractions.
21 T Both ethane and ethene are hydrocarbons. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules are quite
strong. The weak attractive forces between hydrocarbon and water molecules are NOT strong enough
to overcome the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
22 T Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene are alkenes. They undergo addition reaction with bromine dissolved in
an organic solvent.
23 F Ethene undergoes addition reaction, NOT substitution reaction, with hydrogen bromide.
17
24 F 1,2-dichloropropane is formed when propene reacts with chlorine.
H H H H H
H
H C C C + Cl2 H C C C H
H
H H Cl Cl
1,2-dichloropropane
25 T Permanganate ion (MnO4–) is converted to manganese(II) ion (Mn2+) in the reaction. Thus, the oxidation
number of manganese changes from +7 to +2.
26 F Both ethane and ethene show NO reaction with acidified potassium dichromate solution.
27 B Option A — Successive members differ by a —CH2— unit.

Option C — Melting points of alkanes increase as the number of carbon atoms in the alkane
molecules increases.
Option D — Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogens.
28 C Option C — The straight-chain hydrocarbon C4H8 is an alkene.
29 A Option A — The compound shown is ethane. It is the second member of the alkane series.
30 A The two carbon compound shown are alkanes.

Option B — They have different densities.
Compared with those of CH3CH(CH3)CH3, molecules of CH3CH2CH2CH3 are longer and
somewhat spreadout. Their shape allows greater surface contact between molecules. Thus,
CH3CH2CH2CH3 has stronger van der Waals’ forces.
Strong van der Waals’ forces pull the molecules close together. So, the density of
CH3CH2CH2CH3 is higher.
Option D — Alkanes do NOT react with bromine in the dark.
31 A Number of moles of CO2(g) Number of moles of CO2(g)

Relative
produced when 1 mole of produced when 1 g of
Option Compound molecular
compound undergoes compound undergoes complete
mass
complete combustion combustion
2
A C2H4 28 2 = 0.0714
28
3
B C3H8 44 3 = 0.0682
44
2
C CH3CH2OH 46 2 = 0.0435
46
3
D CH3CH2OCH3 60 3 = 0.0500
60
18
C2H4 produces the greatest number of moles of carbon dioxide when 1 g of it undergoes complete
combustion.
32 C Option C — The presence of tiny carbon particles makes the flame yellow.
33 B The following equation represents the complete combustion of benzene:

2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
34 C Option C — Benzene has a high percentage of carbon by mass. Its possibility of undergoing
incomplete combustion to give carbon is high.
35 B Option B — The reaction is a substitution reaction.

Option D — Chlorine is more reactive than bromine. Thus, the reaction between propane and chlorine
is faster than that between propane and bromine.
36 C The compound shown is butane.

Option A — Its molecular formula is C4H10.
Option B — It undergoes substitution reactions, NOT addition reactions.
Option D — It is a straight-chain alkane.
37 C
38 B
39 A Cracking is the breaking down of larger hydrocarbon molecules with heat or catalyst to produce
smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
40 B The following equation represents the cracking reaction that occurs:

C11H24 C5H12 + 2C3H6
41 B Option B — Cracking petroleum fractions takes in heat.
42 C The compound shown is ethene.

Option A — It undergoes an addition reaction with bromine dissolved in an organic solvent.
Option B — It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Option D — It is a gas at room temperature and pressure.
43 D The following equation represents the reaction that occurs:
H H H H H
H
H C C C + [O] + H2O H C C C H
H
H from acidiﬁed dilute H OH OH
potassium
permanganate solution
19
44 B The following equation represents the reaction that occurs:
H H H H Cl H H
H
C C C C H + Cl2 Cl C C C C H
H
H H H H H H
45 A
46 D Option B — Cyclopentene (C 5H 8) quickly decolorizes acidified potassium permanganate solution.

However, it does NOT fit the general formula CnH2n.
47 D The following equation represents the reaction that occurs:
H H H H H
H
H C C C + Br2 H C C C H
H
H H Br Br
Option D — The structure of the organic product is NOT CH2BrCH2CH2Br.
48 C
Straight-chain hydrocarbon Name Saturated / unsaturated
C3H6 propene unsaturated
C4H10 butane saturated
Option A — The compounds belong to different homologous series.

Option D — The compounds have different chemical properties.
49 C Option B — Chlorine turns the litmus solution red and then bleaches it.
Option C — There is NO reaction between propene and acidified potassium dichromate solution.
50 C Option A — Wind energy is NOT reliable as wind does NOT always blow.
Option B — Thousands of windmills are needed to provide enough electricity. Windy spots are often in
beautiful areas. Windmills may become an eyesore.
Option D — NOT every part of the world has such strong wind.
51 B
52 A
53 B Option A — The gaseous product burns easily while medicinal paraffin is difficult to burn.
Options B and D — The gaseous product contains a mixture of alkanes and alkenes.
Option C — The gaseous product has a pungent smell.
20
54 A (1) The first few cm3 of gas collected is mainly air.
(2) The medicinal paraffin may just vaporize and escape before cracking takes place if it is heated
continuously.
(3) Remove the delivery tube from the water before heating is stopped to avoid sucking back.
55 B
Straight-chain hydrocarbon Name Saturated / unsaturated
(1) CH4 methane saturated
(2) C3H6 propene unsaturated
(3) C5H12 pentane saturated
56 C
57 D Ethane and bromine undergo substitution reaction under suitable conditions.

(1) For the reaction between ethane and bromine to occur, sufficient energy (ultraviolet light) must be
supplied.
(3) The concentration of bromine in the reaction mixture decreases, and thus the colour of the reaction
mixture fades.
58 D (3) The reaction can be classified as a redox reaction.

0 –1
CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from 0 to –1.
59 B (1) Only hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring is an aromatic hydrocarbon.

(2) The molecular formulae of cycloalkanes can be represented by the general formula CnH2n.
(3) There is NO reaction between cyclohexane and acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution.
60 C (1) Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon.

(3) Benzene has a high percentage of carbon by mass. Its possibility of undergoing incomplete
combustion to give carbon is high.
61 B Compound X is propane while compound Y is butane.

(2) They are saturated compounds. They CANNOT decolorize acidified potassium permanganate
solution.
62 A (1) The two compounds have the same molecular formula C5H12. Thus, they have the same relative
molecular mass.
(2) They are both alkanes.
(3) The density of X is higher than that of Y.
Compared with those of Y, molecules of X are longer and somewhat spreadout. Their shape allows
greater surface contact between molecules. Thus, X has stronger van der Waals’ forces.
Strong van der Waals’ forces pull the molecules close together. So, the density of X is higher.
21
63 B (2) Surplus fractions (such as lubricating oil) are turned into fractions in greater demand (such as petrol)
during the cracking process.
64 D (1) Complete combustion of ethene gives carbon dioxide and water.

(2) Industrial ethanol is generally produced by catalytic hydration of ethene.
(3) Ethene undergoes polymerization to give polythene.
65 D (1) The molecular formula of but-2-ene is C4H8.
66 A The compound shown is propene.

(2) There is NO reaction between propene and acidified dilute potassium dichromate solution.
(3) The following equation represents the reaction between propene and bromine:
H H H H H
H
H C C C + Br2 H C C C H
H
H H Br Br
The organic product is NOT CH2BrCH2CH2Br.
67 A (2) The following equation represents the complete combustion of cyclohexene:
17
C6H10(l) + O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
2
Thus, the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed is different from that of water formed.
(3) The following equation represents the reaction between cyclohexene and bromine:
Br
+ Br2
Br
Br
The organic product is NOT .
Br
68 B (1) X may be a saturated cyclic compound.
H H
H H
C C
H Cl
22
(2) X has at least four possible structures:
H H Cl H Cl H
H C C C H H C C C H
H H
Cl H H H H
C
H C C C H
H H
H C C
H Cl
69 C (1) Ethene can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution while ethane cannot.
(3) Sodium sulphite solution can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution while sodium
sulphate solution cannot.
70 C (1) Ethene and ethyne belong to different homologous series.

(3) Ethyne (C2H2) has a higher percentage by mass of carbon than ethene (C2H4). Its possibility of
undergoing incomplete combustion to give carbon is higher. Thus, it burns with a more sooty
flame.
71 D Cyclobutane is a saturated compound with the molecular formula C4H8.
72 B Incomplete combustion occurs when the oxygen supply is limited.
73 A The possibility of cyclohexene to undergo incomplete combustion to give carbon is higher.
74 C The substitution reaction of methane with chlorine produces a mixture of chloromethanes. Thus, it is
NOT an effective way for preparing dichoromethane.
75 D For the substitution reaction between an alkane and bromine to occur, sufficient energy (ultraviolet
light) must be supplied.
76 C An addition reaction occurs when hydrogen reacts with ethene to form ethane.
77 D During cracking, heavy oil fractions are heated in the absence of air. Otherwise, the fractions will burn.
78 C Cracking is an endothermic reaction.
79 B Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution because they
are unsaturated.
23
80 B The correct explanation is that propene contains a carbon-carbon double bond while propane is a
saturated hydrocarbon which is unreactive.
81 C Wind power is costly to use.
82 D Both ethane and ethene have NO reaction with acidified potassium dichromate solution.
Unit 28 Addition polymers
Fill in the blanks

1 polymer
2 polymerization
3 repeating unit
4 plasticizer
5 non-biodegradable
6 a) landfilling
b) incineration
c) recycling
d) pyrolysis
True or false
7 F Thermoplastics are flammable.

H Cl
8 T The monomer of polyvinyl chloride is C C.
H H
H CH3
9 F The repeating unit of polypropene is C C .
H H
( )
H CH3 H CH3 H
10 T Methylpropene H C C C can form a polymer with C C as the repeating unit.
H H CH3 H
11 T Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic.
24
12 F Ethene is an alkene with a carbon-carbon double bond while polythene contains only carbon-carbon
single bonds.
13 T
14 T
15 F Handles of frying pans need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from thermoplastics.
16 T
17 F Polyvinyl chloride is commonly used to make floor tiles.
18 T Hydrogen chloride gas is produced during the incineration of polyvinyl chloride.
19 T
20 F Most plastics are non-biodegradable.
21 B
22 D
23 A
24 D Option D — Whether waste bin liners are transparent is the least important.
25 C
26 C Option C — Propene can acts as a monomer because it contains a C=C bond, i.e. it is unsaturated.
Polypropene contains only carbon-carbon single bonds. It is saturated.
27 D Option A — The molecular formula of both but-2-ene and but-1-ene is C4H8.

Option D — There is NO reaction between but-2-ene and acidified dilute potassium dichromate
solution.
28 B Option B —
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
...... + C C + C C + C C + ...... CH2 C CH2 C CH2 C
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 COOCH3 COOCH3 COOCH3
25
CH3 H
29 D Option D — The monomer of the polymer is C C , i.e. but-2-ene.
H CH3
CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H
...... + C C + C C + C C + ...... C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
30 B Option B —
H CN H CN H CN CN CN CN
H C O H C O H C O C O C O C O
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3
31 A
Plastic Structure
H H H H
Polyvinyl chloride C C C C
Cl H Cl H
H H H H
Polypropene C C C C
CH3 H CH3 H
CH3 H CH3 H
Perspex C C C C
COOCH3 H COOCH3 H
32 A The polymer shown is made using ethene and propene.
H H CH3 H H H H H CH3 H H H
...... ......
addition
+ C C + C C + C C + C C C C C C
polymerization
H H H H H H H H H H H H
33 C
26
34 A Option A — Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It is commonly used to make shower
screens.
35 D Option D — Perspex is commonly used as a glass substitute for advertising displays.
36 D Option D — The false teeth will be digested by bacteria in the mouth.
37 C Option A — Expanded polystyrene is used to make disposable lunch boxes.

Option B — Polyvinyl chloride is made from chloroethene.
H H
Option D — The repeating unit of polyvinyl chloride is C C .
Cl H
38 D
39 B Option B — Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It is commonly used to make car light
covers.
40 A Option A — Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It is suitable for making the roof of
greenhouse.
41 D Option D — Polyvinyl chloride is stiff and have good weathering ability. It is commonly used to make
water pipes.
H H
42 A Option A — The structure of polystyrene can be represented as C C .
H C6H5 n
43 C The polymer shown is polypropene.
Option B — Polypropene is a thermoplastic. It goes soft and melts upon heating, and becomes hard
again upon cooling. Hence the plastic can be remoulded.
( )
H CH3
Option D — The monomer of polypropene is propene C C .
H H
44 A Plastic X is Perspex.
Option B — Perspex is strong and rigid.
Option C — Perspex is rigid. It is NOT used to make raincoats. Polyvinyl chloride is commonly used to
make raincoats.
H CH3
Option D — The monomer of Perspex is C C .
H COOCH3
27
45 A The polymer shown is polyvinyl chloride.
Option A — Electric sockets need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from
thermoplastics.
Option C — Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic.
Option D — Hydrogen chloride gas is produced when polyvinyl chloride is strongly heated.
46 B The polymer formed from X is polystyrene.
( )
F F
Option A — Polytetrafluoroethene C C is used to coat the inside of a non-stick frying
F F n
pan.
Option C — Polystyrene is hard and rigid.

C6H5 H
Option D — The repeating unit of polystyrene is C C .
H H
47 B Option B — Both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo incomplete combustion to give
carbon particles when the oxygen supply is limited.
Cl H
48 B The repeating unit of polyvinyl chloride is C C .
H H
The relative molecular mass of one PVC repeating unit = 2 x 12.0 + 3 x 1.0 + 35.5
= 62.5
42 500
Number of PVC repeating units in one molecule =
62.5
= 680
49 D
50 B Option B — Jute is biodegradable.
51 A Option A — The molecular formula of butadiene is C4H6 while that of pentadiene is C5H8. Thus, the
general formula of dienes is CnH2n–2.
52 A (1) Both butadiene and polybutadiene contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Thus, they are unsaturated.
28
53 D (1) Complete combustion of ethene gives carbon dioxide and water.
(2) Ethene undergoes addition polymerization to give polythene.
(3) Ethene undergoes addition reaction with acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution.
HOCH2CH2OH is formed in the reaction.
54 C (2) Nylon is a thermoplastic.
55 C (1) Most plastics are non-biodegradable.
56 B (2) CH 2 = CHCH 3 contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Thus, it is likely to undergo addition
polymerization.
57 B (1) The monomer of PVC is CHCl=CH2.

(2) The following diagram shows the permanent dipole-permanent dipole attractions between polymer
chains of PVC.
H H Cl H H H Cl
C C C C C C C
δ– δ+ δ– δ+
Cl H H H Cl H H
permanent dipole-permanent
δ+ δ– δ+ δ– dipole attractions
H H Cl H H H Cl
C C C C C C C
Cl H H H Cl H H
(3) PVC is a thermoplastic.

Handles of frying pans need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from thermoplastics.
58 C (2) & (3) Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It is used as a glass substitute.
H Cl
59 C (1) The monomer of X is C C i.e. 1,2-dichloroethene.
Cl H
(2) X and PVC have a similar structure. Both are thermoplastics.
(3) The flue gas produced by the incineration of X contains hydrogen chloride which can cause acid
rain.
60 A (2) Polystyrene is a thermoplastic. It can be remoulded.
(3) The repeating unit of polystyrene is C C . It does NOT contain carbon-carbon bond.
H H 29
61 C
62 A (3) Thermoplastic products can be remoulded easily.
63 D (1) Plastic waste is non-biodegradable.
64 D
65 C (1) There is NO need to separate different plastics before pyrolysis.
66 A
67 C Electric sockets need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from thermoplastics.
( )
F F
68 C Polytetrafluoroethene C C is used to make the inside coating on non-stick frying pans.
F F n
69 A Expanded polystyrene is made by adding a blowing agent to polystyrene. Air is trapped in expanded
polystyrene and this enhances its heat insulating property.
70 B Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It is suitable for making shower screens.
71 D Polyvinyl chloride is commonly used to make floor tiles.

Polystyrene is transparent, hard and rigid.
72 A There are permanent dipole-permanent dipole attractions between PVC polymer chains. The chains
cannot slide past each other easily. Hence PVC is rigid.
H H Cl H H H Cl
C C C C C C C
δ– δ+ δ– δ+
Cl H H H Cl H H
permanent dipole-permanent
δ+ δ– δ+ δ– dipole attractions
H H Cl H H H Cl
C C C C C C C
Cl H H H Cl H H
73 D Polythene contains only carbon-carbon single bonds. It is saturated and unreactive.
30
Part B Topic-based exercise
1 C Option A — Fraction 1 contains hydrocarbons with a small number of carbon atoms in their molecules.
It burns with a clear flame.
Option B — When compared with fraction 3, fraction 2 contains hydrocarbons with a smaller number
of carbon atoms in their molecules. Thus, fraction 2 is less viscous than fraction 3.
Option C — When compared with fraction 4, fraction 3 contains hydrocarbons with a smaller number
of carbon atoms in their molecules. Thus, fraction 3 burns more easily than fraction 4.
Option D — When compared with fraction 4, fraction 1 contains hydrocarbons with a smaller number
of carbon atoms in their molecules. Thus, fraction 1 evaporates more easily than fraction 4.
2 A
3 A Fraction P is refinery gases.
4 D
Option Petroleum fraction Number of carbon atoms per molecule of hydrocarbon in fraction
A Bitumen above 25
B Kerosene 10 – 14
C Lubricating oil above 25
D Naphtha 5 – 10
5 C Option C — Among the four given fractions, kerosene contains hydrocarbons with the smallest number
of carbon atoms in their molecules. Thus, it burns most easily when ignited.
6 C
7 B Option B — When the oxygen supply is limited, hydrocarbon fuels may undergo incomplete
combustion to give carbon monoxide and carbon.
8 D Option B — Inside power station furnaces, the air gets so hot that its nitrogen and oxygen react
together, forming oxides of nitrogen.
9 D Option B — Australia produces more nitrogen dioxide per person than the US.
Option C — On average, a person in the UK produces less nitrogen dioxide than a person in the US.
10 B Option D — A tall chimney CANNOT reduce the emission of air pollutants.
11 C Option C — The higher the ‘air-to-fuel’ ratio, the more likely the fuel may undergo complete
combustion. Thus, the concentration of carbon monoxide in car exhaust gas decreases.
31
12 C
13 C Option A — Catalytic converters convert oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in car exhaust gas
into nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Option B — Electrostatic precipitators remove particulates from flue gas.
14 B Options A, C and D — Carbon monoxide, particulates and unburnt hydrocarbons do NOT cause acid
rain.
Option B — Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide react with rainwater to form
acids that lower the pH of rainwater. This gives rise to acid rain.
In urban areas, nitrogen dioxide comes mainly from the burning of fossil fuels in car
engines.
15 A Option A — Carbon compound X C2H3Cl has only one possible structure:

H H
C C
H Cl
16 A
17 D Option D — The molecular formulae of the three alkynes are C 2H 2, C 3H 4 and C 4H 6. The general
formula for this homologous series is CnH2n–2.
18 A Option B — Each successive member differs by a —CH2— unit.

Option C — The volatility of the members decreases with increasing relative molecular mass.
Option D — Properties of members with more carbon atoms in their molecules tend more towards
those of alkanes. Thus, they dissolve in water less readily.
19 C Option C — The general formula of cycloalkanes is CnH2n.
20 B Option A — They are saturated compounds. They do NOT undergo addition reaction.
Option C — Diesel oil contains hydrocarbons with 14 – 25 carbon atoms per molecule. The two
compounds are NOT major components of diesel oil.
Option D — They are alkanes and have the same general formula CnH2n+2, NOT the same structural
formula.
21 D Option D — The structure of the compound shown is as follows:
CH3 H H
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 C C C CH3
H H H
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, i.e. pentane. A methyl group attaches to the
second carbon atom, i.e. 2-methylpentane.
32
22 D The structure of the compound shown is as follows:
CH3
6
CH35CH24CH3CH 2
CH1CH3
The parent chain contains 6 carbon atoms, with the double bond between the second and third
carbon atoms, i.e. hex-2-ene. A methyl group attaches to the fourth carbon atom, i.e. 4-methylhex-2-ene.
4,5
23 D C2H5
3 1,2
CH3 C C2H5
OH
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, with the –OH group attached to the third carbon atom, i.e.
pentan-3-ol. A methyl group attaches to the third carbon atom, i.e. 3-methypentan-3-ol.
24 C CH3
5
CH34CH23CH CH CH3
2 1
OH
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, with the –OH group attached to the second carbon atom, i.e.
pentan-2-ol. A methyl group attaches to the third carbon atom, i.e. 3-methylpentan-2-ol.
25 C H H Cl H
1 2 3 4
H C C C C H
H
5
H C H
The parent chain contains 5 carbon atoms, with the double bond between the first and second carbon
atom, i.e. pent-1-ene. A chloro group attaches to the third carbon atom, i.e. 3-chloropent-1-ene.
26 D Option A — Ammonia has a pungent smell.

Option C — Methane is insoluble in water.
Option D — Colourless nitrogen monoxide changes to brown nitrogen dioxide when exposed to air.
27 C The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions.
Options A and B — Compared with molecules of butan-1-ol (Option C), molecules of propan-1-ol (Option
A) and propan-2-ol (Option B) have smaller molecular masses / sizes (or a smaller
number of electrons).
Thus, van der Waals’ forces in propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol are less strong.
The boiling points of propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol are lower than that of
butan-1-ol.
33
Options C and D — Compared with molecules of butan-2-ol (Option D), molecules of butan-1-ol (Option
C) are longer and somewhat spreadout. This allows greater surface contact
between molecules.
Butan-1-ol has stronger van der Waals’ forces than that of butan-2-ol. Thus, the
boiling point of butan-1-ol is higher.
28 D Options A and B — Cracking is the breaking down of larger hydrocarbon molecules with heat or
catalyst to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
Option C — During the cracking process, alkanes are heated in the absence of air. Thus, NO carbon
dioxide is produced.
Option D — The following equations represent typical cracking reactions:
C10H22 C8H18 + C2H4
C10H22 C7H16 + C3H6
29 B Option A — Ethene has a high percentage by mass of carbon. It can undergo incomplete combustion
to give carbon. The presence of carbon particles makes the flame yellow.
Option B — Ethene is a gas at room temperature and pressure.
30 B
31 A Option A — Carbon compound X with the molecular formula C4H8 has the following four possible
structures:
CH2
H2C CH2
H
CH3CH2CH CH2 CH3CH CHCH3 H2C CH2 H2C C
CH3
Option B — Carbon compound X may be a saturated cyclic compound.
Option D — Both alkanes and alkenes have NO reaction with acidified dilute potassium dichromate
solution.
32 D Option A — Ethene decolorizes acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution.

Option B — Chlorine oxidized iodide ions to iodine. A brown reaction mixture results.
Option C — Hot concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with copper to form blue copper(II) ions.
Option D — Electrolyzing dilute magnesium sulphate solution using carbon electrodes produces
hydrogen and oxygen gases. There is NO obvious colour change.
33 B Option B — The following equation represents the reaction between 2-methylbut-1-ene and bromine:
CH3 H H H CH3 H H
H
C C C C H + Br2 Br C C C C H
H
H H H Br H H
34
34 B Option A — But-2-ene is insoluble in water.
Option C — The following equation represents the polymerization of but-2-ene:
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
n C C C C
H H H H n
CH3 CH3
The repeating unit of the polymer is C C .
H H
Option D — The following equation represents the reaction between but-2-ene and chlorine:
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H + Cl2 H C C C C H
H H H Cl Cl H
35 D
36 C Option A — The repeating unit of a polymer does NOT have the subscript n.
CH3 CH3
H3C CH3
Option B — The repeating unit of the polymer formed from C C is C C .
H H
H H
H H
H H
Option D — The repeating unit of the polymer formed from C C is C C .
H CH3
H CH3
37 A Option A — Perspex is strong, rigid and highly transparent. It can be used as a glass substitute for
making illuminating signs.
38 A Option B — Expanded polystyrene is used to make disposable lunch boxes.

Option C — Polystyrene is transparent, hard and rigid. It is NOT used to make clothing.
Option D — Polypropene is used to make ketchup bottles.
39 B Option B — The polymer is made using ethene and but-1-ene.
H C2H5 H H H C2H5 H H H C2H5 H H H C2H5 H H
...... + C C + C C + C C + C C + ...... C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
35
40 C Option C — Handles of frying pans need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from
thermoplastics.
Option D — The monomer of X is methylpropene.
H CH3 H CH3
n C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 n
41 A
42 C Option C — Water is removed from ethanol in the reaction. Dehydration reaction is involved.
43 C (1) Ethene is insoluble in water. Thus, it can be collected by water displacement.

(2) Mass of 1 mole of C2H4 = (2 x 12.0 + 4 x 1.0) g
= 28.0 g
Air contains about 80% of N2 and 20% of O2.
Mass of 1 mole of air = (2 x 14.0 x 80% + 2 x 16.0 x 20%) g
= 28.8 g
At the same temperature and pressure, 1 mole of C2H4 and 1 mole of air have the same volume.
Thus, they have similar densities. C2H4 CANNOT be collected by downward delivery.
H H
44 A Option A — The monomer of polyethenol is C C .
H OH
H H H H H H H H H
H OH H OH H OH OH OH OH
45 A (2) Polyethenol is soluble in water because it can form hydrogen bonds with water.
(3) Polyethenol contains hydroxyl groups.
46 A (2) Cracking, NOT fractional distillation, can convert large alkane molecules to small alkane molecules.
47 D (2) When car exhaust gas passes through a catalytic converter, oxides of nitrogen oxidize carbon
monoxide to carbon dioxide, and are reduced to nitrogen.
catalyst
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
36
The excess carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidized by air to water and carbon
dioxide.
catalyst
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
catalyst
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
48 A (1) Excessive burning of fossil fuels leads to acid rain. Rivers and lakes become more acidic. This is
harmful to water lives and even kills them.
(2) Photochemical smog occurs as a brown haze. It reduces visibility, causes eye and bronchial irritation,
and damage to plants and animals.
(3) Excessive intake of alcoholic drinks regularly may lead to liver diseases.
49 B
50 C (1) Depletion of the ozone layer leads to an increase in the number of cases of skin cancer.
51 C
52 B (1) Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form weak carbonic acid. Hence normal rainwater is slightly
acidic and has a pH of about 5.6.
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
(2) Carbon dioxide is NOT considered as an air pollutant.
(3) Oxides of nitrogen can cause acid rain. When car exhaust gas passes through a catalytic converter,
oxides of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen.
53 B (1) Scrubber reduces sulphur dioxide.

(3) Electrostatic precipitator reduces particulates.
54 B (2) The systematic name of the compound shown is propan-2-ol.

(3) The compound can form hydrogen bonds with water. Thus, it is soluble in water.
55 C (1) Compound X is an alkene while compound Y is an alkane. They belong to different homologous
series.
56 A (2) Ethene consists of planar molecules. A model of an ethene molecules is shown below:
H H
120°
C C 120°
120°
H H
37
57 C (1) and (3) H H O
carboxyl group
H C C C OH
H OH
hydroxyl group
58 A Compound X is butan-2-ol while compound Y is butan-1-ol.

(1) Both compounds are alkanols.
(2) The molecular formula of both compounds is C4H9OH. Thus, they have the same relative molecular
mass.
(3) The boiling point of compound Y is higher than that of compound X. The boiling point of a
compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions.
Compared with compound X molecules, compound Y molecules are longer and somewhat
spreadout. This allows greater surface contact between molecules.
Compound Y has stronger van der Waals’ forces. Thus, its boiling point is higher.
59 D
60 D (1) For the reaction between propane and bromine to occur, sufficient energy (ultraviolet light) must be
supplied.
(2) When propane reacts with bromine, substitution of hydrogen takes place.
C3H8(g) + Br2(g) C3H7Br(l) + HBr(g)
The concentration of bromine in the reaction mixture decreases, and thus the colour of the reaction
mixture fades.
61 B The following equation represents a cracking process:

C10H22 C8H18 + C2H4
(2) Cracking takes in heat.
(3) X is ethene.
62 B (1) Propene undergoes addition reaction with chlorine.

(2) There is NO reaction between propene and acidified dilute potassium dichromate solution.
(3) Propene decolorizes acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution.
63 D (1) The molecular formula of but-1-ene and but-2-ene is C4H8.

(3) Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene contain C=C functional group.
64 C (1) Ethene is a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion to give carbon dioxide and
water.
38
65 A (1) Carbon compound X with the molecular formula C3H4Cl2 has the following possible structures:
H H H H
Cl H
H C C C Cl C C C
Cl H
H Cl
H Cl H Cl
H Cl
H C C C H C C C
H H
Cl H
H H H Cl
C C
H Cl H H
C C C C
H Cl H Cl
(2) X may be a saturated cyclic compound.
66 A Compound X is cyclohexane while compound Y is cyclohexene.

(3) Y burns with a more sooty flame than X. Y has a higher percentage by mass of carbon than X. Its
possibility of undergoing incomplete combustion to give carbon is higher.
67 D (1) Acidified potassium permanganate solution can oxidize iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions.
(2) Propene can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution.
(3) Acidified potassium permanganate solution can oxidize sulphur dioxide to sulphate ions.
68 B (2) Most plastics are non-biodegradable.
69 A (3) NOT all thermoplastics are soft and flexible. For example, polystyrene is hard and rigid.
70 C (1) Nylon is commonly used to make strings for tennis rackets because it is strong.
71 D (1) Polyvinyl chloride is commonly used to make drain pipes.

(2) Polystyrene is transparent and hard. It is commonly used to make ‘see-through’ containers, such as
milk feeding bottles.
72 D (1) HDPE is stronger than LDPE.
73 C (2) The fact that HDPE has a higher density is NOT an important advantage for making coffee cups for
vending machine.
74 D Polymer X is polypropene.
39
75 C Polymer X is polystyrene.
H H
(1) The monomer of polymer X is C C .
H C6H5
(2) Polystyrene is a thermoplastic and can be remoulded.
76 D Polymer X is polyvinyl chloride.

(3) Hydrogen chloride gas is produced when polyvinyl chloride is strongly heated.
77 A (3) The following equation represents the addition polymerization of methylpropene:
CH3 H CH3 H
n C C C C
CH3 H CH3 H n
CH3 H
Thus, the repeating unit of X is C C .
CH3 H
78 D (1) and (3) The following equation represents the addition polymerization of but-1-ene:
H C2H5 H C2H5
n C C C C
H H H H n
79 A (1) and (3) Teflon is a polymer formed from the addition polymerization of tetrafluoroethene.
F F F F
n C C C C
F F F F n
80 B (1) Plastic waste is non-biodegradable.
81 A (2) Toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, are produced when using incineration to treat plastic waste.
82 D
83 B During fractional distillation, petroleum is separated into groups of hydrocarbons with different boiling
point ranges.
40
84 D Other liquid fractions, such as diesel oil, can be used to run cars with diesel engines.
85 D High-boiling fractions, such as fuel oil, has a supply that outweighs the demand in modern society.
Cracking high-boiling fractions can produce petrol which has a high demand.
86 D Natural gas is NOT a common domestic fuel in Hong Kong.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source.
87 A
88 A Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid and nitrous acid.
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
nitric acid nitrous acid
89 B Ethane and propane are alkanes. The fact that they are alkanes does NOT explain why they are gases
at room temperature and pressure.
Ethane and propane are gases at room temperature and pressure because the van der Waals’ forces in
them are weak. Very little heat is required to separate their molecules during boiling.
90 A A butane molecule has a larger molecular mass / size (or a greater number of electrons) than an ethane
molecule. Thus, butane has stronger instantaneous dipole-induced dipole attractions than ethane.
91 C Alkenes are insoluble in water.

There are strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
The weak attractions between molecules of alkenes and water are not strong enough to overcome the
strong attractions between water molecules.
92 B Ethanol and propan-1-ol are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water.
93 B The yellow colour of candle flame is due to the presence of tiny carbon particles.
94 A
95 D Propene can be manufactured by cracking of petroleum fractions.
96 A Both ethene and propene undergo addition reaction with bromine.
97 D Handles of frying pans need to withstand high temperatures. They are NOT made from thermoplastics.
98 C Expanded polystyrene is used to make packaging materials for electrical appliances.
99 C Wash bottles used in the chemistry laboratory are commonly made of polythene.
100 B The addition of plasticizers reduce the van der Waals’ forces between PVC polymer chains.
41
101 D In Hong Kong, most plastic waste is treated by landfilling.
Tall chimneys CANNOT reduce the emission of toxic gases.
102 A Incineration of PVC pipes gives hydrogen chloride gas which can cause acid rain.
Short questions
103
Example
Class
Structural formula Systematic name
Alkanes any alkane name of the alkane shown

(1) (1)
H H
H H
H H
C
H C H H C C H
C C cyclopentane /
/
Cycloalkanes H H cyclohexane /
H C C H
C C name of the cycloalkane shown
C
H H H H
H H H H
/ other appropriate cycloalkane

(1) (1)
H H C H
H C H H C H benzene /
Aromatic C C C C methylbenzene /
hydrocarbons / name of the aromatic hydrocarbon
C C C C shown
H C H H C H
H H
/ other appropriate aromatic hydrocarbon
(1) (1)
42
104 /BNFPG #PJMJOHQPJOU /VNCFSPGDBSCPO 6TF T
GSBDUJPO SBOHF $
BUPNTQFSNPMFDVMF
PGIZESPDBSCPOJO
FBDIGSBDUJPO
SFGJOFSZHBTFT
m
CFMPX
BTHBTFPVTGVFM
GSBDUJPOBUJOH BTGVFMGPSDBST
UPXFS QFUSPM
m
m
OBQIUIB
NBOVGBDUVSJOHUPXOHBT
LFSPTFOF
m
mŞ
BTGVFMGPSBJSDSBGU
EPNFTUJDGVFM
EJFTFMPJM mŞ m
BTGVFMGPSIFBWZWFIJDMFTGBDUPSJFT
$
GVFMPJM
PWFS BCPWF
BTGVFMGPSTIJQTQPXFSTUBUJPOT
QFUSPMFVN
MVCSJDBUJOH
PJMBOEXBY
BTMVCSJDBUJOHPJMGPSNBDIJOFT
GVSOBDF
NBLJOHDBOEMFT
CJUVNFO
TVSGBDJOHSPBETSPPGT
105 a) A, C, E and F (0.5 each)
b) A and E (0.5 each)
c) F (1)
d) A and E (1)
e) Hydroxyl group (1)
f) Carboxyl group (1)
g) i) C (1)
ii) CH3 H
C C
H H (1)
h) A: 2,2-dimethylbutane (1)
B: propan-1-ol (1)
43
C: propene (1)
D: pentanoic acid (1)
E: propane (1)
F: methylbenzene (1)
106
Structure IUPAC name
(a) CH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane

(1)
(b) H CH3 CH3
H C C C H 2,3-dimethylbutane
H H CH3 (1)
(c) CH3
H CH2 H
3-methylpentane
H C C C H
H H CH3 (1)
(d) H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
H H H CH2 CH3 H
CH3 (1)
(e) CH3
H H CH3 CH2 H H H H
4-ethyl-3-methyloctane
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H (1)
(f) CH3
methylcyclohexane
(1)
(g)
benzene
(1)
(h) H H CH3 H H
H C C C C C H 3-methylpent-2-ene
H H H (1)
44
(i) CH3
CH2
H H H H H CH2 2-propylhept-1-ene
H
H C C C C C C C
H
H H H H H (1)
(j) H H H H
H C C C C H
butan-2-ol
H H O H
H (1)
(k) CH3
H CH2 H H
2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol
H C C C C O H
H H CH3 H (1)
(l)
hexan-3-ol
OH (1)
(m) H CH3 O
H C C C O H methylpropanoic acid
H H (1)
(n) CH3
H CH2 H H O
4-methylhexanoic acid
H C C C C C O H
H H H H (1)
(o) H H
Cl C C H chloroethane
H H (1)
(p) H H H H
H C C C C H 2-bromobutane
H H Br H (1)
45
(q)
3-methylcyclopentene
CH3 (1)
(r) H H Br
H C C C H
3-bromobut-1-ene
H C H
H (1)
107
Compound Structural formula
(a) butane
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
(1)
(b) 2,2-dimethylpentane
H H H CH3 H
H C C C C C H
H H H CH3 H
(1)
(c) 3-ethyl-2-methylheptane
CH3
H H H H CH2 CH3 H
H C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H
(1)
(d) 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethyloctane
CH3
H CH3 H CH2 CH3 H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H
(1)
46
Compound Structural formula
(e) cyclopentane H H
H C H
C C
H H
C C
H H
H H (1)
(f) but-2-ene
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H
(1)
(g) 4,4-dimethylhex-1-ene
H H H CH3 H H
H C C C C C C H
H CH3 H H
(1)
(h) hexan-2-ol
H H H H OH H
H C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
(1)
(i) 3-methylpentan-1-ol
H H CH3 H H
H C C C C C OH
H H H H H
(1)
(j) butanoic acid

H H H O
H C C C C OH
H H H
(1)
47
108 a) A functional group is an atom, or a group of atoms, which determines most of the properties of a
compound. (1)
b) Formula of
Compound Systematic name Homologous series
functional group
H H H H
H C C C C H 3-methylbut-1-ene C C alkene
H CH3 (1) (1) (1)
H H H
H C C C H
propan-2-ol O H alkanol
H O H
H (1) (1) (1)
H H H H O
O
H C C C C C O H pentanoic acid alkanoic acid
C O H
H H H H (1) (1) (1)
109 (a) A hydrocarbon that rapidly decolorizes Any one of the following:
bromine dissolved in an organic solvent • CH3CH2CH=CH2 (1), but-1-ene (1)
• CH3CH=CHCH3 (1), but-2-ene (1)
CH3
l
• CH3C=CH2 (1), methylpropene (1)
(b) An alkanol Any one of the following:
• CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (1), butan-1-ol (1)
OH
l
• CH3CH2CHCH3 (1), butan-2-ol (1)
CH3
l
• CH3CHCH2OH (1), methylpropan-1-ol (1)
CH3
l
• CH3CCH3 (1), methylpropan-2-ol (1)
l
OH
(c) An alkanoic acid Any one of the following:
• CH3CH2CH2COOH (1), butanoic acid (1)
CH3
l
• CH3CHCOOH (1), methylpropanoic acid (1)
(d) A hydrocarbon that reacts with chlorine only Any one of the following:
when exposed to sunlight • CH3CH2CH2CH3 (1), butane (1)
CH3
l
• CH3CHCH3 (1), methylpropane (1)
48
110 a) Alkanes (1)
b) The candle burns with a yellow flame due to incomplete combustion. (1)
The yellow colour of the flame is due to the presence of tiny carbon particles. (1)
c) The hot molten wax causes the water to vaporize rapidly. (1)
The steam will cause the molten wax to spurt out. (1)
111 a) Petroleum (1)
b) LPG contains hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in their molecules. (1)
It burns more completely than diesel. (1)
112 a) The purple solution of cold acidified dilute potassium permanganate becomes colourless quickly. (1)
H H
H H
C C (g) + [O] + H2O(l) H C C H(aq)
H H
O O
H H (1)
b) The orange solution of bromine becomes colourless quickly. (1)
H H H H H H
H C C C H(g) + Br2 (in organic solvent) H C C C H (in organic solvent)
H H Br Br
(1)
c) The reddish brown colour of the mixture fades. (1)
C3H8(g) + Br2(g) C3H7Br(l) + HBr(g) (1)
113
Product Advantage of using A over B Advantage of using B over A
Polypropene
• is lighter in weight.
(i) Toy bicycles • does not corrode easily. any one Mild steel is stronger.
• is self-coloured. (1)
• has no sharp edges.
(1)
Polythene is Paper
• more durable. • is biodegradable.
(ii) Sheets for packaging any one any one
• stronger. • can be made from
(1) (1)
• waterproof. renewable materials.
49
Product Advantage of using A over B Advantage of using B over A
PVC
• does not corrode
(iii) Drain pipes easily. any one Iron is stronger.
• can be shaped more (1)
easily.
(1)
Perspex is
(iv) Lenses • not easily broken. any one Glass is not easily scratched.
• lighter in weight. (1)
(1)
114 a) There was insufficient oxygen for the fuel to burn completely. Carbon monoxide formed due to incomplete
combustion of fuel. (1)
Carbon monoxide is a very poisonous gas. (1)
b) A heptadecane molecule has a larger molecular mass / size (or a greater number of electrons) than a
heptane molecule. (1)
Therefore heptadecane has stronger van der Waals’ forces than heptane. (1)
Also heptadecane molecules in the form of long chains can become entangled. Hence the relative motion
between the molecules will be hindered. (1)
Therefore heptadecane is more viscous than heptane.
c) There are strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules. (1)
The weak attractions between molecules of alkanes and water are not strong enough to overcome the
strong attractions between water molecules. (1)
d) The shape of a heptane molecule is longer and more spread-out than that of a 2-methylhexane
molecule. (1)
The shape of heptane molecule allows greater surface contact between molecules. (1)
Thus the van der Waals’ forces in heptane are stronger than those in 2-methylhexane. (1)
Stronger van der Waals’ forces in heptane pull the molecules closer together.
Hence the density of heptane is higher than that of 2-methylhexane.
e) Polythene is a hydrocarbon with C–C and C–H bonds. These bonds are strong / not readily attacked by
chemicals. (1)
50
Structured questions
115 a) Petroleum was formed from dead remains of marine animals and plants that lived millions of years
ago. (1)
High temperature, high pressure and bacterial action gradually changed the remains into petroleum. (1)
b) i) A hydrocarbon is a compound which contains only atoms of hydrogen and carbon. (1)
ii) A hydrocarbon in which all the carbon atoms are connected to each other by single bonds is a
saturated hydrocarbon. (1)
iii) The van der Waals’ forces between octane molecules are stronger than those between molecules of
the other compounds. (1)
iv) C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) (1)
v) Octane will burn with a more sooty flame. (1)
Octane has a higher percentage of carbon by mass. Its possibility of undergoing incomplete combustion
to give carbon is higher. (1)
vi) To prevent excessive vaporization of petrol at high temperatures in summer, (1)
the petrol must contain more hydrocarbons with a greater number of carbon atoms in their
molecules. (1)
OR
To ensure adequate vaporization at low temperatures in winter, (1)
the petrol must contain more hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in their
molecules. (1)
c) • As fuels for generating electricity (1)
• As fuels for heating (1)
• As raw materials in the petrochemical industry (1)
116 a) A fractional distillation (1)
B cracking (1)
b) Change 1 liquid to gas / boiling / vaporization (1)
Change 2 gas to liquid / condensation (1)
c) i) As fuel for heavy vehicles / factories (1)
ii) As fuel for ships / power stations (1)
d) i) Diesel oil has a higher viscosity. (1)
Van der Waals’ forces between molecules in diesel oil are stronger than those between molecules in
petrol. (1)
51
ii) Any three of the following:
• boiling point range (1)
• colour (1)
• volatility (1)
• flammability (1)
• clearness of flame when burnt (1)
e) Any two of the following:
• Biodiesel is renewable. (1)
• Use less fossil fuels / diesel. (1)
• Use waste oil. (1)
• Biodiesel is more biodegradable. (1)
• Biodiesel does not contain sulphur which causes the formation of acid rain. (1)
• Biodiesel burns with a less sooty flame. (1)
• The exhaust gas produced does not contribute much to global warming (burning biodiesel returns
carbon dioxide which has only recently been removed from the atmosphere during the photosynthesis
of plants). (1)
117 a) Petroleum originates from dead remains of marine animals and plants that lived millions of years ago.
(1)
b) i) Fractional distillation (1)
ii) It is because the components in petroleum have different boiling points. (1)
c) i) To condense the vapour given off into liquid. (1)
ii) To ensure that the temperature measured is exactly the boiling point of the vapour leaving the boiling
tube. (1)
iii) Any two of the following:
• Wear safety glasses and protective gloves. (1)
• Ensure good ventilation in the laboratory. (1)
• Avoid skin contact with the petroleum and its fractions as they may contain harmful substances.
(1)
• Ensure secure clamping of the apparatus. (1)
• Be careful of burns. (1)
• Avoid heating the mineral wool with a stationary hot flame. (1)
d) i) Fraction A burns with a less sooty flame than fraction B. (1)
52
ii) Fraction A is less viscous than fraction B. (1)
iii) Molecules in fraction A are smaller than those in fraction B. (1)
• Petroleum is readily available at a relatively cheap price. (1)
• The production of electricity from petroleum is not dependent on the time of day, weather variations or
seasonal effects. (1)
• Petroleum can be transported easily by pipeline, ship, road and rail. (1)
• Petroleum can be used to power cars. (1)
• Petroleum can be refined to provide raw materials for the production of other products, such as
plastics. (1)
f) i) Any three of the following:
• Burning of petroleum produces a lot of air pollutants. (1)
• The resource of petroleum is limited. (1)
• Supply and price of petroleum may be unstable in times of political unstability in petroleum-producing
countries. (1)
• Petroleum spills during drilling or transport cause major damage to ecosystems both on land and
at sea. (1)
ii) (1) Livestock manure (1)
(2) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)
(3) Advantage:
• Biogas burns completely and produces no soot. (1)
Disadvantage:
• It reduces the amount of manure which can be used as fertilizers. (1)
118 a) Petroleum is first heated to about 400 °C in a furnace. The petroleum is turned into a mixture of liquid
and vapour. The mixture is then pumped into a fractionating tower. (1)
The liquid portion flows to the bottom of the tower and is collected as residue. (1)
The higher levels of the tower are cooler than the lower levels. (1)
The vapour portion rises up the tower and as it cools it turns back to liquid, collecting in trays at various
heights. (1)
b) As fuel for aircraft / as domestic fuel (1)
c) As fuel for heavy vehicles / factories (1)
d) i) Cracking is the breaking down of larger hydrocarbon molecules to produce smaller hydrocarbon
molecules. (1)
53
ii) Producing extra petrol (1)
As a source of alkenes (1)
iii) Any one of the following:
• CH3CH2CH=CH2 (1)
but-1-ene (1)
• CH3CH=CHCH3 (1)
but-2-ene (1)
CH3
• CH3C=CH2 (1)
methylpropene (1)
iv) Any one of the following:
• Mix with bromine dissolved in an organic solvent. (1)
The orange solution of bromine becomes colourless quickly when mixed with Y. (1)
The orange solution of bromine becomes colourless slowly when mixed with C16H34 under
sunlight. (1)
• Mix with cold acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution. (1)
The purple solution of potassium permanganate becomes colourless quickly when mixed with Y.
(1)
There is no observable change for C16H34. (1)
• Burn Y and C16H34 separately. (1)
Y gives less dark smokes. (1)
C16H34 gives more dark smokes. (1)
119 a) Fractional distillation (1)
b)
UIFSNPNFUFS
NJOFSBMXPPM
$m$
TPBLFEXJUI
DSVEFPJM EFMJWFSZUVCF
JDF
IFBU DPMEXBUFS
GSBDUJPOPCUBJOFE
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for correct labels; 1 mark for correct fraction collection method; award
0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
54
c) i) The molecules in fraction 4 are larger / contain more electrons / have larger molecular masses than
molecules in fraction 1. (1)
Van der Waals’ forces between molecules in fraction 4 are stronger than those between molecules in
fraction 1. (1)
Molecules in fraction 4 have longer chains than molecules in fraction 1. The molecules tend to become
entangled. (1)
Hence fraction 4 is less runny / more viscous than fraction 1.
ii) Fraction 4 undergoes incomplete combustion. (1)
Molecules in fraction 4 have a higher percentage of carbon by mass. (1)
120 a) i) A photosynthesis (1)
B respiration (1)
C combustion / burning (1)
ii) Limestone / chalk / marble (1)
b) i) Photosynthesis and respiration / combustion (both parts must be correct for 1 mark) (1)
ii) Photosynthesis and fossil fuel formation (1) OR
Solution in water and limestone formation (1) (both parts must be correct for 1 mark)
c) i) The Earth receives energy from incoming sunlight and radiates energy back into space. (1)
Greenhouse gases can trap some of the infrared energy / heat radiated back into space. (1)
The heat keeps the atmosphere warm for life to sustain on Earth. (1)
ii) Increase in temperature of the atmosphere can cause melting of polar ice caps / flooding / change in
rainfall pattern. (1)
• Reduce the use of fossil fuel by using alternative energy sources to generate electricity, e.g. wind
energy. (1)
• Use hydrogen as fuel in fuel cells for cars. (1)
• Stop cutting down or burning forests. (1)
• Plant more trees. (1)
121 a) 2C9H20(g) + 19O2(g) 18CO(g) + 20H2O(l) (1)
b) i) High temperature / spark (1)
ii) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) (1)
c) i) They may cause cancer. (1)
ii) Irritate the respiratory system. (1)
55
d) i) Nitrogen monoxide reacts with carbon monoxide as they pass through the catalyst in a catalytic
converter. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are formed. (1)
catalyst
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g) (1)
The excess carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide by air. (1)

catalyst
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) (1)
ii) The unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidized to water and carbon dioxide by air. (1)
catalyst
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) (1)
octane
e) Yes.
The hydrocarbons in diesel contain a much higher percentage of carbon by mass. (1)
Incomplete combustion will give a greater amount of particulates. (1)
122 a) i) Inside the car engine, the air gets so hot that nitrogen and oxygen react together, forming oxides of
nitrogen. (1)
ii) Irritate and attack the respiratory system / the lungs. (1)
iii) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with rainwater to form acids that lower the pH of rainwater. This gives rise to
acid rain. (1)
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq) (1)
iv) Catalytic converter (1)
b) i) Power stations burn either coal or low-grade petroleum, both containing sulphur. When these fuels
are burnt, they give off sulphur dioxide to the air. (1)
ii) Sulphur dioxide reacts with rainwater to form sulphurous acid. The acid lowers the pH of rainwater.
This gives rise to acid rain. (1)
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) (1)
iii) Flue gas desulphurization system / scrubber (1)
c) Any two of the following:
• It can cause surface waters and lakes to become too acidic.
This is harmful to water lives and even kills them. (1)
• Acid rain can cause damage to plants, including crops and forests. (1)
• Acid rain also damages metal / limestone structures.
It corrodes metals / wears away the limestone. (1)
56
d) i) Any two of the following:
• Wind energy is a renewable energy source and hence will not run out like fossil fuels. (1)
• Wind energy produces no carbon dioxide and hence does not add to greenhouse effect. (1)
• Wind energy produces no sulphur dioxide and hence does not add to acid rain. (1)
• Less environmental impact of extraction / transport of fuels due to the decreasing use of fossil
fuels. (1)
ii) (1) Any two of the following:
• Noise which may cause disturbance / stress. (1)
• Visual impact may deter tourists / spoil landscape beauty. (1)
• Risks to wildlife, e.g. bird strike. (1)
• Disruption to TV signals by interference. (1)
(2) Any one of the following:
• Further away from people (hence reduction of noise, visual impact, etc.) (1)
• Higher wind speeds / more wind (1)
123 a) The number of motor vehicles increases rapidly. Burning large amount of petrol / diesel produces carbon
dioxide. (1)
The rapid growth in population leads to deforestation, providing more land for housing. Less carbon
dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. (1)
b) There is an increase in the number of rice paddies / cattle. The manure / remains decay to give
methane. (1)
c) The Earth receives energy from incoming sunlight and radiates energy back into space. (1)
Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere can trap some of the infrared energy / heat radiated back
into space. (1)
d) Carbon dioxide is less soluble in oceans at higher temperatures. / The respiration of marine organisms
increases at higher temperatures. (1)
e) i) Any one of the following:
• Reduce the use of fossil fuel by using alternative energy sources to generate electricity, e.g. wind
energy. (1)
• Use hydrogen as fuel in fuel cells for cars. (1)
• Stop cutting down or burning forests. (1)
• Plant more trees. (1)
ii) Use natural gas / methane from biomass as a fuel. (1)
57
124 a) i) A species containing an unpaired electron (1)
ii) O3 + •Cl ClO• + O2 (0.5)
O3 + ClO• Cl• + 2O2 (0.5)
overall equation 2O3 3O2 (1)
b) i) C7H16 (1)
ii) C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) (1)
iii) Carbon particles / suspended particulates (1)
c) i) Traffic information / amount of nitrogen dioxide in air for more days. (1)
ii) Inside car engines, the air gets so hot that nitrogen and oxygen react together, forming oxides of
nitrogen. (1)
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) (1)
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) (1)
iii) Catalytic converter (1)
125 a) Any two of the following:
• Petroleum is readily available at a relatively cheap price. (1)
• The production of electricity from petroleum is not dependent on the time of day, weather variations or
seasonal effects. (1)
• Petroleum can be transported easily. (1)
• Petroleum can be used to power cars. (1)
• Petroleum can be refined to provide raw materials for the production of other products. (1)
b) i) Any two of the following:
• Pipeline breaches (1)
• Oil rig accidents (1)
• Illegal dumping (1)
• Tank washing (1)
• Loading / unloading spills (1)
ii) Any two of the following:
• Petroleum clogs the feathers of sea birds and prevents them from flying or swimming. (1)
• Petroleum is toxic and birds trying to clean their feathers with their beaks may be poisoned. (1)
• Petroleum interferes with the insulation provided by the feathers of sea birds. Birds may die of
cold. (1)
58
• Petroleum floats on the water and blocks the oxygen supply to water lives. (1)
• Petroleum washed up on beaches can poison land animals which feed on beaches. (1)
• Contamination of water / beaches may deter tourists. (1)
• Contamination of fisheries reduces the value of catch / prevents fishing. (1)
c) This causes air pollution. (1)
d) • Use a boom to collect the spilt petroleum. Then the petroleum can be pumped out or absorbed. (1)
• Use detergent to break up the petroleum into small droplets. Then water current can carry the petroleum
away. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series have the same general formula. (1)
The general formula for pentane and decane is CnH2n+2. / Each member in a homologous series differs
from the next by a –CH2– unit. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series show a gradual change in physical properties. (1)
The boiling point / melting point / viscosity / density of decane is higher than that of pentane. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series show similar chemical properties. (1)
Both pentane and decane can undergo substitution reaction with bromine / chlorine. (1)
b) C14H30 (1)
c) H CH3 H H
H C C C C H
H H H H (1)
2-methylbutane (1)
H CH3 H
H C C C H
H CH3 H (1)
2,2-dimethylpropane (1)
d) i) Any one of the following:
C10H22(l) C7H16(l) + C3H6(g) (1)
C10H22(l) C4H10(g) + 2C3H6(g) (1)
C10H22(l) CH4(g) + 3C3H6(g) (1)
59
ii) VOHMB[FEQPSDFMBJOQJFDFT
HBTFPVTQSPEVDU
QSPQFOF
NJOFSBMXPPM IFBU CFBLFS

TPBLFEXJUI
EFDBOF XBUFS
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for correct gas collection method; 1 mark for labelling of decane
and porcelain pieces; award 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
iii) Cold acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution (1)
It turns from purple to colourless quickly in the presence of propene. (1)
H H H H H H
H C C C H(g) + [O] + H2O(l) H C C C H(aq)
H H OH OH (1)
iv) (1) H CH3
C C
H H n (1)
(2) No. (1)
It does not contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. (1)
127 a) i) The boiling points of alkanes rise as the number of carbon atoms in the alkane molecules increases.
(1)
ii) The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. (1)
An alkane molecule becomes larger and heavier as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
increases. The number of electrons in the molecule also increases. (1)
Hence the van der Waals’ forces between the molecules increase. (1)
Therefore more heat is needed to separate the molecules during boiling.
b) i) ~400 K (1)
ii) ~545 K (1)
c) i) A species containing an unpaired electron (1)
ii) Ultraviolet light / heat (1)
iii) C12H26 + Cl• C12H25• + HCl (1)
C12H25• + Cl2 C12H25Cl + Cl• (1)
iv) The reaction gives a mixture of products (C12H25Cl, C12H24Cl2, etc.). (1)
60
128 a)
Alkane Structural formula Systematic name
H CH3 H H H H
H C C C C C C H 2-methylhexane
alkane W H H H H H H
(1) (1)
H CH3 H H H
H C C C C C H 2,3-dimethylpentane
H H CH3 H H
alkane X
(1) (1)
H CH3 H H
H C C C C H 2,2,3-trimethylbutane
H CH3 CH3 H
alkane Y
(1) (1)
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
ethylpentane
H H CH2 H H
alkane Z
CH3 (1) (1)
b) Y has the lowest boiling point. (1)
The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. (1)
The shape of molecule of Y is most spherical and compact, thus there is the least surface contact between
molecules. (1)
Hence the van der Waals’ forces in Y are weakest. (1)
The least amount of heat is needed to separate the molecules of Y during boiling.
c) Any two of the following:
• CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (1)
heptane (1)
CH3
• CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 (1)
3-methylhexane (1)
61
CH3
• CH3CCH2CH2CH3 (1)
CH3
2,2-dimethylpentane (1)
CH3 CH3
• CH3CHCH2CHCH3 (1)
CH3
• CH3CH2CCH2CH3 (1)
CH3
• Clear flame (1)
• Easier to ignite (1)
• Easier to handle (1)
b) i) 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) (1)
ii) • Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky. (1)
• Water turns blue cobalt(II) chloride paper pink. (1)
c) i) Very poisonous carbon monoxide gas may form. (1)
ii) 2C4H10(g) + 9O2(g) 8CO(g) + 10H2O(l) (1)
130 a) The reddish brown colour of the mixture fades. (1)
b) i) Substitution reaction (1)
ii) (1) Br••Br Br• + Br• (1)
OR
Br Br Br + Br
(1)
62
(2) CH3CH3 + Br• CH3CH2• + HBr (1)
OR
H H H H
H C C H + Br H C C + H Br
H H H H
(1)
(3) CH3CH2• + Br2 CH3CH2Br + Br• (1)
OR
H H H H
H C C + Br Br H C C Br + Br
H H H H
(1)
iii) (1) Termination step (1)
(2) CH3CH2• + Br• CH3CH2Br (1) OR 2CH3CH2• C4H10 (1)
OR
H H H H
H C C + Br H C C Br
H H H H
(1)
OR
H H H H H H
2 H C C H C C C C H
H H H H H H
(1)
c) i) Fractional distillation (1)
ii) C2H6 + 6Br2 C2Br6 + 6HBr (1)
iii) Use excess bromine. (1)
63
131 a) i) Methane is fully oxidized. (1)
ii) Carbon monoxide is a very poisonous gas. (1)
iii) Covalent bonding (1)
Dative covalent bonding (1)
b) i) Mix methane and chlorine gases in the presence of heat / ultraviolet light. (1)
Use a mixture of methane and chlorine in a mole ratio of 1 : 1. (1)
ii) Initiation (0.5)
Cl••Cl Cl• + Cl• (0.5)
OR
Cl Cl Cl + Cl
(0.5)
Propagation (0.5)
CH4 + Cl• CH3• + HCl (0.5)
OR
H H
H C H + Cl H C + H Cl
H H
(0.5)
CH3• + Cl2 CH3Cl + Cl• (0.5)
OR
H H
H C + Cl Cl H C Cl + Cl
H H
(0.5)
64
Termination (0.5)
Any two of the following:
Cl• + Cl• Cl2 (0.5)
OR
Cl + Cl Cl Cl
(0.5)
CH3• + Cl• CH3Cl (0.5)
OR
H H
H C + Cl H C Cl
H H
(0.5)
CH3• + CH3• C2H6 (0.5)
OR
H H H H
H C + H C H C C H
H H H H
(0.5)
• dichloromethane (0.5)
• trichloromethane (0.5)
• tetrachloromethane (0.5)
132 a) Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes with different boiling points. (1)
Heat the crude oil to obtain a mixture of liquid and vapour. (1)
Alkanes in the vapour portion condense at different temperatures. (1)
b) The C5 – C10 fraction is used as fuel for cars. (1)
c) i) C14H30 (1)
ii) C20H42 C14H30 + C3H8 + C2H4 + C (1)
65
iii) (1) The purple solution of cold acidified dilute potassium permanganate becomes colourless quickly.
(1)
(2) H H
H H
C C (g) + [O] + H2O(l) H C C H(aq)
H H
O O
H H (1)
(3) Addition reaction (1)
d) • Use different / lighter fractions. (1)
• Develop markets for the low demand fractions / develop new techniques to use the low demand
fractions as fuel for cars. (1)
• Develop alternative / bio fuels. (1)
133 a) CnH2n (1)
b) H H H
H C C C H
H (1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H H H H (1)
c) Any three of the following:

CH3
• CH2=CHCHCH3 (1)
3-methylbut-1-ene (1)
• CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 (1)
pent-2-ene (1)
CH3
• CH2CH=CCH3 (1)
CH3
• CH2=CCH2CH3 (1)
66
H H
H C H
C C
H H
C C
H H
• H H (1)
cyclopentane (1)
H CH3
H C C H
H C C H
• H H (1)
methylcyclobutane (1)
H H
H CH2CH3
C C
• H H (1)
ethylcyclopropane (1)
H H
H3C CH3
C C
• H H (1)
1,2-dimethylcyclopropane (1)
H H
C
H3C H
C C
• H3C H (1)
1,1-dimethylcyclopropane (1)
d) The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. (1)
The strength of van der Waals’ forces in alkenes increases from ethene to hex-1-ene. (1)
Hence the boiling point increases from ethene to hex-1-ene.
e) There is hydrogen bonding in water. (1)
Alkene molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. (1)
67
f) i) CH3 H
C C
CH3 H (1)
ii) Methylpropene (1)
134 a) Cracking (1)
b) VOHMB[FEQPSDFMBJOQJFDFT
HBTFPVTQSPEVDUT
NJOFSBMXPPM IFBU CFBLFS

TPBLFEXJUI
PDUBOF XBUFS
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for correct gas collection method; 1 mark for labelling octane and
porcelain pieces; award 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
c) i) The products of cracking contained alkenes / unsaturated hydrocarbons (1)
which decolorized the bromine solution immediately by addition reaction. (1)
ii) The products of cracking also contained alkanes / saturated hydrocarbons (1)
which decolorized the bromine solution slowly by substitution reaction. (1)
135 a) A is hexane. (1)
C is hexan-2-ol. (1)
b) i) Mix hex-1-ene with bromine dissolved in an organic solvent. (1)
ii) The orange bromine solution becomes colourless quickly. (1)
c) i) It contains C=C bond. (1)
ii) H H H H
n C C C C
CH3(CH2)3 H CH3(CH2)3 H n (1)
iii) Polyhex-1-ene (1)
iv) A plastic that can be melted or softened by heat. / A plastic that can be remoulded when warmed.
(1)
68
d) Any two of the following:
H H H CH3
H H H C2H5
C C
H C C H H H H C C H
C C
H H
H C C H H C C H
C C
C
H H H H H H
H H (1) H H (1) (1)
H CH3 H CH3 H C2H5

H C C CH3 H C C H C
H C C H H C C CH3 H CH3
C C
H H (1) H H (1) H H (1)
(other appropriate structural formulae are acceptable)
136 a) i) The orange bromine solution becomes colourless quickly. (1)
ii) Addition reaction (1)
iii) C10H16 + 3 (1) Br2 C10H16Br6 (1)
b) Compound Y has a higher boiling point. (1)
The boiling point of a compound depends on the strength of its intermolecular attractions. (1)
Compared with molecules of X, molecules of Y are longer and somewhat spread-out. (1)
This allows greater surface contact between molecules of Y. (1)
The van der Waals’ forces in Y are thus stronger. Hence the boiling point of compound Y is higher.
c) X H
C C
H H (1)
137 a) i) Mass of carbon present in 0.0150 mole of X

12.0
= 3.30 g x
44.0
= 0.900 g
Mass of carbon present in 1 mole of X

0.900 g
=
0.0150 mol
= 60.0 g (1)
69
ii) Mass of hydrogen present in 0.0150 mole of X
2.0
= 1.35 g x
18.0
= 0.150 g
Mass of hydrogen present in 1 mole of X

0.150 g
=
0.0150 mol
= 10.0 g (1)
iii) Number of moles of carbon in 1 mole of X

60.0 g
=
12.0 g mol–1
= 5.00 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of hydrogen in 1 mole of X

10.0 g
=
1.00 g mol–1
= 10.0 mol (0.5)
∴ the molecular formula of X is C5H10.
b)
Structure of product formed
Structure of X Systematic name of X
between X and bromine
Any one of the following:
CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 (1) pent-1-ene (1) CH3CH2CH2CHBrCH2Br (1)
CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 (1) pent-2-ene (1) CH3CH2CHBrCHBrCH3 (1)
CH3 CH3
CH3CH2C=CH2 (1) 2-methylbut-1-ene (1) CH3CH2CBrCH2Br (1)
CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH=CH2 (1) 3-methylbut-1-ene (1) CH3CHCHBrCH2Br (1)
CH3 CH3
CH3C=CHCH3 (1) methylbut-2-ene (1) CH3CBrCHBrCH3 (1)
138 a)
Name Molecular formula Condensed structural formula
Ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2
Propene (0.5) C3H6 CH3CH=CH2 (0.5)
But-1-ene C4H8 (0.5) CH3CH2CH=CH2 (0.5)
But-2-ene (0.5) C4H8 (0.5) CH3CH=CHCH3
Pent-1-ene (0.5) C5H10 (0.5) CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2
Pent-2-ene C5H10 (0.5) CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 (0.5)
70
b) i) A family of compounds containing the same functional group is a homologous series. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series have the same general formula. (1)
The general formula for ethene and but-1-ene is CnH2n. / Each member in a homologous series
differs from the next by a –CH2– unit. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series show similar chemical properties. (1)
Both ethene and but-1-ene can undergo addition reaction with bromine dissolved in an organic
solvent / cold acidified dilute potassium permanganate solution. (1)
• Members of the same homologous series show a gradual change in physical properties. (1)
The boiling point of but-1-ene is higher than that of ethene. (1)
c) i) Cracking (1)
Breaking down of larger hydrocarbon molecules with heat or catalyst to produce smaller hydrocarbon
molecules. (1)
ii) Addition polymerization (1)
iii) H H H H
nC C C C
H H H H n (1)
iv) High density polythene is a hydrocarbon with strong C–C and C–H bonds. (1)
These bonds are not readily attacked by chemicals.
d) CH3
CH2
CH2 H
C C
H H (1)
e) • Less waste / less landfill / easier to dispose of / less pollution from burning. (1)
• Does not use up crude oil. (1)
139 a) i) Any one of the following:
• Electricity leakage can be prevented. (1)
• Plastic does not corrode easily. (1)
71
ii) Any one of the following:
• Plastic can be shaped more easily. (1)
• Lightweight. (1)
• No chrome plating required. (1)
iv) Any one of the following:
• Lightweight. (1)
• No sharp edges. (1)
• Self-coloured / no painting required. (1)
• More durable. (1)
b) i) (1) CH3 H
C C
H H (1)
(2) Propene (1)
ii) • Addition polymerization (1)
• Moulding (1)
iii) Resistance to chemicals / barrier to moisture (1)
iv) Yes (1)
Plastic X is a thermoplastic (can be softened by heat) and thus can be remoulded. (1)
c) i) Landfilling
• Degradation of plastic takes a long time. (1)
• May cause pollution of underground water. (1)
• Slow release of toxins from landfill sites. (1)
Incineration
• Toxic gases are produced. (1)
ii) Recycling / pyrolysis (1)
72
140 Plastic suitable for Two properties of the plastic Repeating unit of
Item
making the item that make it suitable the plastic

• soft and flexible (1) H H
• good resistance to chemical
attack (1) C C
(a) food wrap polythene
• good moisture barrier
H H
properties (1)
• does not flavour the food (1)
(1) (1)
• non-toxic (1)

H H
• strong (1)
• lightweight (1) C C
(b) bottle crate polypropene • good resistance to chemical
attack (1) H CH3
• does not deform under heavy
(1) load / stiff (1) (1)
Cl H
• durable (1) C C
(c) shower
polyvinyl chloride • easily coloured (1)
curtain
• flexible (1) H H
• does not wrinkle easily (1)
(1) (1)
H CH3
(d) transparent C C
• strong (1)
advertising Perspex
• rigid (1)
display H C O CH3
• not easily scratched (1)
(1) O
(1)
73
141 a)
Monomer Polymer
H H
H H C C
C C
H H
H H n
monomer A polymer A
H Cl
H Cl C C
C C
H H
H H n (1)
monomer B polymer B
F F
F F C C
C C
F F (1) F F n
monomer C polymer C
b) i) Any two of the following:
• Waterproof (1)
• Non-toxic (1)
• Stiff (1)
• Strong (1)
• Non-sticking (1)
• Does not crack when cold (1)
• Good resistance to chemical attack (1)
• Does not flavour the solution (1)
ii) It softens / changes shape when heated. (1)
iii) Polymer A is a hydrocarbon with C–C and C–H bonds. These bonds are strong / not readily attacked
by chemicals. (1)
iv) Polymer A is a mixture of polymeric molecules of different chain lengths. (1)
v) In polymer A, the polymer molecules are in the form of separate long chains.
Only weak van der Waals’ forces hold the chains together. (1)
Upon heating, these forces are overcome and the chains move over one another. (1)
74
c) i) F F F
F C C C F
F (1)
ii) F F CF3 F F F
C C C C C C
F F F F F F (2)
(different order of residues is acceptable)
d) Any two of the following:
• Incineration can produce energy and the need for burning fossil fuels is reduced. (1)
• Landfilling may cause pollution of underground water. (1)
• There may be slow release of toxins from landfill sites. (1)
142 a) Process 1 Fractional distillation (1)
Process 2 Cracking (1)
Process 3 Fractional distillation (1)
b) i) It contains C=C bond. (1)
ii) H H
C C
H H (1)
iii) It is durable / light / chemically inert / waterproof. (1)
c) i) • Incineration (1)
• Pyrolysis (1)
• Landfilling (1)
• It reduces the amount of plastic waste. (1)
• It helps conserve petroleum which is non-renewable. (1)
• It converts plastic waste into useful products. (1)
• Difficult to separate plastic waste from other waste. (1)
• Difficult to separate different plastic waste. (1)
75
• Difficult to remove additives in the plastic waste. (1)
• Many plastics lose their original properties over successive recycling cycles. (1)
• The cost is high. (1)
iv) Bring our own bags. / Use substitutes for plastics. / Reduce the use of plastics. / Use biodegradable
plastics. (1)
143 a) Polymerization is the process of repeatedly joining together many small molecules to form very large
molecules. (1)
b) Monomer A Cl H
C C
H H (1)
Monomer B H H
C C
H
(1)
c) Polystyrene (1)
d) Cl H Cl H
nC C C C
H H H H n (1)
• Good insulator of electricity (1)
• Flexible (1)
• Easy to mould (1)
• Easy to colour (1)
• Waterproof (1)
f) i) To improve the heat insulating property of the material. (1)
ii) Making sample bottles / compact disc cases / yogurt pots (1)
g) i) • Hydrogen chloride can cause the formation of acid rain. (1)
• Hydrogen chloride can irritate and attack the respiratory system. (1)
ii) Pass the gas through a scrubber. (1)
76
144 a) Any three of the following:
• Does not break when hit. (1)
• Does not corrode / does not react with moist air. (1)
• Not degraded by sunlight. (1)
• Does not dissolve in water. (1)
• Non-biodegradable (1)
• Lightweight (1)
• Thermal insulator (1)
• Durable (1)
• High melting point (1)
• Strong (1)
• Rigid (1)
b) i) A repeating unit is the smallest part of a polymer molecule, (1)
and the whole polymer structure can be obtained by repeating it. (1)
ii) H CH3
C C
H C O CH3
O (1)
iii) Addition polymerization (1)
iv) Glass substitute for advertising displays and illuminating signs / protective shields / car light covers(1)
145 a) H H
C C
H
(1)
b) H H H H
nC C C C
H H n
styrene polystyrene (1)
77
c) XBUFSPVU
SFGMVYDPOEFOTFS
XBUFSJO
LFSPTFOFTUZSFOF
BOUJCVNQJOH
HSBOVMFT
IFBU
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for correct direction of water flow in condenser; award 0 mark if the
set-up is not workable) (2)
d) As a solvent of styrene (1)
and as a catalyst. (1)
e) Any one of the following:
• Use an oil bath / a water bath / electric heating mantle for heating (1)
because kerosene is flammable. (1)
• Heat the mixture in a fume cupboard (1)
because styrene vapour is irritant. (1)
f) i) Any one of the following:
• Milk feeding bottle (1)
• Sample bottle (1)
• Transparent pitcher (1)
• Any other possible use (1)
Milk feeding bottle Sample bottle Transparent pitcher

• transparent (1) • transparent (1) • transparent (1)
• waterproof (1) • rigid (1) • rigid (1)
• can withstand the • lightweight (1) • waterproof (1)
temperature of boiling • easily shaped (1) • easily shaped (1)
water (1) • chemically inert (1)
• rigid (1) • non-toxic (1)
• easily shaped (1) • does not flavour the
• chemically inert (1) water / liquid (1)
• non-toxic (1)
• does not flavour the
milk (1)
78
g) Any one of the following:
• Agree – landfilling causes less air pollution. (1)
• Disagree – degradation of the polystyrene waste takes a long time / landfilling wastes a lot of land
/ landfilling may cause pollution of underground water / there may be slow release of toxins from
landfill sites / incineration can produce energy. (1)
146 a) i) F F F F F F F F
C C C C C C C C
F F F F F F F F (1)
ii) Addition polymerization is a reaction in which monomer molecules join together repeatedly to form
polymer molecules. (1)
No atoms are lost from the monomer molecules during the reaction. (1)
iii) (1) F F
C C
F F (1)
(2) F F
C C
F F (1)
iv) Any two of the following:
• Can withstand high temperature (1)
• Flexible (1)
• Excellent chemical resistance (1)
• Non-toxic (1)
• Does not flavour the food (1)
b) i) Plastic waste will be oxidized to give carbon dioxide and water in the presence of air. (1)
ii) Fractional distillation (1)
iii) Methane:
As a fuel / production of CH2Cl2 (1)
Ethene:
Manufacture of ethanol / as a starting material for the manufacture of plastics (polythene, polystyrene
and polyvinyl chloride) (1)
79
iv) Advantage: Conserve raw materials. / Useful products can be obtained. (1)
Disadvantage: A lot of energy is required. (1)
v) Any one of the following:
• Difficult to separate plastic waste from other waste (1)
• Difficult to separate different plastic waste (1)
• Many plastics lose their original properties over successive recycling cycles (1)
• Difficult to remove additives in plastic waste (1)
• The process is uneconomical (1)
147 a) Hydroxyl group (1)
Carboxyl group (1)
b) A polymer is a compound which consists of very large molecules (1)
formed by joining together many small molecules repeatedly. (1)
c) i) In a thermoplastic, the polymer molecules are in the form of separate long chains. Only weak
intermolecular forces hold the chains together. (1)
Upon heating, these forces are overcome and the chains move over one another. (1)
ii) Less waste / less landfill / easier to dispose of / less pollution from burning (1)
148 a) The Earth receives energy from incoming sunlight and radiates energy back into space. (1)
Greenhouse gases can trap some of the infrared energy / heat radiated back into space. (1)
b) Any two of the following:
• carbon dioxide (1)
• methane (1)
• oxides of nitrogen (1)
• ozone (1)
c) Increase in temperature of the atmosphere can cause melting of polar ice caps / flooding / change in
rainfall pattern. (1)
d) Cl
C
F F
Cl (1)
e) CF2Cl2 is not able to react with substances in the lower atmosphere, and thus it reaches the upper
atmosphere. (1)
80
f) i) Free radical (1)
ii) Initiation (1)
iii) Propagation (1)
g) i) F F
F C C H
F H (1)
ii) It contains two H atoms and thus is more reactive than a CFC. (1)
149 a) Laundry bags do not have to be opened and thus prevent the spread of infectious microbes throughout
the hospital. (2)
b) A repeating unit is the smallest part of a polymer molecule, (1)
and the whole polymer structure can be obtained by repeating it. (1)
c) The –OH groups of the polymer chains of PVA can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. (1)
d) Polymerization is the process of repeatedly joining together many small molecules to form very large
molecules. (1)
e) Farmers can drop powdered insecticides and herbicides packaged in PVA bags into water for preparing
the dilute solutions required. (The farmer is never exposed to the chemicals). (2)
f) Polythene (1)
150 a) The product obtained contains different plastics as well as other substances such as refuse. (1)
b) It is difficult to isolate polythene from other plastics as the plastics may have very similar densities. (1)
c) CH3
OR
benzene methylbenzene (2)
d) i) Economic argument
• Polythene waste must be collected / transported / sorted / washed; these processes are
expensive. (1)
• These processes use fossil fuels which are expensive. (1)
Environmental argument
• Using fossil fuels that are non-renewable / forms CO2 / CO / SO2 / NOx / particulates (1)
• Washing uses / pollutes water. (1)

81
• Landfill is running out. (1)
• Polythene is non-biodegradable / degradation of polythene waste takes a long time. (1)
• Landfilling may cause pollution of underground water. (1)
• Slow release of toxins from landfill sites. (1)
• Collect / transport polythene waste alongside other waste. (1)
• Recycling helps conserve petroleum which is non-renewable. (1)
• Polythene waste can be converted into useful products. (1)
• More jobs / employment for local people. (1)
151 Our high standard of living is due to fossil fuel use.
Any three of the following:
Petrol and diesel oil obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum are used as fuels to power
vehicles. (1)
Fuels are used to generate electricity. (1)
Refinery gases and kerosene obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum are used for cooking and
heating. (1)
Petrochemicals serve as raw materials in the production of many synthetic substances, particularly a wide
range of plastics. (1)
However, burning fossil fuels causes global warming and serious air pollution problems.
Any three of the following:
Fossil fuel combustion produces carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Too much carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere can cause global warming. (1)
Most of the carbon monoxide in the air comes from the exhaust gas of cars, trucks and buses. Carbon
monoxide is a very poisonous gas. (1)
Not all the petrol in car engines gets burnt. Some unburnt hydrocarbons escape in the car exhaust gas.
Unburnt hydrocarbons give photochemical smog with oxides of nitrogen. (1)
Inside car engines, the air gets so hot that nitrogen and oxygen react together, forming oxides of nitrogen.
Oxides of nitrogen can cause the formation of acid rain. (1)
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produce suspended particulates. These particulates can reduce
visibility. (1)
Combustion of coal or low-grade petroleum in factories and power stations produces sulphur dioxide. Sulphur
dioxide can cause the formation of acid rain. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
82
152 Factories and power stations burn either coal or low-grade petroleum, both containing sulphur. When these
fuels are burnt, they give off sulphur dioxide to the air. (1)
Inside car engines and power station furnaces, the air gets so hot that nitrogen and oxygen react together,
forming oxides of nitrogen. (1)
Sulphur dioxide reacts with rainwater to form sulphurous acid. (1)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with rainwater to form nitric acid and nitrous acid. (1)
These acids lower the pH of rainwater, giving rise to acid rain.
Measures to reduce acid rain formation
• For sulphur dioxide
– using low-sulphur coal instead of high-sulphur coal (1)
– installing flue gas desulphurization systems or scrubbers in power stations (1)
• For oxides of nitrogen
– installing catalytic converters in exhaust systems of motor vehicles (1)
– installing low nitrogen oxide burners in power stations (1)
153 Chemists balance the supply and demand of petrol by turning the surplus fractions (like fuel oil and lubricating
oil) into petrol. (1)
High-boiling fractions contain molecules larger than those in petrol. Chemists break the large molecules into
smaller ones by a process called cracking. (1)
During the cracking process, alkanes with large molecules are heated in the absence of air to a high
temperature. (1)
The alkane molecules move and vibrate faster. The molecules collide with one another with greater energy
as the temperature increases. Eventually the large alkane molecules have so much energy that they begin to
break up into small molecules. (1)
Alkanes with small molecules can be used as petrol. (1)
In an oil refinery, a catalyst is used to increase the rate of the cracking reaction. The method is called catalytic
cracking. (1)
83
154 Most plastic waste in Hong Kong are treated by landfilling, others are recycled / incinerated.
Landfilling
• A lot of plastic waste can be treated in a short period of time. (1)
• Not enough land for building landfill sites. / The three strategic landfills in Hong Kong will soon be filled
up. (1)
• Degradation of plastic takes a long time. (1)
• May cause pollution of underground water. (1)
• There is slow release of toxins from landfill sites. (1)
Any one of the following: recycling or incineration
Recycling
• Conserve petroleum which is non-renewable. (1)
• Plastic waste can be converted to useful products. (1)
• It is difficult to separate plastic waste from other waste. (1)
• It is difficult to separate different plastic waste. (1)
• Many plastics lose their original properties over successive recycling cycles. (1)
• It is difficult to remove additives in plastic waste. (1)
• The process is uneconomical. (1)
Incineration
• Volume of solid waste can be greatly reduced. (1)
• Energy can be produced. (1)
• Reduce landwastage. (1)
• Toxic gases are produced. (1)
• The cost of operating a controlled incineration plant is high. (1)
How citizens can help reduce plastic waste problems
• Reduce the use of plastic shopping bags; bring our own bags when shopping. (1)
• Use items made of biodegradable / degradable plastics. (1)
• Separate plastic waste from other waste for recycling. (1)

84

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Topic 7 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Compounds

Part A Unit-based exercise

Unit 25 Fossil fuels

Fill in the blanks

2 natural gas; marine

5 oil refinery; fractionating towers

7 liquefied petroleum gas

14 nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide

21 F Refinery gas is a gas while bitumen is a solid.

25 F Hong Kong town gas is produced from naphtha.

Kerosene 170 – 250

Fuel oil over 350

31 F Electrostatic precipitators can remove particulates from flue gas.

33 F Scrubbers remove sulphur dioxide from the flue gas of a factory.

34 C Option A — Coal is a solid while natural gas is a gas.

36 A Option A — The compound is 2-methylbutane, a member of the alkane series.

37 B Option B — Coal is a non-renewable energy source.

B fuel oil above 25

C 6 lubricating oil and wax

Diesel oil as fuel for heavy vehicles and factories

Naphtha for manufacturing town gas

Kerosene as fuel for aircraft / domestic fuel

48 D Chemical equation for the complete combustion of butane:

51 C Option C — Car exhaust gas is acidic.

57 C Option C — A tall chimney CANNOT reduce the emission of pollutants.

61 B (1) Petroleum burns with a sooty flame.

63 A (2) The compound shown is a cycloalkene.

64 D (1) The compound shown is a cycloalkane.

(2) The viscosity of fraction Z is the highest.

69 D The diagram shows some of the flows in the carbon cycle.

79 B Wood is NOT a fossil fuel.

81 D Hong Kong town gas is produced from naphtha.

87 D Electrostatic precipitators remove particulates, NOT sulphur dioxide.

Fill in the blanks

16 F The general formula of alkanols is CnH2n+1OH.

17 F Ethene is the first member of the alkene series.

18 F All alkanoic acids contain a carboxyl functional group (–COOH).

19 F The molecular formula of both but-1-ene and but-2-ene is C4H8.

23 F 2,4-dimethylpentane and heptane have different boiling points.

25 T Propan-1-ol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Multiple choice questions

27 C Members in a homologous series show the following characteristics:

28 C Homologous series Functional group

31 D Option D — The functional group of alkenes is –C=C– bond.

32 A The compound shown is pentane.

33 A The compound shown is pent-2-ene.

35 A Compound X is 3-methylpentane (C6H14) while compound Y is 2,2-dimethylbutane (C6H14).

36 B The two structures represent the same compound hexane.

37 B Compound X is but-2-ene (C4H8) while compound Y is but-1-ene (C4H8).

38 B The compound shown is ethanol (CH3CH2OH).

39 C The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2.

40 B Option B — The molecular formula CH4O represents an alkanol (CH3OH).

Options B and D — The compounds shown are branched-chain alkanes.

52 D Option D — Butane is a gas at room temperature and pressure.

55 B Straight-chain hydrocarbon C2H6 is ethane while straight-chain hydrocarbon C3H8 is propane.

60 A (1) Both compounds are alkanes.

62 A (1) The compound shown is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).