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Turning and Boring Processes
Turning and Boring Processes
FIGURE 22-1 Schematic of a standard engine lathe performing a turning operation, with
the cutting tool shown in inset.
Basic Turning Operations
FIGURE 22-2 Basic turning machines can rotate the work and feed the tool longitudinally for turning and can
perform other operations by feeding transversely. Depending on what direction the tool is fed and on what portion
of the rotating workpiece is being machined, the operations have different names. The dashed arrows indicate the
tool feed motion relative to the workpiece.
22.2 Fundamentals of Turning,
Boring, and Facing Operations
Turning constitutes the majoring of lathe
work and is summarized in two
categories.
1) Roughing: Used to remove large amounts
of material using large depth of cuts and
slow speeds. Requires less time to remove
material, though dimensional accuracy and
surface finish quality are lost.
2) Finishing: Uses light passes with speeds as
fine as necessary to produce the desired
finish. One to two passes are usually required
to produce a smooth finish.
Turning Calculations
Depth of Cut
(for workpiece)
AISI
for “in”
ISO
for “mm”
FIGURE 20-4 Examples of a table for selection
of speed and feed for turning. (Source: Metcut’s
Machinability Data Handbook.)
(for workpiece)
AISI
for “in”
ISO
for “mm”
Turning Calculations (Example)
1) Rough cut:
from Figure 20 – 4, v = 100 fpm, and f1 = 0.02 ipr for
HSS tool
The bar is held in a chuck with a feed through the hole in a
spindle and supported on the right end with a live center.
The ends of the bar have been center drilled. Allowance is
0.5”, and 1 min for resetting the tool after the first cut.
Turning Calculations (continued)
The spindle rpm
Ns = (12V) / (pD1) = 12 x 100 / (3.14 x 1.78)
= 214 rpm
But we don’t have this particular rpm, so the closest selected
rpm is 200 rpm.
The time for rough cutting is :
Tm = (L + Allowance) / (fr Ns) = (16.5 + 0.5) / (0.02 x 200)
= 4.25 min
2) Finish cutting
If we select a uncoated carbide tool for the second cut, the
allowed cutting speed is 925 fpm and feed is 0.007”.
Ns = (12V) / (pD1) = 12 x 925 / (3.14 x 1.18)
= 2,996 rpm with 3,000 rpm the closest value.
Tm = (L + A) / (fr Ns) = (16.5 + 0.5) / (0.007 x 3,000)
= 0.95 min
Turning Calculations, cont.
Cutting time
or
Facing Calculations
Cutting time
r s r s
FIGURE 22-12
Block diagrams
of ram- and
saddle-turret
lathe.
Types of Lathes
Automatic Lathes
◦ Also called Swiss
Screw machine
◦ A specialized type of
automatic turret lathe
◦ Rod stock is
automatically fed into
the collet