CDI 2 5.
Public Information Agencies
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION
1. The modern bicycle was the hobbyhorse, or dandy horse, which
could be seen on the English macadamized roads after 1818.
2. Two German inventor, Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler, also
pioneered the manufactured of gas engines and Daimler later
become a successful manufacturer of automobiles. At the same time
a small army of inventors was art work in various countries on the
development of early types of automobiles. The inventions of the
pneumatic bicycle tire by a Scot, John Boyd Dunlop, in 1888 gave a
tremendous impetus to this early work.
3. 1909 the first ever car arrived in Manila through one George
Richard, thus the era of horseless carriage begun that drew raves
around the globe.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DEFINED:
It is an executive function such as planning, organizing, and
directing, supervising, coordinating, operating, recording and
budgeting traffic affairs.
It also refers to all agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining
traffic flow requirements such as planning, approving, funding,
constructing, and/or maintaining public facilities for such
movement.
Further, it is also refers to all agencies responsible for licensing,
approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting, or controlling the use of
these facilities.
TRAFFIC DEFINED - It is the movement of traffic units in a traffic way.
THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD TRAFFIC- The word traffic originates
from Greco-Roman word “TRAFICO” with reference to the
movement of people that dates back from the dawns of history.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - The concept of traffic was
originated from Egypt even though it was claim by other countries.
While it’s sophisticated and the principle of the three E’s of traffic
management the engineering, education and enforcement was
developed in Rome, there is however, no historical impediment that
the original traffic philosophy began in Egypt. The historical
perspective of the 3 E’s of traffic was dovetailed in Egypt, Chiseled in
Rome and upstage in USA, by the time and event. It was as
indispensable ingredients in the traffic gems, mined for year after
year of research. In Philippine traffic management concept is the 5
E’s, engineering, education, enforcement, environment and
economics.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
GENERAL PILLARS
1. Engineering - the science of measuring traffic and travel. The
study of the basic laws relative to traffic flow and generation. The
application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
movement of persons and goods.
2. Education - the process of giving training and travel and practice
in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
3. Enforcement - is the action taken by the traffic law enforcer such
as, arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and giving warning to
erring drivers and pedestrians, for the purpose of deterring and
discouraging and/or to prevent such violations.
SUBSIDIARY PILLARS
4. Environment- is the study of dealing with potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment due to scale
and density of a new urban concentration and new activities carried
out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, specially transport
congestion which result therein.
5. Economics- is the study how people choose to use scare or
limited productive resources to produce commodities and distribute
them for their consumption.
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Department of Justice (DOJ)
Judicial Department (Courts)
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
Land Transportation Office (LTO)
Land Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
1. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
2. Local Government Units (LGU)
3. Local Government Engineering Offices
4. Legislative bodies both National and Local
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6. Mass Media both, TV, Radio and Print
7. Educational Institutions both Public and Private
8. Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVO /Non Governmental
Organizations (NGO)
9. Police Traffic Supervision
FUNCTION OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
1. Fact finding survey and recommendation of traffic rules and
regulations.
2. Supervision and maintenance to the application of traffic
control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
1. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
2. To prevent traffic accident.
3. To prevent the role of traffic engineering in reducing the needs
for police action and simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance makes
engineering plans effective.
5. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic
management in the improvement of traffic problems.
APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
1. Habitually congested commercial areas.
2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares.
3. Congested local areas and intersection.
4. Special occasions of events.
5. Disasters or emergencies.
6. School crossing.
METHODS IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
1. Planning and Geometric Design-Factor employed in planning:
2. Factors influencing design:
3. Regulations and control-traffic regulations:
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ALLEVIATING TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
1. Expressway, elevated on surface (Interchanges)
2. Limited access roads (fenced and limited intersection)
3. Boulevards (minimum intersection and opening)
4. Primary roads
5. Secondary roads
6. Feeder roads
7. Bridges (river and railroads)
8. Over and underpasses (critical intersection)
9. Adequate shoulders
10. Curbing and sidewalks
11. Adequate drainage facilities
12. Center linings
 Left and right turn and through lanes properly marked
 Stop bars of sidewalks and intersection
 Pedestrian crosswalks
13. Pedestrian safety zones where needed
14. Channelization of lanes where needed
15. Traffic signs: Regulatory signs, Warning signs, Mandatory
signs, Informative signs, Place identification signs and Bus
and jeepney stop signs.
16. Traffic lights
17. Elimination of Obstruction
18. Off street parking facilities
TRAFFIC CONTROL INCLUDES DEVICES AND AIDS
Elementary requirements:
 They should compel attention.
 They should convey a simple, closer meaning at a glance.
 They should allow time for response.
 They should command respect.
1. Fundamental traits
 Design and outward aspect of the device.
 Position or placement with the respect to the normal line of
vision of road user.
 Maintenance of the condition, appearance and visibility.
2. Types of traffic control devices and aids:
A. Traffic Signs- a device mounted or on a portable support where
a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially
erected or installed for the purpose of regulating, warning and
guiding traffic.
a. Danger Warning Signs- indented to warn road user of a danger
on the road and to inform them of its nature.
Shape – Triangle
Color – Border Red
Background – White
Sign/Marking - Black
b. Informative Signs- intended to guide road-user while they are
traveling or to provide them with other useful information.
Shape – Rectangle
Colors – Blue or Green
Sign/Markings - White
c. Place Identification Signs- it informs the availability of the sign
displayed.
Shape – Square
Color – Blue
Signs/Marking - White
d. Regulatory Signs- intended to inform road user of special
obligation, instruction or prohibitions which they must comply.
Shape – Round
Color – Red
Sign/Markings – White
e. Mandatory signs
Shape – Round
Color – Red
Sign/Markings - White
B. Traffic Light and Pedestrian Signals- is define as a signal
operating manually, electrically by traffic is alternative
commanded to stop or to proceed.
Color Signal:
1. Red- Means stop or no entry.
2. Yellow or amber- permit the driver to proceed into the
intersection, but requires that the intersections furthest
crosswalk be cleared before the red light appears.
3. Green- means go proceed into the intersections and the
green direct movement in the direction indicated by
arrow.
4. FLASHING RED SIGNAL – Means bring your vehicle to a
stop and proceed only when it is safe to do so.
5. FLASHING YELLOW SIGN - Indicates that a red signal is
about to appear. Stop the vehicle if you can do so safely
otherwise you may proceed with caution.
6. FLASHING GREEN SIGNAL –When a flashing green signal or
a left turn green arrow with a green signal is used, it
permit the vehicle facing that signal to turn left, turn right
or go through while opposing traffic faces RED SIGNAL.
Pedestrian must not proceed on a flashing green signal of
green left turn arrow unless a walk signal is shown.
7. GREEN ARROW WITH OR WITHOUT A RED SIGNAL- When
a green arrow is shown with or without red signal, you
may enter the intersection to move only in the direction
shown by the arrow. In general it is a left turn signal
8. PEDESTRIAN LIGHT SIGNAL - Pedestrian should not cross
the roadway when vehicular traffic has flashing green
signal unless he/she is facing a “WALK” signal.
9. Traffic Phase- a potion of a signal cycle, during which an
assignment of right-of-way is made. A part of the total
time cycle allocated to any traffic movement receiving the
right way or to any combination of traffic movement
receiving the right of way simultaneously during one or
more intervals. The duration of intervals, cycles and
phases are usually express in seconds. The total time
required for the complete sequences of phase is known as
the cycle length.
10. Split- number of times allocated to each phase.
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11. Signal Cycle- a complete sequence of signal indication of
red, yellow, amber, green or any combination or any
phase.
12. Signal Timing- amount of time allocated to signal
indication.
13. Cycle time- time period almost always express in second
requires for one complete sequence of one indication or
the total time required for one signal.
14. Signal Indication- one of the several divisions of time cycle
during which signals indication was not change.
15. Offset- number of seconds or number of cycle that the
start of green interval appears at a given traffic control
signal after a certain instant use as a time.
16. Interval- the time within which the traffic indication of any
particular traffic signal face does not change.
SATURATION FLOW - It is flow, which would be obtained if
there is a continuous queue of vehicles and are given a 100
percent green time. It is generally crossed vehicle per hour of
green time. When the green commences, vehicles do not
instantaneously move. It takes some period of time to
accelerate to normal condition. This constant rate is called
saturation flow. When the signal head changes yellow, some
vehicles slow down to stop while others carry on. Hence, green
time is not fully utilized. There is lost time at the start of green
to acceleration and at the end of green due to slowing or
deceleration.
SIGNAL SYSTEM - This system is created when two or more
signals on any traffic routes or roadway are coordinated with
fixed time relationship among the several intervals. The need
for traffic signals at any particular location is evaluated in
relation to several warrants or criteria for signal volume.
ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION
1. Makes for orderly movement of traffic
2. Reduce frequency or certain type accident
3. Provide a means of interrupting heavy traffic
4. Economy over manual control at intersection.
5. Coordinated to provide for a continuous flow of traffic at
definite speed along a given route.
6. Increase traffic handling capacity of intersection.
DISADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION
1. Increase total of intersection delay (Off peak period).
2. Probable increase of accident in certain types.
3. Causes unnecessary delay (rear end collision).
4. Use of less adequate routes may be induced in an attempt
to avoid such signal.
THE THREE PRIMARY AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL
1. To reduce traffic conflicts and delays.
2. To reduce accidents.
3. To economize police time.
APPROVED WARRANTS FOR A FIXED TIME TRAFFIC SIGNAL
INSTALLATION
1. Minimum vehicular volume.
2. Interception of continuous traffic.
3. Minimum pedestrian volume.
4. Coordinated traffic movement.
5. Traffic hazards
ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION:
a. National roads- the main road as conduit system with a right of
way from 20 meters to 120 meters.
b. Provincial roads- the linkages between two municipalities with
right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters.
c. City roads- the inter-link between municipalities and within the
city proper with right of way of 15 meters.
d. Municipal roads- all roads within the town proper with the
right of way of not less than 10 meters.
e. Barangay roads- commonly called farm-to-market road with 1. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in
right of way not less than 2 meters. the road.
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS: 2. To teach tha abilities required for one to be eligible for a
a. Feeder road- intended to farm-to-market traffic. driver’s license.
b. Local collector road- intended to collect traffic from feeder
road to municipal road. DRIVER’S DUTIES no person shall operate any motor vehicle
c. Major collector road- intended as major arteries to collect without first procuring license to drive a motor vehicle for the
current year. The license shall be carried by the driver at all times
inter-locality traffic to provincial road.
when operating a motor vehicle, and shall be shown and/or
d. Major highways- serve as a main artery that caters on big surrendered for cause and upon demand by any person with
volume of vehicular traffic on national roadways. authority.
e. Expressway- a through traffic for free-flow of vehicular IN CASE OF ACCIDENT The driver shall stop immediately and if
movement. requested by any person present shall show his driver’s license, give
f. Tunnel road- a passage of wide section cut through a hill or sea his true name and address and also the true name and address of
the owner of the motor vehicle. No driver of a motor vehicle
to shorten circuitous roadway.
concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the
g. Subway- an underground conduit running entirely under the accident without aiding the victim, except under the following
ground for fast travel route of commuters. circumstances;
ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL TERRAIN: Flat road, Zigzag road, 1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any
Steep-hill-road, Down-hill-road, Winding road, Mountainous road person or persons by reason of the accident.
and Roller-coaster road 2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law, or
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAY 3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
1. Where vehicles pass safely on: Climb lane, Overtaking lane, (Section 55, RA 4136 as amended)
Acceleration lane, Deceleration lane, Thru traffic lane and
Turning lane THE CONDUCTOR – The conductor is responsible for the loading of
2. Where part of the roadway is used for: Standing lane, Stopping number of passengers, freight or cargo inside his public utility motor
lane and Bus stop. vehicle.
3. Where portion of the roadway is for: Turning lane, Median lane,
Speed charge lane, Merging-flow lane, Contra-flow lane, Bus THE PASSENGER – The passenger is a person who is carried or
lane and Bicycle lane. conveyed in an automobile, truck, train, airplane or other
conveyance.
THE SIDEWALK - It is an integral part of the roadway.
SIDEWALK WIDTH 1. A passenger is one who has entered into a contract of carriage
express or implied with a carrier.
Right of way Minimum width of sidewalk 2. The presence or absence of money or a ticket is however not
(meters) (meters) important as long as entrance to the vehicle is made, the
entrant becomes a passenger as ruled in the case of Baker vs
10 1.0 to 1.2
Ohio River.
3. One who had stepped on any parts of the vehicle regardless of
15 1.2 to 1.5
whether or not he has already purchased a ticket. Villa vs
20 2.0 United Electric Co.

30 2.0 THE PEDESTRIAN – The pedestrian is one who goes or travel on foot
or in a perambulator. He is bound to observe or obey the existing
35 2.5 traffic management rules and regulations for his safety.

40+ 3.0 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING:

THE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC AND ROAD SIGNS These international
road signs were adopted at the 1968 United Nations Convention on
Road Signs and Signals of which the Philippines is a signatory.
SIGNS, SIGNALS, ROAD AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION This can be carried out on the
following levels such as:
1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety.
3. Developing traffic morality.
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR ADULTS
THE BASIC PURPOSE OF ADULT EDUCATION
1. To developed good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a
motorized society and achieving traffic safety.
2. To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a driver’s
license.
DRIVER’S EDUCATION In general, driver instructions aims primarily
to teach the rudiments of driving and the secondary aims are
enumerated as follows;
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1. A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing shall travel at such a
speed that he will be able to stop hic vehicle before reaching
the pedestrian crossing.
2. A driver shall give way to any pedestrian who is on pedestrian
crossing.
3. A driver shall not permit any portion of his vehicle to enter
upon a pedestrian crossing even if any vehicle headed in the
same direction is stopped on the approach side of, or upon the
pedestrian crossing.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE VIOLATE TRAFFIC LAWS: The reason are
varied and complex. Some of these are:
1. Physical disabilities and infirmities.
2. Ignorance of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
3. Mental disorder
4. Lack of training and experience.
5. Habitual traffic violators.
6. Wrong attitude towards driving, risk taking, enforcement and
traffic laws.
7. Driver’s of public utility vehicles for increase compensation and
commission.
CONSIDERATION WHICH ACT AS DETERRENT TO MOTORIST AND
PEDESTRIAN:
a. Fear of fine and punishment
 b. Loss of driving privilege
c. Possibility of being involved in accident
d. Positive area of good citizenship, doing what is right and
setting an example.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN CLASSIFICATION:
1. According to purpose – may be categorized as informational,
attitudinal and behavioral.
2. Kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public
with authenticated factual data.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN:
1. Initial campaign planning
2. Final campaign design
3. Campaign evaluation
THE BIORHYTHM - It is the theory, which asserts that man exhibits
constant variation of life energy and mood states.
1. Physically high – we tend to be energetic, strong full of vitality
2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and
happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically. When
the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be low or
in a recharged period. i.e.
4. Physically low – we tend to tire quickly, tend to succumb to illness
easily.
5. Emotionally low – we feel moody, irritable or depressed.
6. Intellectual low – we find concentrating or remembering difficult
or we are likely to use poor judgment when any of the curves
crossed the center line. This is called a critical day wherein our
system seems to be in a state of transition. During a critical day
people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack coordination and tend to
be an accident prone.
IMPORTANCE IN THE FIELD OF SAFETY: It should be borne in mind
that biorhythm do not predict what actually will happen. All it does
is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a certain day.
LICENSING/REGISTRATION/THE RULES FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY
LICENSING SYSTEM – Under Chapter lll, Article l, Section 19, RA 4136
as amended, provides for the administration of the issuance of
driver’s license to be administered by the Land Transportation Office
(LTO).
DRIVER’S LICENSE – The driver’s license is issued to a person, who
has all the qualification as provided for by law. The license is not a
right but only a privilege granted by the state to its citizen who
possesses the statutory qualification. This classificatory statement is
made to put to rest a wrong notion that the driver’s license is a
right. It is also a public document, which had the legal presumption
of genuineness, (CCC Insurance Corp. vs CA, 31 SCRA 264)
TOURIST AND SIMILAR TRANSIENT – A tourist and similar transient
is allowed to operate motor vehicle in the Philippine jurisdiction if
ever he has been issued license from his country of origin within the
period of ninety (90) days upon arrival in Philippine territory.
(Section 21, RA 4136 as amended). After the ninety (90) days period
any tourist or transient desiring to operate motor vehicle shall pay
fees to obtain and carry license issued by the Land Transportation
Office. If any accident involving such tourist or transient occurs,
which upon investigation indicates that the said tourist or transient
is incompetent to operate a motor vehicle, the commissioner shall
immediately inform the said tourist or transient in writing that he
shall no longer be permitted to operate a motor vehicle.
LICENSING PROCEDURES – Generally, issuance of driver’s license are
open to all citizens provided that at the time of the filing of
application for student driver’s permit, non-professional driver’s
license, professional driver’s license applicant must possess the
following, such as;
1. Age requirement
2. Be able to read and write (English and Pilipino or any local
dialect)
3. Physically fit and mentally fit to drive motor vehicle,
4. Clinically free from contagious diseases.
KINDS OF DRIVING PRIVILEGES
STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT – The submission by the applicant of
the birth certificate, payments receipt for the corresponding fees
and having met all the basic qualifications for the issuance of
student driver’s permit. It is at this stage where a novice driver
learned the rudiment of driving, the essential component of motor
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skill and control of vehicle. Under existing provision of law, the life of
student permit validity is one (1) year but after 30 days or one (1)
month and the holder’s competency is proven beyond question, he
is now eligible to apply for non-professional driver’s license. 5
months in case for professional driver’s license.
Restrictions: Allowed to drive only on the presence of a duty license
driver. A duly license driver is one who is a holder of a professional
driver’s license and at the same time accredited driving instructor by
the Land Transportation Office (LTO). He is equally responsible and
liable as the student driver for any violation of the provision of the
Republic Act 4136 as amended, and for any damage done by the
motor vehicle or account or as result of its operation by the student
driver under his direction. Can operate motor vehicle classified as
private.
NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE - There are two (2) kinds of
applicants for non-professional driver’s license.
a. Holder of student driver’s permit for the period of not less than
30 days.
b. Applicant for a renewal of the expired non-professional driver’s
license
The student applicant to avail the privilege must pass the
practical and written test given by the Land Transportation Office
licensing center. The test includes the examination of the applicant’s
reflexes, the reaction, vision and other factors to determine the
applicant’s competence having passed the examination. The
applicant shall be advice to undergo the practical driving test under
the supervision of Land Transportation Office examiner to check his
skill and control of the motor vehicle after having successfully
passed all the examinations. The applicant shall be photographed
with the name and corresponding control number, after which, a
temporary driver’s license shall be issued.
After the expiration of ninety (90) days from the issuance of
temporary driver license, the holder shall return to the same Land
Transportation Office agency for the release of the laminated license
card.
Restriction: The holder is allowed to drive his own vehicle or any
other privately own vehicle only and not to earn livelihood. The type
of category of vehicle authorized to be driven is indicated on the
face of the license. Can operate motor vehicle classified as private.
Validity: The license is valid for three (3) years from the date of
issuance and renewable every third (3 rd) birth month succeeding
years and automatically expires if not renewed on due date.
Note: Non-renewal for two (2) succeeding years shall subject
applicant to a written examination.
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE - The change of status from non-
professional driver’s license requires the holder to submit to other
test or examination. The only exception is when the holder of the
professional driver’s license is applying for renewal in which case the
agency requires the applicant to submit medical certificate and drug
test examination result. The distinctive features of the holder of
professional driver’s license, is the privilege to make driving a means
of livelihood.
Restriction: The type or category of authorized to drive is indicated
on the face of the license. Can operate all types of classification of
motor vehicles private and public.
Validity: The license is valid for three (3) years from date of issuance
and renewable every third (3 rd) birth month of succeeding years and
automatically expires if not renewed on due date.
Note: Non-renewal for the period of two (2) years shall subject the
applicant for a written examination.
INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE - This is one of the two special
types of driver’s license issued for special purpose and issued by the
Philippine Motor Association (PMA) now known as Automobile
Association of the Philippines (AAP). In other countries like the
Philippines, it is mandatory that the applicant must be a holder of
domestic driver’s license, a sine-qua-non before the issuance of
International Driver’s License. This kind of license is also issued to
foreigner or tourist with foreign driver’s license who desire’s to drive
after the period of ninety (90) days stay or sojourn in the Philippines,
provided the applicant comply with the basic requirements for
licensing.
Restriction: A Filipino holder of this kind of driver’s license is not
authorized to drive in the roadways unless he carries with him the
valid local driver’s license.
Validity: This driver’s license as valid as indicate on its face and
recognize in countries signatory to the Geneva Convention.
MILITARY/GOVERNMENT DRIVER’S LICENSE - This is the second (FIRST LETTER)
special types of driver’s license issued by the agency for limited and A - 1/CAR G/Y - 7 (NCR)
special purpose. While the issuance is made by the Armed Forces of B - 2 H - 8 N, P, T U, W, X , Z
the Philippines (AFP). The holder must however pass all the test and C/R - 3 J - 9
examination in compliance with the rules and regulations thereof. D/V - 4 K - 10 (MIDDLE LETTER)
Restriction: The holder must be Military personnel and authorized E - 5 L - 11 (Only MV reg. at NCR)
to drive a military vehicle only. F - 6 M - 12 following is a PUV
Validity: The driver’s license is valid for three (3) years from date of V,W,X,Y
issuance and renewable every third (3 rd) birth month of succeeding PLATE N0. LAST DIGIT MIDDLES NUMBER
years and automatically expires if not renewed on due date. (Month of Registration) (Week of Registration)
DRIVER’S LICENSE RESTRICTION CODE: 1 – January 6 – June 1,2,3 -1st wk of the month
Number 1 – Motorcycle or Motorized Tricycles 2 – February 7 – July 5,6- 2nd wk of the month)
Number 2 – Motor Vehicle with a total gross weight of 3 – March 8 - Aug 7,8 - 3rd wk of the month)
not more than 4500 kilograms. 4 – April 9 – Sept 9,0 - 4th wk of the month)
Number 3 – Motor Vehicle with a total gross weight of more than 5 – May 0 – Oct
4500 kilograms. Note: Motor Vehicle may be registered one month in advance of
Number 4 – Motor Vehicle with automatic clutch and with a total weekly deadline, for motorcycle License Plate Number uses the 3 rd
gross weight of not more than 4500 kilograms. digits.
Number 5 – Motor Vehicle with automatic clutch and with a total EXAMPLE A: REGULAR LICENSE PLATE NUMBER
gross weight of more than 4500 kilograms ABC 135 LAST DIGIT MIDDLE DIGITS
Number 6 – articulated Motor Vehicle with a total gross weight of In above example, the vehicle must be registered in May since
not more than 1600 kilograms the License Plate Number ends in 5, and since the middle digit is 3,
Number 7 – Articulated Motor Vehicle with a total gross weight of then the registration must be made on any working day from 1 st to
more than 1600 kilogram but more than 4500 kilograms. 7th day of May.
Number 8 – Articulated Motor Vehicle with a total gross weight of EXAMPLE B: MOTORCYCLE LICENSE PLATE NUMBER
more than 4500 kilograms. AB 1357 LAST DIGIT MIDDLE DIGIT
Note: The driver who wishes to operate any of the above In the above example, the motorcycle must be registered in July
classifications of a motor vehicle, the corresponding restriction code since the license plate number ENDS in 7, and since the THIRD DIGIT
shall expressly appear in the driver’s license. is 5, then the registration be made on any working day from 8 th to
THE MOTOR VEHICLE 14th of July.
Motor Vehicle – Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power 1. The vehicle described in the certificate of registration should be
other than muscular power using the public highways, but excepting registered within the week as indicate by the middle digit and
road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn movers, within the month corresponding to the last digit of the
bulldozers, graders, folk-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not permanent plate. Failure to do so within the week shall mean a
used on public highways and vehicles run only on rails or tracks, and surcharge of Fifty Pesos (P50.00) and 50% of the basic fee for
tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for failure to register within the month.
agricultural purposes. 2. To avoid payment of registration fee and penalty, the
Vehicle – Means any conveyance or other device propelled or drawn registration certificate and license plate number of vehicle
by any means and includes a bicycle and, where the context permits, junked or not to be operate during the ensuing registration
includes an animal driven or ridded, but does not include a train. year(s) must be placed on STORAGE with any Land
Trailer – Having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended Transportation Office (LTO) while the registration is valid.
to be propelled by attachment to a motor vehicle, shall be classified 3. Transferring the license plate number of a motor vehicle to
as separate motor vehicle with no power rating. It is also define as a another is illegal. The penalty is Five Thousand Pesos (P5,000)
vehicle not otherwise self-propelled, usually attached to the rear of or imprisonment of not less than six (6) months
a motor vehicle. 4. The STICKER attached to the windshield of the motor vehicle
Articulated Vehicle – Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer and to the regular license plate number must be register the
having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest same serial number.
upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the DESCRIPTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED PLATE NUMBER
trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such trailer shall 1. Private Motor Vehicle – White background with green
be called as “semi-trailer”. markings.
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE All motor vehicles and trailers 2. Public utility Vehicle - Yellow background with black markings.
of any type used or operate on or upon any highway of the 3. Government Motor Vehicle - White background with red
Philippines must be registered with the Land Transportation Office markings.
for the current year in accordance with the provision of Republic Act 4. Diplomatic Motor Vehicle – White background with blue
# 4136 as amended. markings
MOTOR VEHICLE CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION The motor vehicle 5. Commemorative Plate – are plates issued to groups,
certificate of registration shall be preserved and carried in the motor organization or association subject to the approval of the
vehicle by the owner as evidence of the registration of the motor Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC).
vehicle described therein, and shall be presented with subsequent TYPES OF VEHICLE
application for registration, transfer of ownership, or recording of Private Motor Vehicle – Motor vehicle registered under this
encumbrances; Provided, That in lieu of the certificate of classification shall not be used for hire under any circumstance.(RA
registration a true copy or photo copy thereof may be carried in the 4136 as amended)
motor vehicle. Public Motor Vehicle – Motor vehicle registered under the
MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED PLATE NUMBER The identification classification are those covered by certificate of public convenience
number and letters of the plate number issued by the Land or special permit issued by the Land Transportation Franchising
Transportation Office to the registered owner of the motor vehicle Regulatory Board (LFTRB) and shall be subjected to the provision of
and trailers shall be permanently assigned to such motor vehicle Public Safety ACT and rules and regulations issued there under, as
during its life time. All the times, every motor vehicle shall display in well as the provision of RA 4136 as amended.
conspicuous places, in front and one in the rear thereof, the said Government Motor Vehicle - Motor vehicle owned by the
number palates. The number plates shall be kept clean and cared government of the Republic of the Philippines or any of its political
for, and shall be firmly affixed to the motor vehicle in such a manner subdivisions shall be registered under this classification.(RA 4136 as
as will make it entirely visible and always legible. No person is amended)
allowed to transfer number plates, from one motor vehicle to Diplomatic Motor Vehicle – Motor vehicle owned by foreign
another. governments or by their duly accredited diplomatic officers in the
MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED PLATE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION Philippines and used in the discharged of their official duties.
LICENSE PLATE N0.DISTRIBUTIONS CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE
5
Modified Motor Vehicle (MMV) –refers to any physical change or
alteration in the existing motor vehicle design such as body
configuration, engine displacement.
Customized Local Road Vehicle (CLRV) – refers to a motor vehicle
that is manufactured, assembled or rebuilt using new or
remanufactured parts or a combination of both, driven or used upon
highways for the purpose of transporting people and/or goods shall
be registered as a rebuilt vehicle.
New Motor Vehicle (NMV) – refers to a vehicle constructed entirely
from new parts that are submitted to LTO for initial registration.
Rebuilt Motor Vehicle (RMV) – refers to a locally-assembled vehicle
using new or used engine, major parts or components.
Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) – refers to a two-wheeled or three-
wheeled electric vehicles.
Low Speed Vehicle (LSV) – refers to a four-wheeled vehicle (other
than ATVs, trucks, buses, and those that are excluded from the term
“motor vehicle” under RA 4136) which uses alternative fuels like
electricity and whose maximum speed capability is not more than 40
kilometers per our.
High Speed Vehicle (HSV) – refers to vehicle powered by alternative
fuels such as electric with speed capability of more than 40
kilometers per hour.
Three Wheeled Vehicle (TWV) – refers to a motor vehicle with three
wheels symmetrically arranged in relation to the longitudinal
median plane and with an engine cylinder capacity.s
THE TOURIST Tourist shall mean a foreigner who travels from place
for pleasure or culture.
THE TOURIST MOTOR VEHICLE Tourist bringing their own motor
vehicle to the Philippines may, however, without registering such
motor vehicles, use the same during but not after ninety (90) days of
their sojourn: Provided, That the motor vehicle displays the number
plates for the current year of some other country or state, and said
number plates as well as the name and address (permanent and
temporary) of the owner thereof are registered in the Land
Transportation Office prior to the operational of the motor vehicle.
If such tourist remained in the Philippines longer than ninety (90)
days, the motor vehicle shall not be operate unless in accordance
with Republic Act # 4136 as amended and the corresponding
registration fees paid. (as amended by PD # 1057, and by BP Blg. 74,
as approved June 11, 1980).
RIDING BICYCLE OR TRICYCLE
1. No person shall ride a bicycle or tricycle which does not have a
permanent and regular seat attached to it;
2. No bicycle or tricycle shall be used to carry at one time more
persons than the number for which it is designed and equipped.
3. No person shall ride a bicycle without having at least one hand
on the handlebars.
4. Whenever a bicycle lane is provided, the rider of a bicycle shall
use that bicycle lane.
5. No person shall ride a bicycle within two meters of the rear of a
motor vehicle.
6. No person shall drive a tricycle on any national road.
TOWING OF BICYCLE
1. Any person riding a bicycle shall not attach himself to nor
permit himself, to be drawn by any vehicle.
2. The driver of a vehicle shall not permit a person riding a bicycle
to attach himself to or be drawn by the vehicle.
RIDING BICYCLE MORE THAN ABREAST
1. Except on a bicycle lane, when where such is permitted by signs
or other means, no person shall ride a bicycle or that it is
travelling abreast of more than one bicycle.
2. Paragraph (a) shall not operate to prevent a cyclist from
overtaking and passing other persons riding bicycle abreast.
3. A bicycle shall be deemed to be abreast of another bicycle if
any part or it is by the side of any part of the other.
PARKING OR PARKED MOTOR VEHICLE A motor vehicle is “parked”
or “parking” if it has been brought to a stop on the shoulder or
proper edge of a highway, and remains inactive in that place or close
thereto for an appreciable period of time.s A motor vehicle which
properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in a
waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small quantity of freight
with reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as “parked”, if the
motor vehicle again moves away without delay.
Parking rules – A parked motor vehicle is one that its engine is in
total final resting position or not in motion.
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Parking in cities – in cities and towns unless otherwise directed by a
city or municipality ordinance, motor vehicle will be parked parallel
and within 12 inches of the curb.
a. Down-hill with or without curb – Turn wheels to the right
b. Up-hill with curb – Turn wheels from curb (left)
c. Up-hill without curb – Turn wheels to curb (right)
Parking on a highway – On rural roads, pull entirely off pavement to
park.
Parking on a hill – A parked car on an incline will roll either forward
or backward if the hand breaks is not set or not working properly. To
guard against this, a stop going up a hill should be executed by giving
the proper signal. Placing your car parallel about six (6) inches from
the curb) cutting your wheel sharply to the left and allowing the car
to slowly roll back until the front wheel is against the curb, setting
the parking break turning off the switch, and putting the car in low
gear. If our vehicle is equipped with any type of automatic
transmission, place it in the park position then parking is completed,
your wheel next to the curb should not be over twelve (12) inches
from the curb.
RULES FOR DRIVER
1. Give pedestrians chance by allowing an extra margin of safety
in stopping distance when they seem afraid, confused, absent
minded, etc.
2. On intersection not controlled by lights or a traffic law enforcer,
pedestrians have right-of-way the moment he starts to cross.
3. Avoid blowing your horns to the pedestrians. You have no legal
right to require him to run or get out of your way.
4. Beware of children playing on the street. They are traffic
hazards almost impossible to control.
RULES FOR MOTORIST Motorist - The man behind you can’t read
your mind “SIGNAL”.
NIGHT DRIVING Always use lower beam when approaching other
cars on opposite direction so as not to blind the driver.
SAFETY INSPECTION:
1. Check tire (spare too) before trip… for sign of wear, damage or
wrong inflation.
2. Check brake pedal for too much travel. Have mechanic check
fluid level and break adjustment.
3. Check lights (signals, head, tails, parking and brake lights).
4. Check wing shield (wiper, washers, defroster) for clear vision.
5. Check steering for excessive play.
6. Check oil, battery and water before a trip.
INTERSECTION: When driving and approaching an intersection check
across traffic. Driver who should yield shall give it to the other the
right of way and the latter be prepared to give him yours if one
failed to give you the right of way. Do not insist your right. Coming
to full stop is the safe thing to do. When your view is obstructed or
upon reaching an intersection.
DISCOUTERSY:
1. Discourtesy, arrogance and over speeding could always result
to ACCIDENT.
2. Disregarding traffic signs could mean this accident.
3. Watch, know and obey your traffic rules and regulations. They
are so provided for your safety travel.
DRIVING TIPS:
1. Be thoroughly rested before starting a long drive.
2. Avoid driving when emotionally upset.
3. Never drive more than hours than your normal workday.
4. Map your trip well in advance.
5. Avoid heavy meals and alcoholic beverages.
6. Never leave children alone in an unattended vehicle
7. Keep your speed not only within the law but also always within
responsibility and prudence considering the given traffic
condition.
8. Help other driver who wishes to pass.
9. Avoid stopping if arriving at the scene of an accident unless you
can render aid.
10. Avoid artificial stimulants to keep awake, stop and sleep.
11. Drive as far as possible if meeting in an one-eyed car.
12. Avoid overloading the car, distributed the weight evenly.
13. If you do smoking while driving, train yourself to do it without
taking off your eyes on the road.
14. Glance at your speed meter frequently; know at all times the
exact speed you are travelling.
15. Make you see and you are seen
16. Saying, “I didn’t know” is not an excuse.
17. Remember that 9 out of 20 accidents are caused by human
error.
18. Obey traffic rules and be prepared to adjust for driving error
made by others.
19. Yield the right-of-way to a police car, ambulance, fire truck
flashing a red and blue light and stop along side of the road or
at the scene of the accident.
THE DEFENSIVE DRIVING
1. Defensive Driving – Is the art of driving while preventing or
minimizing the accident despite the wrong actions of others
aggravated by the existence of adverse driving conditions.
2. The adverse driving conditions are:
a. Bad light condition – glaring, dim poor
b. Weather condition – making visibility poor
c. Road condition – slippery, downhill, narrow, steep, blind,
curves and winding.
d. Traffic condition – heavy, congested with pedestrians
e. Vehicle condition – poor brakes
f. Driver condition – sleepy, sick, tired, angry, worried, drunk
or under the influence of drug
3. The elements of defensive driving:
a. Knowledge – a high degree of knowledge in driving.
b. Alertness – stay wide awake and concentrate on your
driving
c. Foresight – ability to see ahead.
d. Judgment – ability to make decision immediately during
critical moments.
e. Skill – a high degree of skill in driving is necessary to
maneuver your vehicle out of a hazardous situation.
4. The standard accident prevention formula:
a. Recognize the hazard – do not except driver to do the right
thing.
b. Understand the defense
c. Act on time
5. The six (6) positions of the two car crash:
a. Collision with a vehicle ahead
b. Collision with a vehicle behind
c. Collision with an incoming vehicle
d. Collision with a vehicle at an intersection
e. Collision with an overtaking vehicle
f. Collision with overtaking another vehicle.
6. How to avoid collision with a vehicle ahead:
a. Stay alert – anticipate the hazards, except anything
happen in front of you.
b. Maintain safe following distance – one vehicle length for
every 10 minutes of speed or apply the 2 seconds rule.
c. Start stopping sooner, don’t trust your brakes.
d. Stop smoothly and gradually
7. How to avoid collision with vehicle behind:
a. Maintain a safe following distance to vehicle ahead.
b. Signal down by braking
c. Stop
d. Swerve right, if possible (ditching)
e. When entering curves, decrease your speed
f. When making a left turn, yield right of way to straight thru
vehicle.
8. How to make left turn:
a. Giver your proper signal
b. Move near the center line
c. Stop and check traffic, any vehicle that changes direction,
loses its right of way and must stop prior to changing
direction.
d. Proceed when clear
e. Keep the right of center line when entering the other
street.
9. How to avoid an intersection:
a. Obey the regarding the yield sign. When two vehicles
approach an intersection at the same time, the vehicle on
the left shall give way to the vehicle on the right.
b. Whenever vehicle approaches intersection with stop sign,
the driver must bring his vehicle into a complete stop.
c. To avoid collision while making a right turn, the following
must be observe:
- Give proper signal – right
- Move near the pavement
- Stop and check traffic
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- Proceed when clear
d. In any other intersection:
 Approach an intersection with your foot “off” the
accelerator and “on” the brake pedal.
 Check traffic first on the left and then on the right.
 Proceed to cross only if it is safe to do so.
10. The defensive driving formula on how to avoid collision at
intersection:
a. KNOW – where you are going before reaching destination.
b. SHOW – your intention to others by giving proper signal
and proper positioning of your vehicles.
c. SLOW – down in preparation for sudden stop.
d. GO – proceed only when it is safe.
11. The art of overtaking:
a. Maintain safe following distance
b. Check ahead
c. Check behind
d. Signal left
e. Move left
f. Tap horn
g. Acceleration
h. Signal
i. Move right
j. Resume speed
12. The driver’s responsibilities when driving - Anticipate the
hazards:
a. Make every stop a smooth and gradual stop
b. Signal your intentions well in advance
c. Try to keep him from riding our tail.
13. The “Doctrine of the Last Clear Chance” - In conclusion, a well
settled principle known as: “The doctrine of the last clear
chance” should serve to guide the conduct of all drivers. In
layman’s language, it means “The driver who is in a better
position to prevent the accident has the responsibility of
preventing the accident”. The prevention of traffic accident is
first responsibility of all drivers. Note: Safe driving habits spell
the difference between life and death.
HYDROPLANING (TIRES) Hydroplaning by the tires of a road vehicle,
occurs when the layer of water builds between the rubber tires of
the vehicle and the road surface, leading to the loss of traction and
thus preventing the vehicle from responding to the control inputs
such as steering, braking or accelerating. If it occurs along all four
wheels, the vehicle becomes, in effect, an uncontrolled sled.
The 3 main factors that contribute to hydroplaning:
1. Vehicle speed. As speed increases, wet traction is considerably
reduced. Since hydroplaning can result in a complete loss of
traction and vehicle control, you should always reduce speed,
paying attention to the traffic around you.
2. Tire treads depth. As your tires become worn, their ability to
resist hydroplaning is reduced.
3. Water depth. The deeper the water, the sooner you will lose
traction, although even thin water layers can cause a loss of
traction, including at low speeds.
THE DRUNKEN DRIVER
RA 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Law 2013
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION –
BEHAVIORAL LEVEL OF INTOXICATED DRIVER (Measurement of
Blood Alcohol Level)
1. 0.05% or less the driver is presumed not under the influence of
intoxicating liquor.
2. Between 0.08% to 0.15% – driver apparently lack of mental
control.
3. Between 0.18% to 0.25% – the driver’s behavioural attributes
become patently ominous, laughing, uncoordinated walking,
slur speech, and visibility is blurred.
4. Between 0.38% to 0.50% - the average person is physically
insensible, as if in a coma or trance.
5. Between 0.40% to 0. 50% - the person is numb, paralyzed as if
anesthetized.
6. Level 0.50 the average person is seemingly dead but other can
still drive but dangerous.
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION LIMITS:
Many countries have by law established a legal presumption
that when a blood alcohol level reaches a certain point, the person is
presumed to be under the influence of intoxicating liquor, to wit;
1. USA – Study in the US, 0.08 which equates to 3 to 5 bottles of
beer, is at least 11 times more likely to be killed in a car crash
than a sober driver.
2. ENGLAND, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, FRANCE, and NORWAY –
0.8 mg/ml
3. SWEDEN – 0.5 mg/ml
4. POLAND – 0.3 mg/ml
5. JAPAN AND SAUDI ARABIA - 0.00 percent
MEASURING DEVICES - alcohol meter, breath analyzer and
intoxilyzer
FIELD SOBRIETY TEST - walk on a straight line, one-foot balance,
reading, spelling, vidoe tape movement, and photograph the
unguarded moments
CHEMICAL TEST - blood test, urine test , perspiration test, breath
test, skin test, eent test and ultra-tech test
THE TEN (10) COMMANMENTS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY:
1. KEEP RIGHT
2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY
3. PROHIBITED PARKING
4. IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVER TAKE
5. THE BUS STOP RULE
6. RULES TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC CONGESTION
OR TRAFFIC JAM
7. OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES
8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF A PINOY DRIVER
9. ON PEDESTRIAN
10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL DRIVING SAFETY
REMINDER
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT:
 POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT: The part of the traffic
enforcement performed by the police and other agencies with
police power including deterrent to law violation created by the
presence of uniformed police officer and their special
equipment, special assistant to court and prosecutors and
incidental service to highway users.
 COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT – The part of traffic law
enforcement performed by the court, by adjudication and
penalization.
 POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESSES – This involves five
(5) essentials steps which the police provides varying
responsibilities and influence:
1. Detection - Wholly police responsibility and entail looking
for defects in the behavior of motorist, pedestrians,
vehicles, equipment and roadways conditions requires
knowledge on law on the part of the police.
2. Apprehension – Wholly a police responsibility where the
police required taking action at once to prevent continued
and future violation.
3. Prosecution – While this is a court function, the police also
provides corresponding influence though preparation and
introduction of evidence of close contact with the
prosecution officer.
4. Adjudication – While is obviously a court function, the
police provides influence on this step by acting as a
witness to the prosecution or supplying additional
evidence. This step determines the guilt or innocence of
the accused.
5. Penalization – The court imposes the penalty is greatly
influenced by previous records of conviction as provided
by the police.
GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES:
1. To increase safety level
2. To increase traffic efficiency
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment.
Conflict of interest in the achievements of these goals
sometimes resulted to:
a. Attempt to maximized safety sometimes reduces
efficiency.
b. Maximization of efficiency sometimes detracts from
safety. Therefore, in the design and implementation
of any enforcement program, the ideal situation
would be to have a clear concise and detailed
statement of objective and how they might be
achieved.
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT:
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 Preventive Activities – such as preventive patrols, directing,
supervising traffic, investigating accidents and eliminating road
hazards.
 Persuasive Activities – such as oral, written warning or visible
patrols.
 Punitive Activities – normally dealt with by the courts, police or
traffic authorities.
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTION – The part of the police
traffic law enforcement involving arrest, citation or warning of any
person believed to have violated a law, ordinance or rules and
regulations pertaining to the use of traffic ways, when the person
has knowledge of this action and it is to:
 Prevent such violation from endangering person or property or
inconveniencing other user of the traffic way.
 Prevent continued violation.
 Discourage future violation.
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION
1. TRAFFIC ARREST – Is an enforcement action which consists of
taking a person into custody for the purpose of holding or
detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a
court. Arrest is made when the;
a. Offence committed is serious.
b. There is necessity to avoid continued violation
c. There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear
in court.
2. TRAFFIC CITATION – Is made of having violator appear in court
without physical arrest.
There are four types of traffic citation such as, Temporary
Operator’s Permit (TOP), Unified Ordinance Violation’s Receipt
(UOVR) and Ordinance Violation’s Receipt (OVR)
TRAFFIC WARNING – is an enforcement action which does
not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of warning alone. The three kinds of
warning:
1. Visual warning
2. Verbal warning
3. Written warning
TRAFFIC PATROL:
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC PATROL:
1. Deterrent to violation and dangerous driving
2. Detecting and apprehending violators
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions
4. Observing and reporting road condition, including view
obstruction, which needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public
6. Handling emergencies as they arise and keeping traffic flow
smoothly.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC PATROL:
1. Line patrol – is a moving patrol or a stationary observation on a
specified road between two points usually on one City Street or
a section of a highways.
2. Area patrol – traffic patrol or stationary patrol observation in
an area or heat which includes a number of street, roads or a
selection of a highway.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC OBSERVATION:
1. Stationary Traffic Observation – it is a traffic observation at a
selected place, usually one with an unfavorable accident
experience or traffic flow problem, for traffic law enforcement
purposes and to detect violations of to deter possible violation.
2. Conspicuous Traffic Observation – it is stationary observation
in which the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full
view of traffic.
3. Visible Traffic Observation – it is stationary in which the
observer is in full view but located, for example, on a side
street, as to required effort on the part of traffic to discover the
observer.
4. Conceal Traffic Observation – it is a stationary observation in
which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary
powers of observation from the road way being observed.
STOPPING AND APPROACHING VIOLATORS:
 Stopping a violator must be done with consideration to your
safety, the driver you stopped, to other drivers and pedestrians.
 Approach the violator perfectly on the left side from rear and
be alert for the unexpected.
 Do not extend your hand inside the Motor vehicle when you
are asking for the driver’s license or any identification card.
Considering your strong arm when asking for the driver’s
license or any identification card.
TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK:
1. Objectives to detect or inspect the following:
a. Faulty vehicle equipment
b. Registration and licensing violation
c. Intoxication and cargo of commercial or transportation
vehicle for load weight.
2. Types of traffic road check:
a. Faulty vehicle equipment
b. Officer-directed road check
3. Consideration during road check:
a. Minimum delay to motorist
b. Through checking procedure
c. Protecting and safety of both motorist and officer.
d. Timing, location and frequency.
OFFICER - VIOLATOR’S RELATIONSHIP:
1. Two objectives in dealing with a violator:
a. Immediate objective – is enforcement action against the
driver.
b. Ultimate objective – is to change his future driving
behaviour.
Note: An officer seldom gets complaints on the violation
charged against the driver but usually on the manner in
which he treated the violators.
SUGGESTED PROCEDURE IN REQUESTING DRIVER’S LICENCSE AND
MOTOR VEHICLE CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION:
 Do not put your head or arms in the car’s window.
 While waiting for the license, asks the driver, “what is your
name, sir?”
NEVER ACCEPT ANYTHING EXCEPT PAPER REQUESTED:
 Ask that the papers being request be removed from the billfold
or other container.
 Have the driver hand the requested documents to you outside
the window
 Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries of both
license and registration papers for any possible fraud, or false
identities or falsifications.
OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING IN TERMINATING YOUR CONTACT WITH
THE VIOLATOR:
1. Explain to the driver what action he must take.
2. Tell him where and when he must appear.
3. Do not discuss probable bail or probable penalties with the
violator.
4. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the
services of a counsel or how he should plead.
5. When you are certain the driver understands what he should
do, close the interview.
6. And thanking how he may avoid further difficulty.
7. Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty.
8. Help the driver get safety through traffic.
9. When the violator leaves, do not follow him immediately. He
may feel that you are just waiting to nab him again.
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION – Keeping order on the street and highway
within existing regulations to make their use safe and expeditious.
The following are definitely police work:
 Traffic accident investigation
 Traffic direction and control
 Apprehensions of violators.
All men in the traffic enforcement department should be train
to direct traffic direction and control on the following:
 Accident scene
 Other emergencies
 Planned special events
 Regular point and integration control
 Directing pedestrians’ movement.
How to direct traffic on the following:
 Unsignalled intersection
 Signaled intersection
 Between intersection
SUPERVISED ROUTE – any street or highway on which traffic is
supervised to some consideration degree.
9
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION – that part of police traffic supervision
that involves telling drivers and pedestrians how and where they
may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially
during periods of congestion or emergencies. It generally involves all
police activity which is necessary to insure the smooth and orderly
flow of traffic.
POINT/AREA CONTROL – that part of police direction which is
concerned with the control of vehicular and pedestrian movement
at a particular area or point on the street or highway, such as an
intersection.
POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT – that part of police traffic direction that
involves mobile supervision of the movement of one or more traffic.
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL – activity of a traffic by
which the movement of traffic units at a particular intersection are
controlled and allocated according to proportionate time to prevent
traffic accident and to maintain the smooth flow of traffic.
WHISTLE SIGNALS
1. One long blast – stop
2. Two snappy blast – go
3. Three blast – attention or emergency
TECHNIQUE IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION/CONTROL:
 Keep intersection open
 Never allow motorist to cross when they don’t have any
exit
 Stop motorist at their designated stopping lane, however,
do not stop motorist near you, provide motorist sufficient
distance to stop gradually.
 Prefer to stop fast moving vehicles.
 When two or more vehicles are about to obstruct the
intersection, stop motorist affecting it.
 When two or more men directing traffic direction and
control, the first to command must be given by the team
leader followed up by members.
HOW TO HANDLE TRAFFIC CONGESTION/JAM:
 Traffic congestion/jam is caused by such factors as
vehicular accident. Stalled vehicle due to engine trouble,
absence of a traffic enforcer at an intersection, or road
construction.
STEP TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION/JAM:
 Determine the cause of the traffic congestion/jam
 Where the traffic congestion/jam is caused by vehicular
accident, conduct fast, immediate but complete
investigation and remove vehicles involved in the scene of
the accident.
 If traffic congestion/jam is caused by mechanical trouble,
assist motorist to push the vehicle to a place where it will
not obstruct the flow of traffic.
 Establish yourself and conduct a systematic flow of traffic.
 Observe if the flow of traffic becomes smooth, if not refer
back to number one (1).
 Implement proper traffic regulations to avoid further
traffic congestion/jamming.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER:
The traffic law enforcer assigned in a traffic post has complete
responsibility and commensurate authority in dealing with traffic
flow. He is responsible on the following:
 Enforcement of traffic laws, ordinances, rules and regulations
without fear and favour and assists the general public when
necessary and requested.
 Keep in mind that in an intersection or any traffic post the
following factors should be considered on the placement of the
traffic policeman.
a. Personal safety of the policeman/enforcer.
b. Visibility of the policeman/enforcer to traffic.
c. Visibility of the traffic to policeman/enforcer.
d. Non-obstruction to traffic by policeman/ enforcer.
e. Ability to effect necessary control
f. Accessibility to persons wishing information or
making complains.
 The officer shall not leave his post during his hours of duty
without permission, except when properly relieved by another
policeman/enforcer. In case of personal necessity or required
by the situation in any police emergency, he shall notify his
station before leaving and upon return to his post.
 He shall respond immediately to any emergency call, for police
service within a responsible distance of his post and if it cannot
be done, he shall promptly notify his station accordingly.
 He must be calm and control his temper ever under trying and
provoking circumstances. In warning or correcting a person for
a slight infraction of the traffic regulations. He shall do so in a
firm but brief and civil manner and without obstruction to the
flow of traffic or creating congestion.
 Shall be in proper uniform, equipment and must personify the
best image of the policeman/traffic enforcement institution.
 In apprehending or issuing citation a to a traffic violator, one
(1) minute shall be the maximum time spent for dealing with
the offender.
 He must wear their official issued identification card when
undertaking traffic duties.
 In the conduct of traffic enforcement action such as,
arrest/apprehension of violators of traffic management
measures, must be in accordance with the following procedures
 Cite common violation/s by making the same with an “X”.
 “Other” violation/s must be clearly specified with the space
allocated on the Traffic Citation Ticket, citing the specific
number/ letters as indicated on the related laws, ordinances,
rules and regulations, and similar issuance.
 Indicate date, time and place of apprehension on the space
provided.
 Specify on the Traffic citation ticket the nearest issuing agency
redemption center from the place of apprehension.
 Required driver to affix his/her signature on the Traffic Citation
Ticket advising of the expiry date of the ticket as temporary
driver’s license and the filing of criminal charges for failure to
redeem license within 30 days from date of apprehension.
 State specific facts, date and information considered
PROPER CONDUCT AND DECORUM DURING CONFRONTATION
WITH OR APPREHENSION OR TRAFFIC LAWS, ORDINANCE, RULES
AND REGULATIONS VIOLATORS:
 A traffic law/ordinance violator shall at all time be politely but
firmly addressed and requested to put his vehicle to a full stop
by the roadside, he shall be properly informed of his violation
by the apprehending officer.
 The erring driver shall not be required to alight from his vehicle;
instead, the traffic law enforcer shall ask for the former driver’s
license and shall forthwith proceed to fill up the appropriate
traffic citation on or near the hood of the vehicle within the full
visual access of the vehicle passenger.
 The police/traffic law enforcer should be in the middle of the
intersection to;
a. Afford better control for the officer.
b. Officer is not blocked from the sight of motorist.
ANTI CARNAPPING
Republic Acts 6539
CARNAPPING: ELEMENTS
1. That the offender must have taken a motor vehicle belonging to
another;
2. That the taking is without the consent of the owner;
3. That the taking is with intent to gain;
4. That the taking is by means of force upon thing or violence
against or intimidation of person.
DEFACING OR TAMPERING WITH
REPAINTING
ACTS CONSIDERED CARNAPPING:
1. When motor vehicle engine blocks and chases is not registered
with the Land Transportation Office (LTO) shall be considered
as untaxed importation or coming from an illegal source or
carnapped, and shall be confiscated in favor of the government,
Section 3, RA 6539.
2. When motor vehicle is assembled and rebuilt or repaired by
replacement with motor vehicle engines, engine block and
chassis not registered with Land Transportation Office (LTO)
shall not be issued certificate of registration and shall be
considered as untaxed imported vehicle or motor vehicle
carnnaped or proceeding from illegal source, Section 5, RA
6539.
3. Defacing or tampered with serial numbers of motor vehicles
engines, engine blocks and chassis, perforce constitute
10
carnapping. It shall be unlawful for any person to deface or
otherwise, tamper with the original or registered serial
numbers of motor vehicle engine, engine blocks and chassis,
Section 12, RA 6539.
4. When a person takes motor vehicles with intent to gain,
belonging to another without the latter’s consent, by means of
violence or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon
thing is perforce carnapping, Section 2, RA 6539.
MOTOR VEHICLE USED IN THE CRIME; EFFECTS
1. Motor Vehicle would be an aggravating circumstance, if the
crime were committed by means thereof. People vs. Canial, 46
SCRA 634.
2. Use of motor vehicle is not aggravating where there is no
showing that the same was purposely used to facilitate the
commission of the crime. People vs. Tingson, 47 SCRA 243
3. Nocturnity and use of motor vehicle are aggravating in the
commission of theft. People vs. Jaranilla, 55 SCRA 563.
CARNAPPING HAVEN:
1. Public parking place
2. Ateries parking space.
3. Valet parking area
4. While parked along the roadside
5. At pay parking zone
6. Open car garage
7. When minutes left unattended by rover
CARNAPPER’S MUDOS OPEDANDI: WHILE PARKED
1. By the use of false key to open the door
2. By diamond cutter: on glass window
3. By U-magnet: to unlock door
4. By battery operated penetrator: to blast key hole
5. By outstripping rubber around glass windshield
6. By high-tech method: can pry open even magic keyhole
7. Under guise of using tow-truck
CARNAPPER’S MUDOS OPEDANDI: WHILE ON THE ROADWAY
1. Taxicab: the easier road prey
2. When refuse to stop: overtake and block target victim at
gunpoint
3. To board public utility vehicle and divest occupants
4. To bump rear-guard to force driver to check and stop
5. To sides-wipe vehicle to force to stop
6. By scissors-cut scheme, to block mobility of quarry.
7. Bodily shove driver, while on stop at red traffic light signal.
ANTI-CARNAPPER’S GADGETS:
1. Pedal- clamp with self-lock: immobile shifting gear.
2. Gas valve-control automatically stop within 2 km distance.
3. Touch-alarm signal: audible within 200 meters radius for 10
minutes.
4. Shocking steering wheel: within 12 minutes after engine starts,
it will be electrically charge.
5. Jet seat button: within 2 minutes after engine start, driver’s
seat collapsed or the driver is jettisoned.
6. Spew of gas fumes: within 2 minutes after motor start, the
emission of irritating gas begins
7. Tires deflation: within 2-km distance, the attached laser beam
will automatically deflect the two rear tires.
ANTI-FENCING
Presidential Decree 1612
Fencing – is an act of any person who, with intent to gain for himself
or for another, shall buy, receive, posses, keep, acquire, conceal, sell
or dispose or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal in any
article, item, object or anything, of value which he knows, or should
be known to him, to have been derived from the proceed of the
crime of robbery or theft. Section 2, PD # 1612.
Fence – include any person, firm, association, corporation or
partnership or other organization who / which commits the acts of
fencing. Section 2, PD # 1612.
Section 4 – Liability of official or Juridical Person – it the fence is a
partnership, firm. Corporation or association, the president or the
manager or any officer thereof who knows or should have known
the commission of the offense shall be liable.
Section 5 – Presumption of Fencing – Mere possession of nay good,
article, item, object, or anything of value which has been the subject
of robbery or thievery shall be prima facie evidence of fencing.
Section 6 – Clearance / Permit to Sell / Used Second Hand Articles –
For purposes of this Act, all stores, establishments or entities dealing
in the buy and sell of any good, article, item , object of anything of
value obtained from an unlicensed dealer or supplier thereof, shall
before offering the same for sale to the public, secure the necessary
clearance or permit from the station commander of the Integrated
National Police (Philippines National Police) in the town or city
where such store, establishment or entity is located.
Any person who fails to secure the clearance or permit required
by this section or who violates any of the provision of the rules and
regulations promulgated shall upon conviction be punished as a
fence.
CARNAPPING PREVENTION TIPS:
A – Always lock doors when parked
N – Never stay inside the car while parked
T – Take your family members with you when you park
I – Install safety and alarm devices whenever you park
C – Check the area of suspicious looking people
A – Always park in lighten area at night
R – Remove valuable inside your car before parking to
Preclude temptation.
N – Never entrust your key to strangers to avoid
duplication.
A – Avoid hitchhiker’s especially beautiful women
P – Park your car in secured areas as much as possible
P – Provide necessary information to area security of
suspicious looking people
I – Install a hidden master switch whenever possible
N –Never leave car windows open especially during
traffic jam
G –Garage gates must be secured and looked
whenever necessary
D – Direct your cat to a crowded area if being followed
suspiciously
R – Remove vital spare parts like “ROTO” before
leaving your parked car.
I – Investigate driver applicants before hiring them.
V – Verify prospective buyers before entrusting the
“FOR SALE” car for testing purposes.
E – Entrust car key to management when turning in the
car for repair purposes.
TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT This is not a mere creative philosophy but a
new vision with unique force that could reshape the world of traffic
management. It is about time environment be institutionalized as a
pillar of traffic management. Time has come to inject a new
approach so that traffic environment policies should be proactive
rather reactive and remedial, otherwise, we may create an
environment where no one can thrive nor survive. Environment is
the foundation of man’s survival and its destruction put man to
doom. Man is the steward of the environment and therefore, he is
destined to ensure the preservation of these natural and inordinate
values, toward a better human future.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
EXTERNAL FACTOR -
 The heat
 The storm
 The fog
INTERNAL FACTOR
 Personality
 Character
 Epilepsy
 Sleeping sickness, among other.
VEHICLES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT - That the major effect of the
use of motor vehicle are air pollution.
 AIR POLLUTION- the most lethal effect of motor vehicle is the
pollution caused by engine exhaust. The finding shows that the
carbon monoxide emission has a higher percentage in highly
urbanized cities. Air pollution is not only from our busy streets
but also from above. Every time a four (4) engine jet aircraft
flies, about 16 tons of carbon dioxide is discharged into the air.
This is one of the most difficult problems, because of the
complexity of the issues involved. The effects of pollution are
also strongly affected by meteorological and even by the micro-
climate condition.
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CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION - Motor vehicle pollution is
primarily caused by the defect in adjustment of the engine, and the
operation of old and poorly maintained vehicle on the city streets. A
good number of cars and taxis, in addition jeepneys and buses,
operating in the Greater Manila area this time, are more than five
years old. While the emission of pollutant from individual exhaust of
vehicles may be small, it is the number of vehicles and the
concentration of the pollutants that result in the major contribution
of motor vehicles to the air pollution problem that exists today.
 NOISE POLLUTION - Less dangerous than air pollution, but
admittedly more vexing and annoying, is the problem of
vehicular noise. Of several sources of vehicle noise, the cars
tire- roadway interaction and truck exhaust noise have been
identified as the primary cause of noise pollution. The effect of
traffic noise on human seems to more psychological than
physiological. Several studies have pointed to “annoyance” as
being the widespread effect. There is no question that highway
noise lone can cause mental health, cannot be disregarded. The
magnitude and nature of air and noise pollution as
environmental hazard can no longer be ignored.
OTHER ENVIRONMETAL EFFECT OF URBAN TRANSPORT
 VIBRATION- the effect can be severe, particularly when there
are heavy trucks and when the building is old. While there are
subjective costs from experiencing vibration, a minimum cost of
damage or prevention can be established from experience and
experiment.
 VISUAL INTRUSION- This can have positive as well as negative
aspects. If a motor way blots out an unsightly prison of railway
yard, it may have positive benefits. On the other hand, the
appearance of an elevated expressway or railway above a
neighborhood is one of the aspects most frequently
complained of. In general, visual intrusion can be avoided by
putting a highway or railway at grade or in a cutting through in
many cases there may be cheaper solution.
 LOSS OF LIGHT- (Charge on the amount of light) – it is easier up
to appoint because part of the disbenefit can be valued in term
of the additional lightning coast of those affected; but there is
probably a psychological element also which it would not be
easy or perhaps necessary disentangle where relevant from the
last two items.
 NEIGHBORHOOD SEVERANCE- This can be partly quantified in
terms of changed travel time and cost, and accident experience
to pedestrians and traffic.
 RELOCATION- Defined to cover compensation to those who are
relocated as a consequence of transport investment, whether
property owner or tenants. The people relocated will tend to
decentralized as will those sufficient affected by the
environment consequence to refer to move.
 DISTURBANE COAST- in some cases offset by benefits, which
are experienced by the people during the construction of new
facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt, vibration during
building and excess journey costs through diversion because of
building.
 ACCIDENTS- are e valuated by well establish procedures of
which perhaps the only controversial aspect is the evaluation
given to human life. A certain amount is known about the
differences in accident experience on different roads and in
different circumstances.
 PEDESTRIAN JOURNEY- The opportunity to make the roads safe
and enjoyable for pedestrians and efficient for vehicles and set
of roads provided access to dwelling and is designed primarily
for the safety of pedestrians.
CONGESTION AND OTHER BENEFITS TO VEHICLES - It is a liable and
safe residential environment by reducing “through” vehicle travel.
Travel must be made convenient. Highway diversion curves indicate
that 80 percent of the traffic will take a route that is 20 percent
faster. Vehicle travel time is made up of three (3) components: free
flowing travel, stop time and acceleration or deceleration.
The following important external factor have taken into
consideration as influences on the existing and future traffic
behavior of the population are:
1. Rapidly increasing population growth.
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization.
3. Rapidly increasing motorization.
4. Industrialization and technical modernization
 5. Improvement of the transportation networks is the street
network and the public transportation facilities.
That a more pleasant environment can be achieved without
negative implication for economy and trade, so that any
reasonable step in this direction by decision- makers deserve
support.
1. Towns are better with less traffic; so long as adequate provision
is made for the mobility of workers and residents and the
distributions of goods. It is of urgent necessity that national and
local government to develop their effort to reduce the adverse
effects of motor traffic in urban areas.
2. Where and when traffic congestion and its costs are serve and
frequent, assure to reduce the use of private cars and goods.
Vehicle and to improve alternative forms of transport should be
introduce.
To limit traffic and improve the efficiency and quality of
service of buses and transport, the Pedestrian Scheme should
be introduced whenever possible to improve the environment
for pedestrians. The use of bicycle should be encouraged
whenever practical. The general objective will to ensure,
through a boarder approach, that the quality of life will be
maximized and the waste or resources will be minimized to
such an extent that an optimal urban and natural environment
can be achieved.
TRIPOD OF ROAD SAFETY
ROAD SAFETY- depends on the man-engine-environment,
combination. I shall call this combination, the Tripod of Road Safety.
THE MAN COMPONENT- refers to the Human Factors, to wit;
 The Driver - of the particular vehicle (as distinguished from
other drivers);
 His Health - physical, mental, emotional;
 His Habit - skills, knowledge, attitude;
 Conditions and other circumstances – at a particular
driving period.
THE ENGINE COMPONENT -refers to the Technological Factors, to
wit;
 The entire vehicle- engine, chassis, tires, lights, signals,
accessories, gadgets. It is roadworthy? Does it have the
sophistication that is needed to negotiate the task, the
route, and/or voyage that is assigned to? Is it a smoke
free?
THE ENVIRONMENT COMPONENT- refers to the natural and
Environmental consideration, to wit;
 The weather, the laws of nature
 The traffic control and signage’s
 The road, highways, bridges, road signs;
 The other drivers, other vehicles, pedestrians, other road
user.
Accidents are likely to occur in case of any breakdown in the
balance between the man-engine-environment combinations. Put,
differently, accidents are results of the failure of the society to
undertake reasonable measures that ensures the equilibrium of the
tripod.
The Five E’s of Road Safety, in order to maintain the balance of
the man-engine-environment, interventions along the field of
ENGINEERING, EDUCATION, ENFORCEMENT, and ENVIRONMENT
AND ECONOMICS must be carefully pursued.
REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 8749
Clean Air Act of 1990- or an act providing for a comprehensive Air
pollution Control Policy.
POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES: - The Department of
Transportation and Communications (DOTC) shall implement the
emission standards for motor vehicle set pursuant to and as
provided in this Act.
THE DOTC shall have the following power to:
1. Inspect and monitor the emission of motor vehicles;
2. Prohibit or enjoyed the use of motor vehicles or a class of
motor vehicles in any area or street at specified times; and
3. Authorized private emission testing centers duly accredited by
the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).
THE EXAMINATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE EITHER PROPELLED BY
GASOLINE OR DIESEL, THE FOLLOWING MUST BE OBSERVE
 A motor vehicle propelled by gasoline engine shall not emit
from the exhaust visible air impurities for a continuous period
of more than ten (10) seconds.
12
 A diesel engine driven vehicle shall not emit from the exhaust
air impurities with a shade or density greater than twenty
percent (20%) capacity for continuous period of more than ten
(10) seconds
TRAFFIC ECONOMICS - Economic oils the wheel of traffic. It is not
mere of force but the centrifugal force that dictates the success of
failure of the governance.
 Productive resources are: Land, Labor, Capital goods machinery
and Technical knowledge
 Productive commodities are: Rice, Meat, Ships and Concert
road
MICRO VS MACRO - Micro is derived from the Greek word meaning
“small” and Macro means something “large.”
Micro economic, is the study of behavior of individual decision-
making units like landlords and tenants relationship. The time
honored distinctions are: micro economics focuses on the decision
of individual units no matter how large, while macro economics
concentrates on the behavior of the entire economics no matter
how small.
While micro economics are looking at the price and output
decisions of a single company, macro economics study the overall
price level, unemployment rate, and other fields known as economic
aggregate. Said an economist “In the aggregate measures of macro
economics, believe for aggregation on two foundations; the
composition of demand and supply and economic fluctuations that
tend to move market forces in unison.
FISCAL POLICY - Governmental tax and expenditures policies and
budgetary deficits or surpluses refer to public fiscal policy. However
it is painful and wasteful much government, public and private
institution ended in disgrace for ignoring the cannons of fiscal policy.
Even the modern fiscal policy expert cannot ignore the wisdom of
what or forebears reached and taught us in economics, to name a
few:
 The budget should be balance in every year at low level with
expenditure prudent and purpose strictly limited.
 The public debts are a burden on our children’s children. Said
economist Samuelson. “All debt is evil; public debt, absolutely
evil.”
 If the expenditure of a husband a wife exceeds more than their
monthly income, bankruptcy and misery follows. Same pattern
holds true in public government.
 A good tax is one that produces the same revenues in good
time as in bad time. There is logic, but no experts agree with it.
Or the reasoning on which it relies.
The highlights of this gradualist approach and activism is the
emergence of economic as the common denominator to guide the
system. This may be selling the unsellable, but the writer deliciously
welcome critics and cynics for this trend setting introduction of
economics as the 5th pillars of traffic.
Borrowing the popular catch of Holland, “God created the
universe but Dutch created Holland.” Like laser beams, the Romans
developed the 3 E’s of traffic, this writing christened the catalyst of
traffic, ECONOMICS
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
THE ATTRIBUTES OF AN INVESTIGATOR
MANAGERSHIP, ABILITY, CHARISMA, ADAPTABILITY, SINCERITY,
INTEGRITY, ACCURACY, NEUTRALITY and OPTIMISM
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Traffic- is the movement of traffic units in a public thoroughfare
Non-traffic- it is a movement of traffic units in traffic way other than
the public thoroughfare.
Accident- any chance event or unexpected happening causing
catastrophe, suffering or death and damage to property. It is also
define as that occurrence in a sequence of event which usually
produces unintended injury, death or property damage.
Traffic Accident- it is an accident involving travel transportation on a
traffic way.
Non-Traffic Accident- it is an accident involving travel transportation
on traffic other than the public thoroughfare.
Motor Vehicle Accident- any accident that results in unintended
injury or property damage attributed directly or indirectly to the
motion of a motor vehicle on a road.
INCLUDED ARE:
a. Accident injury from inhalation of exhaust gas.
b. Fires
c. Explosion
d. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion.
e. Collision between a motor vehicle and railroad train or street
car on stationary rails on trucks.
f. Failure of any parts of the motor vehicle while it is in motion.
EXCLUDED ARE:
a. Collision of motor vehicle with an aircraft or water craft in
motion.
b. Injury or damage due to cataclysm (Flood or sudden physical
change of earth’s surface)
c. Injury or damage while the motor is on or unloaded from
another conveyance.
Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- is any accident occurs on a traffic
way or that occurs after the motor vehicle runs off roadways but
before events are stabilized.
Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident- is any motor vehicle accident
occurring entirely at a place other then on a highway (e.g. accident
in private road or driveway)
Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- is any accident occurring on a
public traffic way involving person using vehicle or transportation,
but not involving a motor vehicle in motion. (E.g. pedestrian and
cyclist in a public road).
Non-Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident - is any accident occurring
on a private traffic way involving persons using vehicle or
transportation but not involving a motor vehicle in motion. (E.g.
pedestrian and cyclist in a public road).
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDNET
ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT
 Running of road: Motor vehicle in traffic
 Non-collision on road: Overturning and Other non-collision
 Collision on road with Motor Vehicle versus: Other motor
vehicle in traffic, Pedestrian, Parked motor vehicle, Bicycle ,
Railroad train, Fixed object and Other objects
CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
 Simultaneous factor: Road conditions, Driver’s attitude or
behavior and Weather conditions
 Sequential factor: Speed is greater or less than safe and
Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction)
 Operational factor: Road hazards and Driver’s non-compliance
to traffic laws, ordinances, rules and regulations.
 Perceptional factor: Driver’s inability to react promptly to a
situation and Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
Perception of Hazard - seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding
the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken
as a sign of the accident about to happen.
Start of Evasive Action- the first action taken by a traffic unit to
escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid the hazards. This is
the reaction of the driver to avoid collision.
Initial Contact- a first accidental touching of an object of collision
course with by a traffic unit in motion.
Maximum Engagement- is the greatest collapse or overlap in a
collision. The force between a traffic unit and the object collided
with the greatest or maximum engagement.
Disengagement- the separation of traffic unit in motion from an
object with which it has collided. Force between the object ceases at
this time.
Stopping or final position- is coming to rest. It is usually stabilizes
the accident situation. The place and time when the object involved
in an accident finally come to rest without application of power.
Severity of accident- the result of the accident, either death, injuries
and property damage.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
Fatal Accident- any motor vehicle accident that results in death to
one or more persons. Wherein the death is a direct result of the
accident.
Non-Fatal Accident- any motor vehicle accident that results in
injuries other than fatal (death) to one or more persons. Wherein
the injuries sustained is a direct result of the accident..
Property Damage Accident- is any motor vehicle accident where
there is no death or injury to person but only to the motor vehicle or
to other property including injury or death to animal. Wherein the
damages sustained is a direct result of the accident.
RESPONDING TO AND THE STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
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Step one/Preliminary Actions
1. When the Duty PNCO/ Desk Officer receives the call enters it in
the Compliant Logbook/Blotter and then and there refer it to
the OIC /Chief of the Investigator Unit.
2. The OIC /Chief of the Investigation Unit assign the case to an
investigator. The Chief, Investigator should maintain a Logbook
of all cases referred to him, either in person or through
communications, recording therein the nature of the case,
name of complainant, name of the investigator and the date it
was assigned. Likewise, the Duty PNCO/ Desk Officer should
also reflect on the complaint Logbook the name of the
investigator to whom the particular case was assigned.
3. The investigator-on-case shall immediately established the
following:
a. When and where the accident occurred
b. How serious were the injuries
c. Need for ambulance and other equipment
d. Name and address of the person reporting. He may be an
important witness.
e. Who witnessed the accident?
f. Is there a traffic block?
g. Arrange for help, if needed – e.g. fire trucks, etc.
4. If the nature of the case so warrant, the Officer-On-Case should
immediately respond to the accident scene.
5. Drive safely in going to the accident scene and be alert for cars
leaving the scene. It might turn out to be a hit and run case.
6. Protect life and property.
a. Render whatever aid is necessary to the injured persons.
b. Take steps to prevent further destruction (like fire and
other hazards).
c. Place warning devices in both directions.
d. Park police car safety.
e. Get all the names or persons present, in case of loss of
property belonging to the injured or dead, you may need
these persons to protect the good name of the Police
Department.
Step Two/Upon Arrival at the Accident Scene
The Investigator-On-Case shall conduct an ocular
investigation/inspection and interview the complaint, witnesses and
all persons who could shed light on the case on the following: What
happened?, When did it happened, Where exactly it happened,
Who are involved, Why it happened and How it happened.
The Officer-On-Case shall immediately report the incident to
the Headquarters by all means. If there are injured persons, secure
them immediately. Thereafter, based on the initial investigation, the
Officer-On-Case should prepare any of the following report;
a. Alarm Report – for cases of theft, robbery, carnapping and hit
and run committed against any of the parties of the accident.
b. Advance Information Report – for accident resulting to physical
injuries and homicide
c. Information Report – for some cases initially taken cognizance
by a traffic enforcement unit but later turned over to or found
out to be handled by special operating units.
d. Spot Report – refers to an immediate initial investigative or
incident report addressed to Higher Headquarters pertaining to
the accident, commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or
man-made disaster of unusual incident involving loss of lives
and damage to property.
Step Three/When emergency under control
A. Preliminary questions to drivers.
a. Who was driving and which vehicle?
b. Look for signs of nervousness, confusions and intoxication.
B. Gather clues for identifying hit-and-run vehicles
C. Question other witnesses
D. Examine driver’s condition
a. Check driver’s license and record data.
b. Check motor vehicle certificate of registration and record
date.
c. Verify ownership of MV involved
d. Account step by step what happened
E. Position and condition of vehicles
a. Lights and switches
b. Gear position of vehicles if they must be moved
c. Look for unusual things Inside the vehicles
F. From preliminary opinion as to how Traffic accident occurred.
G. Photograph skid marks and location for later measuring.
 H. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were
or will be taken.
Step four/After getting short-live evidence
A. Make a test skid.
B. Decide whether proof of violation is sufficient for arrest. If so,
make arrest of issue traffic citation ticket.
C. Complete examinations of vehicles
D. Locate key event or point of impact of accident
E. Make additional photographs of the following:
a. Vehicle damage
b. View obstruction
c. Present condition
d. Control devices
F. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach.
G. Get additional facts at the scene of accident.
H. Report to Headquarters by radio or telephone
Step Five/After leaving the scene
A. Get a medical report on injured from hospital or doctor.
B. Notify the following:
a. Relatives of dead and injured
b. Owner of vehicles
C. Have photograph develop.
D. Have specimen analyzed, if any were taken, have chemical test.
E. Complete the report of accident
a. Have copies of the report made if necessary
b. File report and copies
F. Complete factual data on investigation report if not complete at
scene.
G. Reconstruct the accident.
a. Estimate speed of vehicles involved
b. Draw scale diagram
c. Analyzed angle of collision
d. Get technical help if necessary
e. Summarize opinion
H. Complete report of investigation (file reports and notes)
I. Inform other agencies or departments of any condition at the
scene which needs attention for safety
Step six /If the case goes to court
A. Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop as
evidence
B. Return to the scene if necessary for the following:
a. Additional photograph
b. Long lived evidence
c. Measurements for scale diagram for court use.
d. Look for additional witnesses and review their testimony
and;
e. Relatives and friends who could confirm activities.
f. Technician who developed pictures, made chemical test,
etc.
g. Expert who could help
C. Pre-trial conference with prosecutor’s witness/es
D. Testify in court
E. Organize papers or case folder, if necessary, for the future
references.
STEP TO TAKE IN CASE OF INJURY
1. Stop the arterial bleeding
2. Help if needed
3. Protect the injuries from exposure
4. Cordon the accident scene if necessary
5. If possible, eliminate the accident scene to prevent
from causing obstruction
THE INVESTIGATION REPORT
A. Uniform Traffic Accident Investigation Report System:
B. Preparation of Traffic Accident Investigation Report:
a. By a competent bonafide traffic accident investigator
b. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of
reports such as, evidence gathered, diagrams, sketches, as
well as the sworn statements of witnesses.
c. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished
in five (5) copies:
1. For the court or prosecutor’s office
2. For the Traffic Management Office
3. For the Traffic Accident Investigator
4. For the insurance Co. of the parties involved.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS - Accident analysis is the detail study
made to determine the factors contributing to the occurrence of
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accidents. Proper identification of contributory factors is needed in
implementing measures to prevent the occurrence or mitigate the
effect of accidents.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION It is the effort to determine
from whatever information is available, how the accident happened.
RESULT OF RECONSTRUCTION Opinion or conclusions are the
product of accident reconstruction.
CALCULATING SPEEDS FROM SKID MARKS
SKID MARKS AS EVIDENCE – This is useful in several ways other than
as indication of the vehicle speed.
a. It will shoe if the vehicle was travelling in the wrong direction or
on the wrong side of the road
b. It will indicate if the driver failed to observe the right of way
c. It will also show if the driver did not obey a traffic signals
MEASUREMENT OF SKID MARKS:
a. Should meet legal standards. Officers measuring the skid marks
and the distance to embankment or other fixed constructions
should verify each other’s measurements so that they can
corroborate each other’s testimony in court.
b. Evidence should be presented to show the skid marks were
made by the suspect car.
c. Witnesses should verify in court.
STOPPING A MOTOR VEHICLE: Whenever a moving vehicle is
stopped, the energy that it possesses at the time must be expended
or spent. It is only when most or all of the vehicle’s energy is
expended through skidding of tires that a fairly accurate calculation
may be made of the vehicle’s speed before the accident.
SKIDMARKS - The sudden application of the brakes which results in
the locked wheel condition places such a great pressure between
the brakes shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force at this
point become greater than the frictional force between the tire and
the road surface. When this condition exists, the wheels skid.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT FORM (TAR)
Traffic Accident Reporting Analysis System (TARAS)
MV TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CASE FOLDER
HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION It is commonly applied to driver who
failed to stop after a road accident. It is the failure to yield to any
officer within reasonable time: the gravamen or the keystone, which
make the driver liable. The non-stopping of the driver after the
accident has the legal presumption of evading social and moral
responsibilities as mandated by law. In effect several legal actions
can be filed against the hit and run drive.
LEAGAL ACTION: Against Hit and Run Offender.
1. Abandonment of one’s victim.
2. Failure to lend assistance to the injured parties.
3. Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide, Physical Injuries
and damage to property.
4. Failure to render assistance to once victim.
5. Violation of Section 55, RA 4136.
6. Civil liability of a person guilty of the felony.
DEFENSES: Hit and Run Offender.
1. For failure to stop after the accident.
2. For failure to aid the injured.
3. For failure to report to the police
4. Proof of good faith and without malice
GOOD REASON OF BRINGING HIT AND RUN
DRIVER TO JUSTICE:
1. Increase public support for traffic work.
2. Enable people to appraise result of traffic law enforcement.
3. Provides victim a chance to receive compensation for injuries
and losses sustained.
NATURE OF COMMON HIT AND RUN CASES:
1. Run over the pedestrian crossing on marked crosswalk.
2. Sideswiped a pedestrian on the sidewalk.
3. Collided with a moving vehicle while overtaking on same or
opposite direction.
4. Damage parked vehicle along the roadside.
5. Bumped stray animals on the roadway.
HOW TO DELIMIT THE SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION FROM THE WIDE
UNIVERSE OF UNKNOWN:
Given: A pedestrian when run over by a speeding vehicle while
crossing the marked crosswalk at 1:00 p.m. a blood, splintered glass
and debris were splattered on the pavement near the victim;
Unknown: 1. The victim’s identification, 2. The kind of vehicle, 3.
The brand of vehicle, 4. The model of vehicle, 5. The registered
vehicle, 6. The driver, 7. The eyewitness
The absence ofs informant or eyewitness is not plausible reason
for a crime be unsolved as gainsaid; there is no perfect crime only
imperfect investigation. For every crime the criminals always leave
imprint of his act.
Splintered Glass – in the absence of eyewitness, the broken glass
can be mute witness that can talk unmask the driver and unfurl the
mystery vehicle.
The Mark – it is now a settled fact that the pedestrian victim was
run-over by the car as established by the broken headlamp glass.
That being the case, tire marks can be lifted or collage on the
clothing of the hit and run victim or on pavement to supplement and
compliment previous findings.
Paint – the victim having been bumped by the car that resulted to
his instantaneous death, definitely left residues on the clothes or on
the pavement of the car paint as a consequence of the collision.
EXAMINATION OF THE RECOVERED MOTOR VEHICLE IN CASE OF
HIT AND RUN VIOLATION: Once the suspected vehicle has been
recovered, immediately steps should be taken to recover any
physical evidence that may have been carried away from the scene
or which may be used in comparing fragment and debris left at the
scene of the accident. The “damage scars” should be carefully
measured as to width, depth and pattern. Photographs or casts
should be made of special damage pattern on the body metal and
later compared with those parts of the other vehicle involved that
were damage. Of course, special attention should be given to paint
transfer and chips as well as other materials mentioned earlier.
Adequate samples must be taken for possible laboratory analysis.
The interior of the suspected vehicle should be inspected and
particularly attention given to evidence of the loss of blood of the
suspected driver. All evidence within that may establish the identity
of the driver and occupants must be collected and preserved.
Personal articles of any descriptions, paper, fingerprints, fibers, hair
etc. should be retrieved and preserved for later use in the
identification processes.
INVESTIGATIVE AID FOR THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATOR:
There are many investigative aids, which may be applied in the
search for the suspected vehicles. Some of them are as follows;
1. Motor vehicle Certificate of Registration
2. Repair shops and Garages
3. Department Records
Good luck !!!
2013

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