WCN- Wireless

Communications and Networks

Huma Israr
Department Of Computer Science (CS), KICSIT
huma.israr@ist.edu.pk
SPRING 2021, BSCS-VIII
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Class Schedule

Lecture Hours (Theory)

Monday ( 11:30 to 12:30 )
Wednesday (1:50 to 3:50 )

Semester Calendar
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“ Web is the Greenest Book”

Books
 Wireless Communication and Networks 2nd Edition
by William Stallings

 Data Communication and Networks 4th Edition, by

Behrouz A. Forouzan
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Books
 Wireless Communication by Rapaport

 Mobile Communication by Jochen Schiller

 At the End of the Course :

You Should be able to know

 What is wireless communication.
 What are the current wireless trends.
 How would the future look like for wireless communication.
 What are the different issues and challenges in future wireless
and mobile communication.
What You Should Already know:
 OSI Model
 TCP/IP Model
 Packet and Circuit Switching
 Multiplexing
 Types of Medium and their characteristics
 Basics of Transmission e.g. models of transmission, types etc.
 WiFi and Ethernet etc.
 Delays and its types -----------??
 Addressing and its types -----------??
 IP and its versions -------------------??
Grading Policy:
 All deadlines to be strictly followed
 There will be marks deduction for late submission.
 Rechecking can be requested after grade reporting, with in
2 days only.
Topics to be covered in the course:
 Short History.
 Overview of a Communication System
 Digital vs. Analog Communications
 Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
 Why Wireless is Different ?
 Wireless System Architecture
 Multiple Access Techniques
 Evolution of Cellular Networks (1G ~ 3G)
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Bluetooth and
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Cone of learning

 Short History:

 Use of light in ancient times

 Smoke signals (150 BC)
 Start of electromagnetic waves in 1830s
 Marconi (1874-1937) demonstration of wireless telegraphy in
1895
 First radio broadcast in 1906
 1907, commercial transatlantic connections were setup (huge
antennas were used). he sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
from Cornwall to St. John's Newfoundland; a distance of about 3200 km.
 Short History:
 Over the last century, advances in wireless technologies have
led to the radio, the television, the mobile telephone, and
communications satellites
 1915 – first wireless voice setup between Washington and San
Francisco.
 1920 – first commercial radio (still huge antennas and high
power)
 1920 – Marconi discover short waves (reflection – ionosphere)
 1926 – First telephone on train between Berlin-Hamburg
 1927 – first commercial car radio
Short History:
 1927 – TV broadcast starts Up until 1933, amplitude
modulation was used – poor quality due to interference
 1933 – frequency modulation by E.H. Armstrong
 1958 – first wireless network in Germany was analog A-Netz,
carrier frequency of 160MHz,
 Connection establishment from mobile station only

 1971 – A-Netz had 80% coverage with 11,000 customers

Short History:
 1972 – B-Netz using the same frequency 160MHz
 Connection establishment from fixed phones as well

 1979 – Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden agreed on

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) …….. 450 MHz
 Latter on NMT 900MHz in 1986
 1982 – pan European Mobile Phone system aiming at
 New spectrum at 900MHz
 Allow roaming through out Europe
 Be fully digital
 Offer voice and data services
 Global system for Mobile (GSM) was founded
 Short History:
 1983 – AMPS- Advance Mobile Phone System working at
850MHz (IS-88)
 1984 - CT1 – Cordless telephones (followed by its
predecessors CT0 -1980)
 1985-90 – C-Netz
 1991 – fully digital systems
 DECT – Digital European Cordless Telephones
 100-500 meters range
 120 duplex channels
 1.2Mbps for data transmission
 Support several 10,000 users/km2
 Used in more than 40 countries
 Renamed as Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecomm
Short History:
 1991 –
 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System . This network offers a
data service using the Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
 GSM The key second-generation wireless systems are the
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),
 TDMA
 CDMA
 The Broadband:
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), the very popular wireless LAN
technology based on the IEEE 802.11
 WiMAX is similar to Wi-Fi. Both create hot spots, but while Wi-
Fi can cover several hundred meters, WiMAX has a range of 40
to 50 km. (Cable alternative)
 Mobile-Fi is similar to the mobile version of WiMAX in terms
of technology. The objective with Mobile-Fi is to provide
Internet access to mobile users at data rates even higher than
those available in today's home broadband links. (traveling in
a moving car or train)
Broadband Conti….
 ZigBee functions at a relatively low data rate over relatively
short distances, compared to Wi-Fi. The objective is to
develop products that are very low cost, with low power
consumption and low data rate (communication among thousands of
tiny sensors)

 Ultrawideband serves a very different purpose than the other

technologies mentioned above. Ultrawideband enables the
movement of massive files at high data rates over short
distances. (Transfer hours of video from a PC to a TV)
Some Milestones in Wireless Communications
Next Generation Wireless Networks?
Next Generation Mobile phones ?
Transmission Fundamentals
 Signal
 Time Domain
 Frequency Domain
 Amplitude, Frequency, Phase, Time Period, Wavelength
Data Transmission .
 We define data as entities that convey meaning, or
information.
 Signals are electric or electromagnetic representations of
data.
 Transmission is the communication of data by the propagation
and processing of signals.
Signal.
To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic
signals

 In this Course, we are concerned with electromagnetic signals

used as a means to transmit information.
 An electromagnetic signal is a function of time, but it can also
be expressed as a function of frequency;
Time Domain Concepts
 Viewed as a function of time, an electromagnetic signal can be
either analog or digital.
 An analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies in a
smooth fashion over time. In other words, there are no breaks
or discontinuities in the signal.
 A digital signal is one in which the signal intensity maintains a
constant level for some period of time and then changes to
another constant
Analog and Digital Waveforms
Periodic Signals:
Periodic Signals:
 In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog
signals and non-periodic / Apriodic digital signals.
 Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or
composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite
 periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
Signal:
 The sine wave is the fundamental analog signal. A general sine
wave can be represented by three parameters:
 Peak Amplitude :is the maximum value or strength of the
signal over time; typically, this value is measured in volts.
 Frequency : is the rate [in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz)] at
which the signal repeats. (An equivalent parameter is the
period of a signal, which is the amount of time it takes for one
repetition)
 Phase: is a measure of the relative position in time within a
single period of a signal
Transmission Fundamentals
Amplitude:
 Two signals with the same phase and frequency, but different amplitudes
 Frequency :

 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase, but different
frequencies
 Frequency:
 Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.
 Change in a short span of time means high frequency.
 Change over a long span of time means low frequency.
 If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero.
 If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.
Units of period and frequency:
 Frequency & Period::
 Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.

 The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. The

period of this sine wave can be determined as follows:
 Phase:
 Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time
0.

Three sine waves with the same

amplitude and frequency, but
different phases
 Wave length:
 The wavelength (A) of a signal is the distance occupied by a
single cycle, or, put another way, the distance between two
points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles.