‫الفهرس ‪TABLE OF CONTENTS‬‬

‫َ ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫‪ْ ....................................................................................................................... 2‬‬

‫الم ْو ُص ْول َو ِصلتُه ‪Chapter 12 -‬‬
‫االس ُم َ‬

‫‪ ....................................................................................................................... 12‬صفة ‪Chapter 13 - Compound‬‬

‫‪ ............................................................................................................................ 18‬اجل ُ ْملَة ر ْ‬

‫الَّش ِط رية – ‪Chapter 14‬‬

‫‪ ......................................................................................................................................... 26‬احلال ‪Chapter 15 -‬‬

‫اتل ْم ِي ْي ‪Chapter 16 -‬‬

‫‪َ ........................................................................................................................................ 34‬‬

‫ُ‬
‫الع َدد ِِف القرآن– ‪Chapter 17‬‬
‫‪َ ............................................................................................................................ 38‬‬

‫‪ .............................................................................................................................. 48‬أَ ْف َعال ر ُ‬

‫الَّش ْوع– ‪Chapter 18‬‬

‫اتل َع ر‬
‫جب– ‪Chapter 19‬‬ ‫‪ ..................................................................................................................................... 50‬ر‬

‫ابل َدل– ‪Chapter 20‬‬

‫‪َ ........................................................................................................................................ 54‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 CHAPTER 12 VOCABULARY

‫األسماء‬
ْ َ َ ْ ْ
ٌ ٌ‫بَأس‬ ٌ‫َمتَٰاعٌٌ–ٌأ ْمت َِعة‬ ٌ ٌ‫ُسل َطَٰان‬ ٌ ٌ‫ُج ٌندٌٌ–ٌ ُج ُن ْود‬ ٌ‫َع ْرش‬
hardship/torture belongings/enjoyment authority army throne
َ َ ْ َ َ
ٌ ٌ‫ع ْهد‬ ٌ‫يٌ–ٌأيْمان‬
ٌ ‫يَ ِم‬ ٌ ٌ‫شِمالٌ–ٌشمائِل‬ ٌ ‫َم‬
ٌ‫ل‬ ٌ ٌ‫ُج َناح‬
agreement/covenant oath/right hand left chiefs/elite blame
ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ
‫ِضعف – أضعاف‬ ٌ ‫عَٰاق َِبة‬ ‫خصم‬ َْ َ
‫َويْل‬ ٌ ٌ‫ن َبأٌٌ–ٌأن َباء‬
several times the ٌ end/outcome argumentative
agony/misery/woe news/story
amount group

‫األفعال‬
ًَ َ ََُ ً َ ُ َُ َ َ َ ً ُ ُُ َ ََ
to be intimate ‫اَشة‬ ‫اَش بِشارا ومب‬ ِ ‫باَش يب‬ to reach ‫بَلغ يبْلغ بُل ْوغ‬
ً ْ ُْ ْ َ ُ َْ ُ
to excel ‫أح َس َن ُي ِس ُن ِإحسانا‬ to forbid (s/t for s/o) )‫ ىلع‬،‫َح رر َم ُيَ ِّر ُم َت ِريْ ًما (ـه‬
ًَ َ ُ ْ ُ َ ََ ً ُ ُ ْ َ َ
to act abominably ‫أساء ي ِسيئ ِإساءة‬ to draw near (time) ‫أ ِزف يَأ َزف أ ُز ْوفا‬
ً ْ ُ َْ َََ
‫َت فِتنَة‬ ً ‫َص إب ْ َص‬ُ ْ ُ َ َ َْ
to try/test ِ ‫فَت يف‬ to see ‫ارا‬ ِ ِ ‫أبَص يب‬
ْ‫ساء ي َ ُس ْو ُء َسو ًء‬
َ ً ‫أَ ْصلَ َح يُ ْصل ُح إ ْص‬
‫الحا‬
to grieve/harm to reform/to fix ِ ِ
ًْ ُ َْ ََ َ َ َ
to swear ‫َحلف ُي ِلف ُحلفا‬ to surround )‫ُييْ ُق (بِـ‬
ِ ‫حاق‬
َ َ ‫َر‬ ًَ َ َ َْ َ َ
to fall/crumble ‫َي رر خ ِريْ ًرا‬
ِ ‫خر‬ to cover ‫ِش يغَش ِغشاوة‬ ِ ‫غ‬

VERBAL IDIOMS
َْ َ ََ َ َ َْ
‫ أعقابِ ِه‬/‫ب ىلع َع ِقبَيْ ِه‬ ‫ِانقل‬ to turn back/to revert to one’s old ways 2:143
[lit. to turn on one’s heels] 3:144
ْ ََ َ َ َْ
‫ب ىلع َوج ِه ِه‬ ‫ِانقل‬ to turn back completely
22:11
[lit. to fall on one’s face]
ُ‫َص رع َر ّخ رده‬ to be contemptuously indifferent to someone
31:18
[lit. to turn one’s check away from/toward someone]
ُ َ ‫ر‬
‫َرد يَ َد ُه ِف ف ِم فالن‬ to compel/reduce someone to silence
14:9
[lit. to put one’s fist is someone’s mouth]

2
 ُ َ ُ ُ ْ َ ُ ْ
CHAPTER 12 - ‫ص ْو ل َو ِص ل تُه‬‫االس م الم و‬
12.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will be learning about the most commonly used compound ‫ اسم‬in the Quran; ‫االسم‬
‫املوصول وصلته‬.

This compound ‫ اسم‬is made up of two parts: ‫ االسم املوصول‬and ‫الصلة‬.

1. ‫ االسمٌالموصول‬is an ‫ اسم‬that is incomplete in meaning. For this reason, it never appears alone. It
always appears as a part of this compound ‫اسم‬.
2. ٌ‫ الصلة‬is a full sentence that comes directly after the ‫اسمٌموصول‬. The ‫ صلة‬ends when there is no
longer a grammatical connection between a word and the word that follows it. In other
words, the ‫ صلة‬ends when the sentence ends.

The ‫ اسم موصول‬and the ‫ صلة‬are inseparable. Because they are so closely linked, both in terms of grammar
and meaning, they are treated as a single ‫اسم‬.

Take a moment to memorize ‫األسماء املوصولة‬. There are three ‫أسماء موصولة‬. They are ‫( ما‬whatever), ‫من‬
(whoever), and ‫( اذلي‬the one who) and its derivatives. MEMORIZE the ‫ أسماء‬below.

‫َم ْن‬ ‫َما‬

ْ ‫ر‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬

‫اذلي َن‬
ِ ‫ان‬
ِ ‫اذل‬ ‫اذلي‬
ِ
‫ر ْ ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫اال ِت‬/‫اال ِئ‬ ‫ان‬
ِ ‫اتل‬ ‫ال ِت‬

*Note that the dual forms are fully-flexible.

12.2 USAGE
This compound ‫ اسم‬can play many of the same roles a normal ‫ اسم‬can play.

On a sentence-level, it can act as a:

• ‫فاعل‬
• ‫مفعول‬
• ‫مبتدأ‬
• ‫خرب‬

3
 On a fragment-level, it can act as a:

• ‫صفة‬
• ‫مضافٌإيله‬
• ‫اسمٌإن‬
• ‫جمرور‬

Let us look at an example of each. The ‫ اسم موصول‬is highlighted and its ‫ صلة‬is underlined.

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫فاعل‬

‫َ َ ذ َ َ ُ ُّ َ َ ذ ُ ُّ َ ُ ْ ذ‬
ٌ ٌ‫مٌملَٰقوا‬
٢٤٩ٌ…ٌِ‫ٱّلل‬ ‫ِينٌيظنونٌأنه‬ ٌ ‫…ٌقالٌٱَّل‬

Those who were certain that they would meet Allah said…

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫مفعول‬

َ ُ َۡ َ َ
ٌ ‫َي ۡعل ُمونٌ َماٌتف َعل‬
١٢ٌ‫ون‬

They know whatever all of you do.

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫مبتدأ‬

َُ‫ك‬ۡ َ ۡ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُۡ َ َ
١١٨ٌ...ٌُۚ‫رب‬ ‫ٌوماٌُت ِِفٌصدوره ٌمٌأ‬...

What their chests hide is greater.

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫خرب‬

ُ َ ۡ ُ َۡ َُ ‫َۡۡ َ ََۡ ََ ُٓ َٓ َ َ ذ‬ ۡ ُ ُ َ ُ ‫َُ ذ‬
ٌ ٦ٌ‫ِيم‬ ٌ ِ‫امٌكيفٌيشا ٌء ٌُۚالٌإِلَٰهٌإِالٌهوٌٱلعز‬
ٌ ‫يزٌٱۡلك‬ ٌِ ‫ٌِفٌٱۡلرح‬
ِ ‫ه ٌوٌٱَّلِيٌيصوِركم‬
He is the one who fashions you in the wombs as He pleases. There is absolutely no god except
for Him, the ever-mighty, the ever-wise.

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫صفة‬

‫َُۡ ََ َ َ ُ ذ ذ َ ا‬ َ َۡ ‫ُ ذَ ذ ذ‬
ۡ َ‫ٌخل‬
٢٣ٌ‫ٱّللٌِت ۡبدِيٗل‬
ٌ ٌِ‫َتدٌل ِسنة‬
ِ ٌ‫لٌولن‬
ٌ ‫تٌمِنٌقب‬ ‫تٌ ٌقد‬
ٌ ِ ‫ٱّللٌِٱل‬
ٌ ٌ‫سن ٌة‬

4
 The established way of Allah which has occurred before. You will not find for the established
way of Allah any change!

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫مضاف ٌ إيله‬

َۡ ‫ك‬ َ ُ َ ُ ‫َۡ َ َ ذُ ََۡ ذ‬
١ٌ…ٌ‫ج َها‬ ِ ‫تٌتجَٰدِل‬
ِ ‫ٌِفٌزو‬ ٌ ِ ‫ٱّللٌقولٌٱل‬
ٌ ٌ‫ق ٌدٌس ِمع‬

Certainly, Allah heard the speech of the one who argues with you about her husband…

‫اسم ٌ موصول‬ AS ‫اسم ٌ إن‬

َ ۡ َ ُ ُ َ َۡ َ َ ََ ۡ َۡ َ َٓ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ‫ذ ذ‬
ٌ ٦ٌ‫ٌءأنذ ۡرت ُه ۡمٌأمٌل ۡمٌتنذ ِۡره ۡمٌالٌيُؤم ُِنون‬ ‫ِينٌكفرواٌسواءٌعلي ِهم‬
ٌ ‫نٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ِ‫إ‬

Certainly those who disbelieved, it is the same for them whether or not you warn them, they
do not believe.

‫اسم ٌ موصو ل‬ AS ‫جمرور‬

ُ ‫ٌط َع‬
ۡ ‫امٌم‬ ُ ُ َ ‫َ ََ ذ‬
َ ٞ‫يقونَ ٌُهۥٌف ِۡديَة‬
١٨٤ٌ…ٌٖۖ‫ِي‬
‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ِس‬ ‫ِينٌي ِط‬
ٌ ‫…ولَعٌٱَّل‬

And upon those who are capable of it is a substitute of feeding a poor person.

12.3 DETERMINING THE ROLE OF AN ‫ اسمٌموصول‬IN A SENTENCE

ّ ْ‫( َمب‬non-flexible) and do not show their status, figuring out what role they are
Because ‫ األسماء املوصولة‬are ‫ن‬ ِ
playing in a sentence is less straightforward than it is when working with a regular ‫اسم‬. Below are some
tips that are to be used as hints, not as concrete rules.

ON A FRAGMENT LEVEL
- If it is comes after an ‫ اسم‬that is light with no ‫ال‬, it is a ‫مضافٌإيله‬

َ ‫عٌعلَ ۡيه‬
‫ٌِص ۡ ا‬ ‫ذ‬ َ َ ُ َۡ َ َ
٨٢ٌ‫ربا‬ ‫…ذَٰل ِكٌتأوِيلٌ َماٌل ۡمٌت ۡس ِط‬

‫مضاف إيله‬ Light, no ‫ال‬

5
 - If it comes after an ‫ اسم‬that is proper and matches in number and gender, it is a ‫صفة‬. ‫ ما‬and ‫من‬
never appear as ‫صفة‬. (Note that in the Quran, sentences are sometimes broken up across
several ayahs. In this case the ‫ صفة‬may appear in a different ayah than the ‫موصوف‬.)

َ ُ َ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ ُ َ ‫ ُۡ َ َ ذ‬ََٞۡ
٥ٌ‫ون‬
ٌ ‫ٌساه‬ ‫ِينٌهمٌعنٌصٗلت ِ ِهم‬
ٌ ‫ٌٱَّل‬٤ٌ‫لٌل ِلمصل ِي‬
ٌ ‫فوي‬
‫جر‬, plural, masculine, proper
‫جر‬, plural, masculine, proper

- If it comes after a ‫ حرفٌنصب‬it is generally part of a ‫مبتدأ‬, together with the ‫حرف‬

َ ُ َۡ ُ ََ ۡ َۡ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُ َ َ َٰ َ ‫ذ ذ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ذ َٰ َ َٰ َ َ َ ُ ْ ذ َ َٰ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ ذ‬
٢٧٧ٌ‫ٌه ۡمٌَي َزنون‬ ‫ٌوالٌخ ۡوفٌعلي ِهمٌوال‬ ‫تٌوأقامواٌٱلصلوٌةٌوءاتواٌٱلزكوٌةٌلهمٌأجرهمٌعِندٌرب ِ ِهم‬ ٌِ ‫ِينٌءامنواٌوع ِملواٌٱلصلِح‬
ٌ ‫نٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ِ‫إ‬

‫متبدأ‬

- If it comes after a ‫ حرفٌجر‬it is part of a ‫جارٌوجمرور‬, which is a ‫ متعلقٌباخلرب‬in a ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬and a ٌ‫متعلق‬

‫ بالفعل‬in a ‫مجلةٌفعلية‬.

َ َ ُ ُ ‫ٱنطل ُِق ٓوٌا ٌْإ َ ََٰلٌ َماٌ ُك‬

ٌ ُ‫نتمٌب ِ ٌهِۦٌتكذِب‬
ٌ ٢٩ٌ‫ون‬ َ
ِ

‫جمرور بإىل‬

ON A SENTENCE LEVEL
- If it is the first word in a sentence, it is a ‫مبتدأ‬.

‫ََ ُ ْ َ ٓ ذ‬ ُ َٰ ‫ذ‬ َ ُ َُ ْ َ َ َ ‫ذ َ ذ‬ َ ُ َُ ْ َُ َ َ ‫ذ‬

ٌِ َٰ‫وتٌفقَٰتِل ٓواٌأ ۡو ِيلَا َءٌٱلش ۡي َط‬
٧٦ٌ…ٌٖۖ‫ن‬ ٌِ ‫ٱلطغ‬ ٌ‫يل‬ َ ‫ون‬
ِ ‫ِينٌكف ُرواٌيقَٰتِل‬
ِ ِ ‫ٌِفٌسب‬ ٌ ‫ٱّللٌِ ٌوٱَّل‬
ٌ ٌ‫يل‬ َ ‫ون‬
ِ ‫واٌيقَٰتِل‬
ِ ِ ‫ٌِفٌسب‬ ٌ ‫ِينٌءامن‬
ٌ ‫ٱَّل‬

‫متبدأ‬

- If the sentence begins with a ‫ جارٌوجمرور‬and is directly followed by an ‫اسمٌموصول‬, then it is a ٌ‫مبتدأ‬
‫مؤخر‬.
َۡ ‫ذ‬
٢٨٤ٌ… ٌ‫ۡرض‬ ٌِ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ِ ‫تٌ َو َماٌ ِِفٌٱۡل‬ ‫ّللٌِ َماٌِفٌ ذ‬
ِ ٌِ

‫معطوف ىلع املبتدأ‬ ‫متبدأ مؤخر‬ ‫متعلق باخلرب مقدم‬

6
‫‪-‬‬ ‫اسمٌموصول ‪ in‬مبتدأ ‪ are frequently used‬أسماءٌاإلشارة ‪. Pronouns and‬خرب ‪, it is a‬مبتدأ ‪If it follows a‬‬
‫‪.‬مشارٌإيله ‪ can never be a‬اسمٌموصول ‪sentences. An‬‬

‫ُ ْ َ َٰٓ َ ذ َ َ َ َٰ ُ ُ ذ ُ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ُ ُ ُ ْ ۡ َ ۡ‬
‫ٱّللٌ َوأ ْولئِكٌه ۡمٌأ ْولواٌٱۡلل َبَٰ ٌِ‬
‫بٌ‪١٨‬‬ ‫ِينٌهدىهمٌ ٌ‬
‫…ٌأولئِكٌٱَّل ٌ‬

‫خرب‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪.‬مفعولٌبه ‪ form, it is a‬يه‪/‬هو ‪ that is not in the‬فعل ‪If it follows a‬‬

‫َ‬ ‫ۡ َ ُْٓ ذ َ َ ُ ۡ ذ َ َ‬
‫اٌَنۡ ُن ُ‬ ‫َ َ َ ْ َ َ‬ ‫وا ٌْقَال ُ ٓوا ْ َ‬ ‫َ َُ ْ ذ‬
‫ٌم ۡستَ ۡه ِز ُءونٌ‪١٤‬‬ ‫ام ذناٌِإَوذاٌخل ۡواٌإ ِ ََٰلٌش َيَٰ ِطين ِ ِهمٌقالواٌإِناٌمعكمٌإِنم‬
‫ٌء َ‬ ‫ام ُن ٌ‬
‫ِينٌ َء َ‬
‫ِإَوذاٌلقواٌٱَّل ٌَ‬
‫فاعله "هم"‬
‫مفعول به‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫مفعولٌبه ‪If it follows a command, it is a‬‬

‫َ‬ ‫َۡ َ ۡ َۡ‬ ‫ذ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ذ َٰ َ َٰ َ ذ َ ُ ۡ َ ذ َٰ َ ۡ‬

‫ُ‬ ‫َٰ‬
‫تٌَترِيٌمِنٌَتتِهاٌٱۡلنه ٌرٌ…ٌ‪٢٥‬‬‫تٌأنٌلهمٌجن ن‬ ‫ِينٌءامنواٌوع ِملواٌٱلصل ِح ٌِ‬ ‫َوب َ ِ ٌِ‬
‫شٌٱَّل ٌ‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫فعل أمر‬
‫مفعول به‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ (unless the‬فاعل ‪ٌ, it is a‬مفعولٌبه ‪ form, and there is already a‬يه‪/‬هو ‪ that is in the‬فعل ‪If it follows a‬‬
‫)مفعولٌبه ‪ takes two‬فعل‬

‫ۡ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫َ‬

‫ِينٌي َ ۡس َتۢنب ِ ُطون ٌُهۥٌمِن ُه ٌۡمٌ…ٌ‪٨٣‬‬
‫…ل َعل َِم ُهٌٱَّل ٌَ‬
‫مفعول به‬
‫فاعل‬

‫َ َ ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫…ٌ َو ُي َعل ُِمكمٌ ذماٌل ۡمٌتكونواٌت ۡعل ُم ٌ‬
‫ونٌ‪ٌ ١٥١‬‬
‫ٍّ‬
‫متعد ىلع مفعولني‬
‫مفعول به ثان‬ ‫مفعول به أول‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫فاعل ‪ it is a‬قال ‪If it follows‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ٞ َ َ َٓ َۡ َۡ ُ‫َ َ َ ذ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ََۡ ُ َ ُ َ ذ‬
١١٨ٌ…ٌ‫ٱّللٌأوٌتأت ِيناٌءاية‬
ٌ ٌ‫ِينٌالٌيعلمونٌلوالٌيكل ِمنا‬
ٌ ‫الٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ‫وق‬

‫فاعل‬

- If the ‫ فعل‬is ‫ الزم‬it is a ‫فاعل‬

َ ‫ونٌل ِۡل َعَٰلَم‬

ً ‫يٌنَذ‬ َ ُ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ ‫َ َ َ َ ذ َ ذ‬
١ٌ‫ِيرا‬ ِ ‫لَعٌع ۡب ِد ٌه ِۦٌ ِيلك‬ ٌ‫ان‬
ٌ ‫كٌٱَّلِيٌنزلٌٱلفرق‬
ٌ ‫تبار‬
‫فعل الزم‬

‫فاعل‬
ٌ

- If the ‫ فعل‬is ‫ جمهول‬it is a ‫نائبٌالفاعل‬

َ ۡ ٌ‫ِينٌ ذٱت َق ۡوٌا ٌْ َر ذب ُه ۡمٌإ ِ ََل‬

٧٣ٌ…ٌ‫ٱۡل ذنةٌٌِ ُز َم ًرا‬
‫َ َ ذ‬
ٌَ ‫ِيقٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ‫وس‬
‫فعل جمهول‬
‫نائب الفاعل‬

12.4 STATUS
The status of the ‫ اسم موصول‬depends on the role it is playing in the sentence, as is the case with any other
‫اسم‬. However, since it is ‫ مبن‬and cannot show its status, it is labeled as __ ‫ِف حمل‬. The ‫ صلة‬has no
‫ََر‬
grammatical labeling. The way this is expressed in Arabic is ‫اإلعراب‬
ِ ‫ال حمل هلا ِم َن‬. The ‫ صلة‬as a whole has no
labeling; however, if you go inside the ‫صلة‬, you will find a complete sentence. You can do the ‫ إعراب‬of
this sentence as you would do the ‫ إعراب‬of any other sentence.

12.5 RECOGNIZING THE ‫اعئد‬

The ‫ اعئد‬is a pronoun within the ‫ صلة‬which refers back to the ‫اسم موصول‬. It can appear as an attached,
detached, inside, or implied pronoun. It always matches in number and gender with the ‫اسم موصول‬. There
is no equivalent of a ‫ اعئد‬in English, and it is DISREGARDED WHEN TRANSLATING .

ATTACHED
َ ۡ َ ُ ‫َ َذُ ذ‬ َ
ٌ ‫ِبٌٌب ِ َها ٌٱل ُم ۡج ِر ٌُم‬
ٌ ٤٣ٌ‫ون‬ ُ ‫كذ‬ ٌ ِ ‫هَٰ ِذه ِۦٌجهنمٌٱل‬
‫تٌي‬

‫ الت‬is the ‫ اسمٌموصول‬and ‫ ها‬is the ‫اعئد‬. Notice that they match in number and gender

8
 DETACHED
َ َ َ َ ُ َ ‫ذ‬
ٌ ‫ٌصٗلت ِ ِه ۡمٌخَٰشِ ُع‬
٢ٌ‫ون‬ ‫ِينٌ ه ٌۡم ٌ ِِف‬
ٌ ‫ٱَّل‬

‫ اَّلين‬is the ‫ اسمٌموصول‬and ‫ هم‬is the ‫اعئد‬. Notice that they match in number and gender.

INSIDE
َ ُ‫ذ‬
ٌ ‫ٌرب ِ ِه ۡم ٌَي َت َوَّك‬
ٌ ٩٩ٌ‫ون‬ َٰ َ َ ‫وا ٌْ َو‬
َ ‫لَع‬ ٌ ‫ام ُن‬
َ ‫ِينٌ َء‬ ‫ََ ذ‬ ۡ َُ َ ۡ َ ُ ‫ذ‬
ٌَ ‫ٌلۥٌ ُسل َطَٰنٌلَعٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ‫إِنهۥٌليس‬

‫ اَّلين‬is the ‫ اسمٌموصول‬and the ‫ هم‬inside the ‫ آمنوا‬is theٌ‫اعئد‬. Notice that they match in number and gender.

َۡ
IMPLIED
َ ۡ ٌ‫يز‬
ٌُ ‫ٱۡلك‬
١ٌ‫ِيم‬
ۡ ُ
ٌُ ِ‫ۡرضٌ َوه َوٌٱل َعز‬
ٌٖۖ ِ ‫تٌ ٌَوٱۡل‬ ‫حٌ ِ ذّلل ٌِ َماٌِفٌ ذ‬
ٌِ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬ ِ ٌَ ‫َس ذب‬

The implied ‫ )هو( اعئد‬at the beginning of the ‫ )هوٌِفٌالسمواتٌواۡلرض( صلة‬makes the ‫ صلة‬a complete sentence.

12.6 CONSTRUCTING THE ‫اعئد‬

ATTACHED
The attached ‫ اعئد‬is required when the ‫ اسم موصول‬and the subject of the ‫ صلة‬are talking about DIFFERENT
things.
‫َ ْ ُ ر َ َ ر‬
‫اذلي تكل َم‬
ِ ‫س ِمعت‬

I heard the one who spoke.

In the example above, ‫ اذلي‬is talking about the man who spoke. The subject of the ‫ صلة‬is the man who
‫َ َ ر‬
spoke – the SAME man. For this reason, the ‫ هو‬inside of the word ‫ تكل َم‬suffices as a ‫اعئد‬, and an attached
‫ اعئد‬is not required.

َُْ ‫َ ْ ُ ر َ َ ر‬
‫اذلي تكل َم عنه‬
ِ ‫س ِمعت‬

I heard what he spoke about.

In the example above, ‫ اذلي‬refers to that which was heard – the speech. The pronoun inside the word
‫َ َ ر‬
‫ تكل َم‬refers to the one who spoke – the man. They are not referring to the same thing; therefore, an
attached ‫ اعئد‬is required.

9
 Note that if the ‫ فعل‬used is associated with a ‫حرف‬, the ‫ اعئد‬will attach to that ‫ حرف‬as we saw in the
example above. If the ‫ فعل‬takes a direct ‫مفعول به‬, the ‫ اعئد‬will attach to the ‫ فعل‬directly, as seen in the
example below.
ََُْ َََ ‫ََْ ُ ُ ُ َ ر‬
‫قرأت الكتب ال ِت كتب ها َحزة‬

I read the books that Hamza wrote.

DETACHED
The detached ‫ اعئد‬only ever appears as a ‫ مبتدأ‬when the ‫ صلة‬is a ‫مجلة اسمية‬. When constructing, be sure
that the pronoun matches with the ‫ اسم موصول‬in number and gender.

ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ‫َ ْ ُ ر‬
‫المد َر َس ِة‬ ‫ت ال ِت ِه اع ِملة ِِف‬ ‫ل ِقي‬

I met the one who is working at the school.

INSIDE
The inside ‫ اعئد‬only ever appears as a pronoun inside a ‫ فعل‬when the ‫ صلة‬is a ‫مجلة فعلية‬. When
constructing, be sure that the pronoun in the ‫ فعل‬matches with the ‫ اسم موصول‬in number and gender.

َ ُ ْ ‫َ ْ ر‬
‫اذلي َن قال ْوا ذلك‬
ِ ‫هم‬

They are the ones who said that.

IMPLIED
There are two cases in which the ‫ اعئد‬is optional. If you choose to omit the ‫اعئد‬, it is considered implied.

1. When ‫من‬/‫ ما‬are used

َ َ ‫ٌاّللٌ َماٌِف ذ‬ُ ‫َخلَ َق‬
ٌ‫ٌواۡل ْر ِض‬ ِ ‫ٌالس َم‬
‫وات‬ ِ
َ َ ُ ‫َخلَ َق‬
‫ٌاّللٌ َماٌ ُه ٌَو ٌِف ذ‬
ٌ ِ ‫ٌواۡل ْر‬
ٌ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ٌالس َم‬
‫وات‬ ِ

Allah created whatever is in the skies and the earth

ُْ
ٌ‫ت‬ٌ ُ ‫هذاٌ َماٌقل‬
ُْ
ٌ ‫هذاٌ َماٌقل ٌُت ٌُه‬

This is what I said

10
2. When the ‫ صلة‬is a ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬made up of a ‫ مبتدأ‬that is a pronoun and a ‫متعلقٌباخلرب‬, the ‫ مبتدأ‬can be
omitted
َ َْ ْ ‫ر ر‬
‫اذلي َن ِعند َر ِّبك‬
ِ ‫ِإن‬
َ َْ ُ ْ ‫ر ر‬
‫اذلي َن ه ْم ِعند َر ِّبك‬
ِ ‫إِن‬

Certainly those who are with your Master…

11
 CHAPTER 13 – COMPOUND ‫صفة‬
‫األسماء‬
َ ُْ َ ٓ َ
ٌ ٌ‫َطي ِ َبةٌ–ٌ َطيِبات‬ ٌ ٌ‫ش َه َٰ َدة‬ ٌ ٌ‫فلك‬ ٌ ٌ‫َطائِفة‬ ٌ‫ َم ْوث ِق‬/ٌ‫مِيثَٰق‬
pure/good thing testimony/martyrdom boat group pledge/pact
ََ ُ َ َ ‫ز‬ ْ َ ‫ح ِْزبٌٌ–ٌأ‬
ٌ‫فلك‬ ٌ ٌ‫ضيْفٌ–ٌض ُي ْوف‬
ٌ ٌ ٌ‫ينة‬ِ ٌ ٌ‫ح َزاب‬ ٌ َ َ‫يَت ِيمٌ–ٌي‬
ٌ ‫تام‬
star orbit guest decoration team/group Orphan
ْ َ‫أ‬ ُ َ َ َ ٓ َْ َ
ٌ ٌ‫َب ْطنٌٌ–ٌ ُب ُط ْون‬
َ
ٌ‫صل‬ ٌ ‫فَٰاحِشةٌٌ–ٌفواح‬
‫ِش‬ ‫هوى – أه َواء‬ ٌ ٌ‫د َر َجة‬
origin/root ٌ stomach shamelessness empty desire Level

‫األفعال‬
ًْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َْ ْ َ
to strive ‫سَع يسَع سعيا‬ to suppress/hide ‫كتَ َم يْكتُ ُم كت ًما‬
ً ‫أَقْ َس َم ُي ْقس ُم إقْ َس‬
‫اما‬ ً َ‫بَال َيبْلُ ْو ب‬
‫الء‬
to swear/take an oath ِ ِ to test/put in trial
ً ‫َ ر َُ ر ر‬ ًّ َ ‫َ ر‬
to tell stories ‫قص يقص قِصة‬ to become deserved )‫ُي رق َحقا(ىلع‬ ِ ‫حق‬
ْ ََُْ َ َ ً
to understand deeply ‫ف ِقه يفقه فِق ًها‬ to be ahead/outpace ‫َسبَ َق ي َ ْس ِب ُق َسبْقا‬
ً َْ ُ َُْ َ ََ ْ َ ِّ َ ُ ‫َ ر‬
to blow ‫نفخ ينفخ نفخا‬ to determine/measure ‫قد َر يقد ُر تق ِدي ْ ًرا‬
ً ْ ‫كف‬ ْ َ ِّ َ ُ ‫َ ر‬ ًْ َ ُ ْ َ ََ َ
to remove/hide )‫ْيا (عن‬ ِ ‫كف َر يكف ُر ت‬ to avert ‫َصفا‬ ‫َصف‬ ِ ‫َصف ي‬
ً ُ ُ ُ َ َ ْ ْ ََْ ََ ْ
to pave ‫َسلك ي َ ْسلك ُسل ْوك‬ to choose ً َ‫ج ِتب‬
‫اء‬ ‫ِاجتَب َيت ِِب ِا‬

VERBAL IDIOMS
َْ ‫ََ ُْ َ َ ر‬
ِ‫ما قدروا اهلل حق قد ِره‬ They did not regard Allah as he deserves to be regarded. 6:91, 22:74,
[lit. they did not measure Allah the right of His measurement] 39:67
ُ
‫اهلل َح رق تقاتِ ِه‬ َ ‫ا رت ُق ْوا‬
ِ Be mindful of Allah as he deserves.
3:102
[lit. be mindful of Allah the right of His mindfulness]
َ َ
‫َر َج َع إِىل ن ِف ِس ِه‬ to engage in self examination
21:64
[lit. to return to oneself]
ْ ََ ُ
‫ك َس ىلع َرأ ِس ِه‬ ِ ‫ن‬ for one’s judgement to become warped/ to relapse into sickness
21:65
[lit. to be turned over on one’s head]
َ
‫َشء‬ ْ َ ‫َ َُل ِم َن األ ْمر‬ To have control over the matter 3:128
ِ
[lit. to have something in the matter] 3:154

12
 CHAPTER 13 - COMPOUND ‫صفة‬
13.1 TYPES OF ‫صفة‬
A ‫ صفة‬is an adjective used to describe an ‫اسم‬. When we first studied the ‫موصوف وصفة‬, we learned that a
‫ صفة‬is made up of a single ‫)االسم املفرد( اسم‬. Sometimes a single word is not enough to express what must
be expressed. In such cases, sentences and fragments can be used as ‫ صفة‬as well. As we learned
previously, there are two types of ‫ اسم‬that can be used as ‫صفة‬.

1. ٌ‫االسمٌالمفرد‬
2. ‫االسمٌالموصولٌوصلته‬

There are also two types of sentences that can act as a ‫صفة‬.

1. ‫اۡلملةٌاالسمية‬
2. ‫اۡلملةٌالفعلية‬

There are also two types of fragments that can act as a ‫صفة‬.

3. ‫اإلضافة‬
4. ‫اۡلارٌوالمجرور‬

Of these type of ‫صفة‬, the ‫ اسم موصول‬is used only when the ‫ موصوف‬is proper. The ‫مجلة اسمية‬, ‫مجلة فعلية‬, and
‫ جار وجمرور‬are used only when the ‫ موصوف‬is common. The ‫ إضافة‬and ‫ اسم تفضيل‬can be used with both a
proper and common ‫موصوف‬.

1. ‫ٌاالسمٌالمفرد‬
proper or common ‫موصوف‬
2. ‫اإلضافة‬

3. ‫االسمٌالموصولٌوصلته‬ proper ‫ موصوف‬only

4. ‫اۡلملةٌاالسمية‬

5. ‫اۡلملةٌالفعلية‬ common ‫ موصوف‬only

6. ‫اۡلارٌوالمجرور‬

13
 We studied ‫ االسم املفرد‬in beginning ‫ حنو‬and about ‫ االسم املوصول‬as a ‫ صفة‬in the previous chapter. Let us take a
look at the remaining types of ‫صفة‬.

13.2 ‫ مجلة اسمية‬AS A ‫صفة‬

This type of ‫ صفة‬occurs only when the ‫ موصوف‬is common. Keep an eye out for three things when looking
for this type of ‫صفة‬:

1) A common ‫اسم‬
2) A ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬that directly follows the common ‫اسم‬
3) A ‫ اعئد‬within the ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬that matches the ‫ موصوف‬in number and gender

ُ َٓ ُ َ ‫َذ ٓ ذ‬
١٠٠ … ٌ ٌ‫…لَكٌُۚإِن َهاٌَك َِمةٌٌه َوٌقائ ٌِل َها‬

… No! Indeed, it is a word that he is saying.

َ
‫َك َمة‬
ُ َٓ ُ
ِ is a common word followed by a ‫ مجلة اسمية‬: “‫”ه َو قائِل َها‬. The “‫”ها‬
َ َ
is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ‫َكِ َمة‬.

َ َ ‫ذ‬ ۡ َ َ
ٌ ٣١ٌٌ‫عٌفِي ٌهٌِ َوالٌخِلَٰل‬ٞ ‫ٌال ٌَب ۡي‬ٞ‫ِتٌيَ ۡو ٌم‬
َ ِ ‫ِنٌق ۡبلٌأنٌيَأ‬
ِ ‫ٌم‬...

… before a day on which there is no bargaining or friendship comes.

‫ يَ ْوم‬is a common word followed by a ‫ مجلة اسمية‬: “‫”ال َبيْع ِفيْ ِه وال ِخالل‬. The “ِ‫ ”ه‬is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ‫يَ ْوم‬.

َ َ َ
ٌٞ ِ‫ٌر‬...
ٌ ٢٤ٌ‫ٌم‬ٞ ‫يحٌفِي َها ٌعذابٌأ ِيل‬

… a wind in which there is painful punishment …

َ
‫ ِريْح‬is a common word followed by a ‫ مجلة اسمية‬: “‫” ِفيْها َع َذاب أ ِيلْم‬. The “‫ ” َها‬is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ‫ريْح‬.ِ

***N OTE that when translating a sentence as a ‫صفة‬, there is usually a “that” or a “who” between the
‫ موصوف‬and the ‫صفة‬.

13.3 ‫ مجلة فعلية‬AS A ‫صفة‬

This type of ‫ صفة‬occurs only when the ‫ موصوف‬is common. Keep an eye out for three things when looking
for this type of ‫صفة‬:

14
 1) A common ‫اسم‬
2) A ‫ مجلةٌفعلية‬that directly follows the common ‫اسم‬
3) A ‫ اعئد‬within the ‫ مجلةٌفعلية‬that matches the ‫ موصوف‬in number and gender

َۡ ۡ َ َۡ ۡ َ ٞ َٰ ‫َ ذ‬
١٥ٌ…ٌ‫ٱۡلن َه َٰ ٌُر‬
ٌ ٌ ‫تٌَت ِريٌمِنٌَت ٌت ِها‬ٌ ‫…جن‬

… Gardens from under which rivers flow …

‫ر‬ ‫َ َّٰر‬
ٞ‫ َج َّٰنت‬is a common word followed by a ‫ مجلة فعلية‬. The “‫”ها‬
َ
is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ٞ‫جنت‬.

‫ُ ٓ َۡ ََٓ َ َ ۡ ُ َ َ ُ ۡ َۡ ا ََ َ ا‬ ُ ۡ َ‫ُۡ ََ ذ‬
ٌ ١٦ٌ...ٌ‫اٌوالٌضٌُۚا‬‫س ِهمٌنفع‬
ِ ‫ٌۡلنف‬
ِ ‫قلٌأ ٌفٱُتذتمٌمِنٌدون ِ ٌهِ ٌۦٌأو ِيلا ٌءٌالٌيمل ِكون‬...

…Say, “Then have you all taken protective friends who do not possess benefit or harm for
themselves? …”
َ َ
َ ‫ أ ْو ِيل‬is a common word followed by a ‫مجلة فعلية‬. The “‫ ” ُه ْم‬is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ‫اء‬
‫اء‬ َ ‫أ ْو ِيل‬.

ٌ ٤٣ٌ‫ُصا‬ َ ‫ٌم‬
ً ِ ‫نت‬ َ ََ ‫ذ‬
ُ ‫اٌَك َن‬‫ٱّللٌِوم‬
ٌ ٌ‫ون‬
ُ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ٞ َ ٌُ ‫ك ذ‬ ُ َ ََۡ
ِ ‫نٌلۥٌف ِئ ٌةٌينُصون ٌهۥٌمِنٌد‬ ‫ول ٌمٌت‬

… And he did not have a group who could help him without Allah and he was victorious.
‫ فِئَة‬is a common word followed by a ‫مجلة فعلية‬. The “‫ ” ُه ْم‬inside the ‫ فعل‬is serving as the ‫ اعئد‬for ‫فِئَة‬.

***N OTE that when translating a sentence as a ‫صفة‬, there is usually a “that” or a “who” between the
‫ موصوف‬and the ‫صفة‬.

13.4 ‫ أضافة‬AS A ‫صفة‬

ُ
Special ‫ مضاف‬can also occur as ‫صفة‬. Some special ‫ مضاف‬that appear as a ‫ صفة‬in the Quran are ‫ غْي‬and ‫ذو‬
ْ
and ‫ ِمثل‬. The ‫ إضافة‬will match the ‫ موصوف‬in status, number, and gender, but not necessarily in type.

َ ۡ ْ ُ ُ َ َ ۡ َ ً ُ ُ ۡ ُ َٰ َ ۡ ‫َ ذ‬
ٌ َ ‫ۡيهاٌ ِيلَذوقواٌٱل َعذ‬
٥٦…‫اب‬ ‫…ٌبدلنهمٌجلوداٌغ‬

… We replace them with other skins so they can taste the punishment...

15
 َ
Notice that when ‫ غۡي‬is acting as a ‫صفة‬, it translates as “other”. Notice how the ‫)غۡيها( إضافة‬ matches ‫ جلودا‬in status, number,
and gender, but not in type.

ُ َ ۡ‫َ ذ‬ ۡ ُ ُّ َ ۡ َ
ٌ ١٢ٌ‫ان‬
ٌ ‫ح‬ ٌ ِ ‫بٌذوٌٱل َع ۡص‬
‫فٌ ٌوٱلري‬ ٌ ‫وٱۡل‬

…and grains that have husks and scented plants...

Notice that when ‫ ذو‬is acting as a ‫صفة‬, it translates as possessive (“that have” or “that contains”). It will also match its ‫موصوف‬
in all four properties, including type.

ُ ُۡ ٞ ََ ََ۠ َٓ ‫ُۡ ذ‬
ٌ ٦ٌ… ‫شٌمِثلك ٌۡم‬
ٌ ‫لٌإِنماٌأناٌب‬
ٌ‫ق‬

Say, “I am nothing but a human like yourselves…”

Notice how the ‫ إضافة‬matches the ‫ موصوف‬in status, number, and gender, but not in type.

13.5 ‫ جار جمرور‬AS A ‫صفة‬

We have previously seen a ‫ جار وجمرور‬to play one of two roles: a ‫ متعلق باخلرب‬in a ‫ مجلة اسمية‬or a ‫ متعلق بالفعل‬in
a ‫جلمة فعلية‬. Recall that ‫ متعلق‬means “connected with” or “attached to”. That is the nature of a ‫جار وجمرور‬:
it is always connected to something else, be it a ‫ فعل‬or a ‫ خرب‬or any other part of the sentence. Meaning
is how to find what a ‫ جار وجمرور‬is ‫ متعلق‬to.

***NOTE that sometimes a ‫ متعلق‬can come BEFORE what it is ‫ متعلق‬to. We have seen this when a ‫متعلق‬
‫ باخلرب‬comes before the ‫خرب‬. Take a look at the following examples:

َ َ َ ُ َ ۡ َ َ ٓ ‫َ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ ُ َ ۡ َ ا ذ ۢ َ ۡ َ ذ‬
ٌ ِ ‫ٌم ذست ُهٌيلَقول ذنٌهَٰذ‬
٥٠…‫اٌَل‬ ‫نٌأذقنهٌرۡحةٌمِناٌ ِمنٌبعدٌِضاء‬
ٌ ِ ‫و لئ‬

Certainly, if We were to make people taste mercy from Us after harm which afflicted him, he
would certainly say “This is for me.”

16
 َ ٞ ُ َ َ ُ ‫َ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ َٰ َ ذ َ ۡ َ ا ُ ذ َ َ ۡ َ َ ۡ ُ ذ‬
ٞ٩ٌ‫ٌك ُفور‬‫نٌمِناٌرۡحةٌثمٌنزعنَٰهاٌمِنهٌإِن ٌهۥٌليٌوس‬
ٌ ‫ٱإلنس‬
ِ ٌ‫نٌأذقنا‬ٌ ِ ‫و لئ‬

If We allow humans to taste mercy from Us then We take it away from him, then he is certainly
miserable and ungrateful.

Notice that the ‫ )منا( متعلق‬is coming before the word that it is ‫ متعلق‬to (‫)رۡحة‬. Notice also that this did not alter the order of
the words in translation.

Sometimes a ‫ مقلتع‬can appear to interrupt a ‫ موصوف‬and a ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬. In such cases, the ‫ مقلتع‬is actually
considered to be the first ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬in the sequence. The ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬following it is the second ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬. This only occurs
when the ‫ مووصف‬is common. Generally the ‫رحف جر‬. that is used is ْ‫م ِن‬

ٓ َ
... َ ِ ‫ح نٌَةٌم ٌنرذ ِب‬
ُ َ ‫كٌٌت‬
٢٨ٌ‫رج ۡو َه ٌا‬ ۡ ‫َاءر‬
َ ٌ ‫ ٌٱ ۡبتِغ‬...
In pursuit of mercy from your master that you wish for…”
‫ رۡحة‬is the ‫موصوف‬. It has two ‫صفة‬. The first is ‫منٌربك‬. The second is ‫ترجوها‬, a JF acting as a ‫صفة‬.

َ ُ َۡ ‫َ َٓ ا‬ ۡ َ
ٌ ِ ‫ٌأخ َر ۡج َناٌل ُه ۡمٌدابذ ٌةٌم َِنٌٱۡل‬...
٨٢ٌ...ٌ‫ۡرضٌتكل ُِم ُه ٌۡم‬

We brought out for them a creature from the earth that speaks to them.
‫ دابة‬is the ‫موصوف‬. It has two ‫صفة‬. The first is ‫منٌاۡلرض‬. The second is ‫تكلمهم‬, a JF acting as a ‫صفة‬.

ُ ‫ِيٌأُ ۡرس ِۡل‬

٨٧ٌ...ٌ‫تٌب ِ ٌهِۦ‬
‫ُ ۡ َ َ ْ ذ‬
ٌٓ ‫ام ُنواٌٌب ِٱَّل‬
ٞ َ ٓ
‫ٌ َطائِف ٌةٌمِنك ٌمٌء‬...

…a group from among you that believed in what I was sent with…
‫ طائفة‬is the ‫موصوف‬. It has two ‫صفة‬. The first is ‫منكم‬. The second is ... ‫ آمنواٌباَّلي‬, a JF acting as a ‫صفة‬.

17
 CHAPTER 14 VOCABULARY
‫األسماء‬
ََ َ ‫ذ‬ َْ َُ
ٌ ٌ‫َح ٌّدٌ–ٌ ُح ُد ْود‬ ٌ ٌ‫أثرٌٌ–ٌآثار‬ ٌ ٌ‫مِلةٌٌ– مِلل‬ ٌ ٌ‫ق ِْسط‬ ‫فؤادٌٌ– أفئ ِ َد ٌة‬
boundary traces/remnants creed/belief ٌ justice emotional heart
َ ْ‫َصي‬
َْ ٌ ٌ‫حة‬ َ َ
ٌ ٌ‫فتح‬ ٌ ٌ‫َوبال‬ ٌ ٌ‫شفَٰ َعة‬ ٌ ٌ‫َح َرج‬
a loud
victory negative consequence intercession blame/constriction
cry/shout
َ ُ
ُ َْ َ ً ْ ‫ن ْطفة‬ َ
ٌ ٌ‫َنمٌ–ٌَنُ ْوم‬ ‫وِ ْزرٌ– أ ْو َزار‬ ٌ ‫َبغ َت ٌة‬ ‫حلْم‬
a sperm
star ٌ burden suddenly meat
drop

‫األفعال‬
ً ْ ُ ْ َ ََ َ ُ
to dissuade ‫أفك يَأفِك ِإفك‬ to give longevity/provision ‫َم رت َع ي َمتِّ ُع ت ْم ِتيْ ًعا‬
ً ْ َ
to know ‫د َرى يَد ِر ْي ِد َرايَة‬ to remain/to enjoy the pleasures of َ َ
‫ت َم رت َع يتَ َم رت ُع ت َم رت ًعا‬
َ
life
ْ ً ْ ُ ُ َ َْ
to expand/spread ‫ب َ َس َط يَب ُس ُط ب َ ْس ًطا‬ to hold/be miserly ‫أم َسك ي ْم ِسك ِإم َساك‬
ً ْ ‫ْي َس‬
‫ْيا‬ ُ ْ ‫سار يَس‬
ِ
َ ً ‫أَ ْد َرى يُ ْدر ْي إ ْد َر‬
‫اء‬
to walk/journey to inform ِ ِ
ً ْ ُ ُْ َ ََْ ً ْ ْ َ ُ ِّ َ ُ َ ‫َ ر‬
to bring into life ‫ت إِنبَاتا‬ ‫أنبت ين ِب‬ to detail/explain ‫فصل يفصل تف ِصيال‬
َ ً َْ ُ ُْ َ َْ ً ْ‫أَقْ َر َض ُي ْقر ُض إق‬
to bless )‫أنعم ين ِعم إِنعاما (ىلع‬ to lend ‫راضا‬ ِ ِ
ً َْ
‫ف َط َر يف ُط ُر فِ ْط َرة‬
َ ً‫َص إ َْصارا‬ ‫َص يُ ر‬ ‫أَ َ ر‬
to tire/slacken to persist ِ ِ

VERBAL IDIOMS
ُ‫َش رد أَ ْز َره‬ To provide support to somebody.
20:31
[lit. He fortified his back.]
ُ‫َش رد َع ُض َده‬ To provide support to somebody.
28:35
[lit. He fortified his arm.]
ُ َ َ َُ َ َ َ
‫ناحه‬ ‫خفض َل ج‬ To be accommodating/to show humility and tenderness. 17:27
[lit. He lowered his wings to him.] 15:88
َ
‫َعليْ ِه َس ِبيْل‬
a cause to act against someone 3:75, 4:34
[lit. there is a path against him] 4:141, 9:91

18
 ْ ‫اجل ُ ْم لَة ر‬
CHAPTER 14 – ‫الَّش ِط يرة‬
14.1 INTRODUCTION
ْ َ ‫ مجلة‬is a conditional sentence. A conditional sentence
The word ‫ َشط‬literally means “condition”. A ‫َش ِط رية‬
is a sentence in which there are two statements; the second statement cannot come true unless the first
one does.

For example, in the sentence “If you knock, I’ll open the door” the second part (I’ll open the door) will
only happen if the first part (if you knock) happens.

The FIRST PART of the sentence is called ‫الَّشط‬, the condition.

‫ََ ُ ر‬
The SECOND PART of the sentence is called ‫اب الَّش ِط‬‫جو‬, the answer or result of the condition.

ْ ‫ات ر‬ُ َََ

In Arabic, there are various tools that can be used to create a ‫مجلة َشطية‬. These are called ‫الَّش ِط‬ ‫أدو‬, or
the “tools of ‫”َشط‬. Each has a unique meaning. In terms of grammatical function, the ‫ أدوات‬are split into
two categories:
ُ َ
1) ٌ‫ٌاۡلازِ َمة‬ ُ ‫ – أَ َد َو‬tools that make both parts of the conditional sentence ‫( جمزوم‬given that they
ْ ‫ات ذ‬
‫ٌالش ِط‬
both contain a ‫)فعلٌمضارع‬
َ
ُ ْ ‫ٌغ‬ ََ
2) ٌ‫ٌجازِ َمة‬
َ ‫ۡي‬ ‫ – أد َوات‬tools that have no grammatical effect

We will be learning about each of the ‫أدوات‬, their meanings, and their grammatical function.

14.2 ‫أدوات جازمة‬

There are several tools of ‫ َشط‬that are ‫جازمة‬. Each tool has its unique meaning. They all, however, have
the same grammatical rules:

1) They make both the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬lightest (‫ )جمزوم‬given that both parts are ‫مضارع‬
2) They ALWAYS translate in the present tense even when the ‫ ماض‬is used
َ
3) You will often find a ‫ف‬
ٌ on the ‫جواب‬. This usually happens when the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are
different (e.g. ‫ رشط‬is present tense and ‫ جواب‬is past-tense OR ‫ رشط‬is ‫ فعلية‬and the ‫ جواب‬is ‫)اسمية‬

Let us learn about each of the ‫ أدوات‬and their meanings.

Take a look at the examples below. The ‫ أداة الَّشط‬is highlighted, the ‫ َشط‬is underlined once, and the ‫جواب‬
is underlined twice.

19
 ْ
ٌ‫ إ ِ ن‬- IF
ْ ۡ ٞ َ ۡ ُ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ ٞ َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ َۡ
ٌ ١٢٠ٌ...ٌٌ‫ٌسي ِ َئ ٌةٌ َيف َر ُحواٌب ِ َها‬ ‫ٌح َس َن ٌةٌت ُسؤه ٌۡمٌِإَونٌت ِصبكم‬ ‫إِنٌتمسسكم‬

If good touches you, it distresses them. And if harm strikes you, they are happy because of it.
- Both the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are ‫جمزوم‬.

َٰ َ َ ٌ‫ب‬ َ َ ۡ َۡ َ َ ۡ ‫َ ۡ َ َ َُ َۡ ۡ َذ‬
ٌ ١١ٌ...ٌ‫ٌو ۡج ِه ٌهِۦ‬
َ ‫لَع‬ ٌ َ ‫ابت ُهٌف ِت َنةٌٌٱنقل‬‫ِإَونٌأص‬ ٌ ‫ٱط َمأ‬
ٌ ٌٌ‫نٌب ِ ٌهِۦ‬ ٌ‫ۡي‬
ٌ ‫نٌأصاب ٌهۥٌخ‬
ٌ ِ ‫ٌفإ‬...

Then if good strikes him, he is content with it. And if a trial strikes him, he turns back to his
old ways…
- The ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are ‫ ماض‬and remain unaffected.

- Notice that the sentence still translates in the present tense.

ُ َ ٌّ َ َ ‫َ ۡ ُ ُ ْ َ ذ ذ‬
ٌ ٧ٌ...ٌ‫ِنٌعنك ٌۡم‬ِ ‫ٱّللٌغ‬
ٌ ٌ‫واٌفإِن‬
ٌ ‫إِنٌتكفر‬

If you all disbelieve, then Allah is free from need of you.

- The ‫ فعلٌمضارع‬in the ‫ رشط‬is ‫جمزوم‬.

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ف‬on the ‫جوابٌالشط‬. Notice that the ‫ جواب‬is a ‫مجلةٌاسمية‬.

ٌ‫ – مَ ْن‬W H O E V E R
َ
- ٌْ ‫ َم‬is different than the ‫ٌم ْو ُص ْولة‬
Note that this ‫ن‬ َ ‫م ْن‬.
َ It is not an ‫ اسم‬that can play any role in a

sentence. It is a tool used to create a conditional statement.

ۡ ُ َ َ‫ذ َ ذ ذ‬ َ ُ ۡ َ
ٌِ ‫يعٌٱۡل َِس‬
ٌ ١٩ٌ‫اب‬ ‫َس‬
ِ ٌ‫ٱّلل‬
ٌ ٌ‫ٱّللٌِفإِن‬
ٌ ٌ‫ت‬ ِ َٰ ‫ َومنٌيَكف ۡرٌأَ‍ِبي‬...

Whoever disbelieves in the miraculous signs of Allah, then no doubt, Allah is swift in taking
account.
- ٌ‫ َم ْن‬is affecting the ‫ فعلٌمضارع‬in the ‫رشط‬

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ف‬on the ‫جواب‬

20
 َ َ ُّ َ َ ‫َ َ َ ذ َ ذ‬ ۡ َ َ ‫ىٌفَإ ذن َم‬ َ َ ۡ ٌ ‫ذم‬
ٌ ١٥ٌ...ٌُۚ ‫ضلٌعل ۡي َهٌا‬ ِ ‫لٌفإِنماٌي‬ ِ ‫اٌي ۡهتدِيٌِلِ َف‬
ٌ ‫س ٌهِۦٌٌومنٌض‬ ِ ٌَٰ ‫نٌٱهتد‬ ِ
Whoever commits to guidance is only doing so for their own self. Whoever strays, strays
against his self…
- ٌ‫ َم ْن‬appears with the ‫ ماض‬in this example and has no effect on it

- The ayah translates in the present, even though the ‫ فعل‬is ‫ماض‬

‫ – ما‬W H A T E V E R
َ
- Note that this ‫ ما‬is different from the ‫ماٌم ْو ُص ْولة‬.
َ It is not an ‫ اسم‬that can play any role in a
sentence. It is a tool used to create a conditional statement.

َ َ ۡ ُ َ ُ ََ ۡ ُ َۡ ‫ذ َُ ذ‬ َ ْ ُ ُ
ٌ ٦٠ٌ‫نت ۡمٌالٌتظل ُمون‬ ٌ ‫ٱّللٌِيوفٌإِيل‬
‫ك ٌمٌوأ‬ ٌ ٌ‫يل‬ َ ‫ِنٌَشءن‬
ِ ۡ
ِ ِ ‫ٌِفٌسب‬ ‫ َو َماٌتنفِقواٌم‬...

And whatever you spend in the path of Allah, it will be returned to you in full, and YOU will
not be wronged.
- Both the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are ‫جمزوم‬.

***NOTE that ‫ ما الَّشطية‬will often be accompanied by ‫ ِم ْن ابليا ِن رية‬. ‫ ما‬in its nature is ambiguous, so ‫من ابليانية‬
clarifies whatever is need of clarification, be it the doer or the detail. Look at the following examples.

ۡ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُّ ُ َ َٰ َ َ ٓ َ َ
ٌ ٣٠ٌ...ٌ‫ومٌاٌٌأصبكمٌمِنٌم ِصيبةنٌٌفبِماٌكسبتٌأيدِيك ٌم‬

Whatever strikes you of disaster, then it is from what you have earned…
- The ayah translates in the present-tense even though the ‫ ماض‬is used.

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ف‬on the ‫جواب‬.

- The ‫ منٌابليانية‬is clarifying the doer.

َ َ ُ ‫ۡح ٌةٌفَ َٗل‬

َۡ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬ ۡ
٢…ٌٌ‫ٌم ۡمسِكٌل َها‬ ِ ‫ٱّللٌل ذِلن‬
‫اسٌمِنٌر ن‬ ٌُ ٌ ِ‫ذماٌ َيف َتح‬

Whatever Allah opens for mankind of mercy, then there is absolutely no holding it back.
َ
- The ‫ رشط‬is ‫ جمزوم‬and the ‫ جواب‬has a ٌ‫ ف‬because it is a ‫مجلةٌاسمية‬.

21
 - The ‫ منٌابليانية‬is clarifying the detail.
َ
‫ – أ ي ْ ن َ ما‬W H E R E V E R

‫َۡ َ َ ُ ُ ْٓ ُ ُ ْ َ ُ ُ ْ َۡ ا‬
ٌ ٦١ٌ‫يٗل‬
ٌ ِ ‫ٌأينماٌثقِفوٌاٌأخِذواٌوقتِلواٌتقت‬...

Wherever they are found, they are taken and massacred completely.
- The ayah translates in the present-tense even though the ‫ ماض‬is used.

َ ُّ ُ ۡ َ َ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُ ُّ ْ ُ ُ َ َ ََۡ
ٌ ٧٨ٌ...ٌ‫ٌمش ذي َدة‬ ‫ٌِفٌب ُر ن‬
‫وج‬ ِ
ُ ‫ٌك‬
ُ ‫نت ۡم‬ ‫تٌولو‬ٌ ‫واٌيُ ۡدرِككمٌٱلمو‬
ٌ ‫أينماٌتكون‬

Wherever you may be, death will find you, even if you are in towers of lofty construction…
- Both the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are ‫جمزوم‬.

14.3 ‫أدوات غْي جازمة‬

There are two ‫أدوات غْي جازمة‬. They each have their own meaning and rules.
َ
ٌْ‫ل و‬
َ
- ٌ‫ ل ْو‬is used to express conditions that are highly unlikely or hypothetical. It generally translates as
“Had it been the case that…” or “Had…”.
- This is the only ‫ رشط‬that translates in the past tense.
َ َ
- In a conditional sentence that uses ‫ل ٌْو‬, you will generally find a ‫ ٌل‬on the first word in the ‫جواب‬.
َ
This ‫ ٌل‬can sometimes be omitted.

Take a look at the following examples. The ‫ أداة الَّشط‬is highlighted, the ‫ َشط‬is underlined once, and the
‫ جواب‬is underlined twice.

َ ََ ُ‫َٓ َ َ ذ ذ‬ َ َ َ
ٌ ٢٢ٌ...ٌُۚ ‫ٱّللٌ ٌلف َس َدتٌا‬
ٌ ٌ‫ل ٌۡوٌَكنٌفِي ِهماٌءال ِهةٌإِال‬

Had there been gods in them (the skies and the earth) other than Allah , they would have been
ruined.
- The condition described is a hypothetical one.

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ل‬on the ‫جواب‬.

22
 َ ُ َٰ َ َ ٞ ُ َ َ ُ َ َ ‫َ ۡ َ َ َ َٰٓ ُ َ ٓ َ َ ا ذ‬
٩٩ٌ‫ِلون‬
ِ ‫ل ٌوٌَكنٌهؤالءٌِءال ِه ٌةٌماٌوردوهاٌٌوكٌفِيهاٌخ‬

Had these (false gods) been (actual) gods , they would not have come to it . And they will all
remain in it eternally.
- The condition described is a hypothetical one.

َ
- The ٌ‫ ل‬on the ‫ جواب‬is omitted.

ُ ‫َ ُ ْ َۡ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ا ذ ذ‬
ٌ ١٦٧ٌ...ٌ‫ّلت َب ۡع َنَٰك ٌۡم‬
ٌ ٌ‫اال‬
ٌ ‫ٌقالواٌل ٌوٌنعلمٌق ِت‬...

They said, “ Had we known that there would be fighting , we would have followed you .”
- The condition described is a hypothetical one.

َ
- ٌْ‫ ل و‬has no grammatical effect on the ‫فعلٌمضارع‬

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ل‬on the ‫جواب‬

‫ – إ ِ ذا‬W H E N
- ‫ إذا‬translates as “when” and describes conditions that are highly likely to happen.
- When it comes with a ‫فعلٌمضارع‬, it is translated in the present/future tense and indicates a
repeated event.
- When it comes with a ‫فعلٌماض‬, it is translated in the present/future tense and indicates a single
event.
َ
- The ‫ جواب‬can sometimes have a ‫ف‬
ٌ on it. This usually happens when the ‫ رشط‬and the ‫ جواب‬are
different (e.g ‫ رشط‬is present tense and ‫ جواب‬is past-tense OR ‫ رشط‬is ‫ فعلية‬and the ‫ جواب‬is ‫)اسمية‬

Take a look at the following examples. The ‫ أداة الَّشط‬is highlighted, the ‫ َشط‬is underlined once, and the
‫ جواب‬is underlined twice.

َ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ ٓ ‫ َ ُ ٓ ْ ذ ذ ذ‬ٞ َ ُّ ُ ۡ َ َٰ َ َ ٓ َ َ ‫ذ‬
١٥٦ٌ‫ون‬
ٌ ‫جع‬ِ ‫اٌّللٌِِإَوناٌإِيل ٌهٌِر‬
ِ ‫ِينٌإِذٌاٌأصبتهمٌم ِصيب ٌةٌقالواٌإِن‬
ٌ ‫ٱَّل‬

Those who, when disaster strikes them, they say “No doubt, we belong to Allah, and no doubt
only to Him will we return.”

23
 - The sentence is translated in the present/future tense even though the ‫ فعل‬is ‫ماض‬.

َ َ َ َ ََ َ
ٌ ِ ‫ِإَوذاٌ َسألكٌع َِبادِيٌع‬
ٌ ١٨٦ٌ...ٌٌ‫ِنٌفإ ِ ِّنٌق ِريب‬

When My slaves ask you about Me , then I am near .

- The sentence is translated in the present/future tense even though the ‫ فعل‬is ‫ماض‬.

َ
- There is a ٌ‫ ف‬on the ‫جواب‬. Notice that the ‫ جواب‬is a ‫مجلةٌاسمية‬.

‫َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ َ َ ُ َ َ ذ َٰ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ا َ َ ذ‬
٧ٌ...ٌ‫رباٌكأنٌل ۡمٌي َ ۡس َم ۡع َها‬
ِ ‫َلٌعليهٌِءايَٰتناٌوَّلٌمستك‬َٰ ‫ِإَوذاٌتت‬

When our miraculous signs are recited to him (repeatedly), he turns away arrogantly as
though he did not hear them.
- The ‫ مضارع‬indicates that the action is occurring repeatedly.

- The ‫ فعلٌمضارع‬is unaffected by ‫ إذا‬as it is ‫غۡيٌجازمة‬.

‫ إذا‬W H E N IT COMES WITH A ‫مجلة ٌ اسمية‬

ُ
When it comes with a ‫مجلة اسمية‬, it is called ‫جا ِئ رية‬
َ ‫الف‬ ‫إذا‬, the ‫ إذا‬of surprise, and will often translate as
“suddenly” or “surprisingly”.
َ
َ ِ ‫فَألْقاها فَإذا‬
َ‫ه َح رية ت َ ْسَع‬
ِ
Then he threw it down, and suddenly, it was a fast-moving snake.

14.6 ‫األمر وجواب األمر‬

َْ ُ َ َ َْ
The ‫اب األم ِر‬‫ أمر وجو‬is a two-part structure. The first part, the ‫أمر‬, is a ‫فعل أمر‬. The second part, the ‫جواب األمر‬,
explains what will happen if the command is followed.

For example, in the sentence “Study, you’ll pass,” the first part “study” is the ‫أمر‬. The second part “you’ll
pass” is the ‫جواب األمر‬. It explains what will happen as a result of the ‫ أمر‬being followed.

In terms of grammatical rules, the ‫ جواب‬is always ‫جمزوم‬.

Take a look at the following examples.

24
 ‫ ذ‬ٞ‫ٱّللٌ َغ ُفور‬
‫ذ‬ ُ َ ُُ ۡ ُ َ ۡ ََۡ ُ‫ُۡ ۡ ُ ُ ذ‬ ‫ُ ُ ۡ ُ ُّ َ ذ َ َ ذ‬ ُۡ
ٞ ‫ٌرح‬
ٌ ٣١ٌ‫ِيم‬ ٌُ ‫وبك ٌُۡۚمٌ ٌَو‬ ‫ٱّللٌويغفِرٌلكمٌذن‬ ٌ ِ ‫ٱّللٌ ٌفٱتب ِ ُع‬
ٌ ٌ‫ونٌَيبِبكم‬ ٌ ٌ‫لٌإِنٌكنتمٌَتِبون‬
ٌ‫ق‬

Say, “If you love Allah then follow me , Allah will lo ve you and forgive you your sins . And Allah
is forgiving and merciful.”
The ‫ أمر‬is ‫فاتبعون‬. The ‫ جواب‬tells what will happen as a result of the ‫أمر‬. What will happen if you follow me? Allah will love you
and forgive your sins. Notice that the ‫ جواب‬is ‫جمزوم‬.

ۡ ُ ً َ ٓ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ ٓ َ ۡ َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ
ٌَٰ ‫ٌءايَةٌأخ َر‬
٢٢ٌ‫ى‬ ‫ِكٌُترجٌبيضاءٌمِنٌغۡيٌِسوء‬ ٌ ‫وٱضم ٌمٌيدكٌإَِلٌجناح‬

And tuck your hand into your armpit, it will come out white without harm as another sign.
The ‫ أمر‬is ...‫واضممٌيدك‬. The ‫ جواب‬tells what will happen as a result of the ‫أمر‬. What will happen if you put your hand in your
armpit? It will come out white. Notice that the ‫ جواب‬is ‫جمزوم‬.

Remember that not every ‫ أمر‬will have a ‫جواب‬. Also remember that even if there is a ‫ فعل مضارع‬following
a ‫فعل أمر‬, it will not be considered a ‫ جواب‬if it is not ‫جمزوم‬.

Take a look at the following example.

َ ۡ َ ۡ َُۡ ‫ُذ‬
ٌ ٩١ٌ‫ض ِه ۡمٌيَل َع ُبون‬
ِ ‫ٌِفٌخ ۡو‬
ِ ‫ٌثمٌذرهم‬...
…then leave them in their empty discourse amusing themselves.
There is an ‫ )ذرهم( أمر‬with a ‫ فعلٌمضارع‬following it (‫)يلعبون‬. This, however, is NOT an ‫ أمرٌوجوابٌاۡلمر‬structure as ‫ يلعبون‬is not ‫جمزوم‬.
Practically, this makes a difference in how the ayah is understood. It means that the fact that they are playing is NOT a
result of you leaving them. If ‫ يلعبون‬was ‫ جمزوم‬and did play the role of ‫جواب‬, it would mean that their play is a result of you
leaving them.

25
 CHAPTER 15 VOCABULARY
‫األسماء‬
ُ َ َّٰ َ ْ َ َ
ٌ ٌ‫ف َِئة‬ ٌ ٌ‫َز ْرع‬ ‫ك َهة –ٌ فوا ِكه‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ ٌ‫ع َِنبٌٌ–ٌٌأعناب‬ ٌ ٌ‫ث َمن‬
a group plants fruit ٌ grapes value
َ ًَ َ َْ َ
ٌ ٌ‫ن ِصيْب‬ ٌ ‫أذى‬ َ ‫ٌُم ِص‬
ٌ ٌ‫يبة‬ ٌ ٌ‫َنلٌ–ٌَنِيْل‬ ٌ ٌ‫ل ْهو‬
portion/share harm/injury calamity date palm distraction

‫األفعال‬
ً ْ ُ ْ َ ًّ َ
to speak truth ‫َص َدق يَص ُدق ِصدقا‬ to favor )‫َم رن ي ُم رن َمنا (ىلع‬
ْ ْ
‫َصنَ َع يَصنَ ُع ُصن ًعا‬ ً ْ ‫أَب ْ َدى ُيبْ ِد ْي إب‬
‫داء‬
to fashion/built/produce to make apparent ِ
ً ‫ِا ْعتَ َدى َي ْعتَ ِد ْي ِا ْعتِ َد‬
‫اء‬ ً ْ ‫أَ رخ َر يُ َؤ ِّخ ُر تَأخ‬
‫ْيا‬
to transgress to delay ِ
ً َ ُ ِّ ُ َ ‫ر‬
‫بَلغ يبَلغ تبْ ِليْغا‬ ‫ااع‬ً َ‫أَ ْتبَ َع يُتْب ُع إتْب‬
to convey to follow/to make follow ِ ِ
to be ً َ ْ ُ ُْ ََ َْ ً ْ ‫خ ُر ت ْسخ‬َ ِّ َ ُ َ ‫َ ر‬
‫ْسافا‬ ‫ْسف ِإ‬ ِ ‫أْسف ي‬ to make subservient ‫ْيا‬ ِ ‫سخر يس‬
extravagant/wasteful

VERBAL IDIOMS
ْ َ َ
‫َش َح َصد َر ُه‬ To set someone’s mind at ease. 16:106, 20:25
[lit. He expanded/dilated his chest.] 94:1
ْ ُ َُ ْ َ َ َ َ
‫للكف ِر‬/ ِ‫لإل ْسالم‬
ِ ‫َشح صدره‬
He made him disposed to Islam/disbelief. 6:125
[lit. He opened/dilated his chest to Islam/disbelief.] 39:22
ْ َ َ َ َ
‫هلل شيئًا‬ َ
ِ ‫ملك َل ِمن ا‬ To be able to protect someone against Allah. 5:17
[lit. to possess something for someone against Allah] 48:11

26
 CHAPTER 15 - ‫احلال‬
15.1 INTRODUCTION
MEANING AND TRANSLATION
The word ‫ حال‬literally means “state” or “condition”. Grammatically, a ‫ حال‬gives information about the
state of someone or something when an action is carried out. The person or thing in that state is called
the ‫صاحب احلال‬. Take a look at the examples below. The ‫ حال‬is highlighted and the ‫ صاحب احلال‬is
underlined.

Bilal left while crying.

The book came down gradually.
It ran toward me barking.

A ‫ حال‬is generally translated as an adverb (‘-ly’), or as an –ing word, or using the words “while” or “as”.

GRAMMATICAL RULES
• A ‫ حال‬can only appear in a complete sentence. If the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence should still be
complete. Consider the previous examples. If the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence still conveys a
complete meaning.

Bilal left.
The book came down.
It ran toward me.

• The ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬is almost always PROPER .

• The ‫ حال‬can appear in one of three forms:

1. An ‫ اسم‬in the ‫ نصب‬status
2. A ‫مجلةٌفعلية‬
3. A ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬that starts with a ‫( و‬called the ‫)واوٌحايلة‬

15.2 ‫ اسم‬AS A ‫حال‬

- When a ‫ حال‬appears as an ‫اسم‬, it often appears as an ‫ اسمٌفاعل‬or ‫اسمٌمفعول‬. It can also appear as an
‫اسمٌصفة‬, and sometimes as a ‫مصدر‬.

27
 - It matches in number and gender with the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬.
- Remember that it will always be ‫منصوب‬.
- Also remember that a ‫ حال‬can only appear in a complete sentence. This means that you should
only look for a ‫ حال‬once you have found the core parts of the sentence (at least ‫ فعل‬and ‫فاعل‬,
sometimes ‫)مفعول‬.
- To find the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬, ask yourself “Who is in this state?”

Take a look at the following examples. The ‫ حال‬is highlighted and the ‫ صاحب احلال‬is underlined.
‫َ َ ٓ َۡ َ َۡ َ َ َۡ ۡ َ ا‬
ٌ ٥٤ٌ‫ِيٗل‬ ٌ َٰ‫ن‬
ٌ ‫كٌعلي ِهمٌوك‬ ٌ ‫ٌوماٌأرسل‬...

…We did not send you as a protector over them.

- The ‫ حال‬in this ayah is a ‫اسمٌصفة‬.

- Notice that it is ‫ منصوب‬and that if the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence is still complete.

- Also notice that it matches in number and gender with the ‫ص احبٌاۡلال‬, which is the attached pronoun ‫ك‬.

‫ا‬ ُ ُ َ َ ُ ْ ۡ َ َ َ ‫َ ٓ ُ ۡ ُ ْ ۡ َ َ َ ا َ ا ُّ َ ذ‬
ٌ ١٣ٌ‫ِيٌدعواٌهنال ِكٌثبورا‬ٌ ‫واٌمِنهاٌمَكناٌضيِقاٌمقرن‬
ٌ ‫ِإَوذٌاٌألق‬

When they are thrown in a tight place within it chained up, they pray for death there and
then.
- The ‫ حال‬in this ayah is an ‫اسمٌمفعول‬.

- Notice that it is ‫ منصوب‬and that if the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence is still complete.

- Also notice that it matches in number and gender with the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬, which is the pronoun inside ‫ألقوا‬.

ٌ ١٩١ٌ...ٌ‫ٌج ُنوبِهِ ۡم‬ َٰ َ َ ‫وداٌ َو‬

ُ ‫لَع‬ ‫ذ َ َ ۡ ُ ُ َ ذ َ َ َٰ ا َ ُ ُ ا‬
‫ٱّللٌق ِيماٌوقع‬
ٌ ٌ‫ون‬
ٌ ‫ِينٌيذكر‬ٌ ‫ٱَّل‬

Those who remember Allah sitting, standing, and on their sides…

- ‫ قياما‬is the plural of ‫قائم‬, and ‫ قعودا‬is the plural of ‫قاعد‬. The ‫ حال‬in this ayah is an ‫اسمٌفاعل‬.

- Notice that it is ‫ منصوب‬and that if the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence is still complete.

- Also notice that it matches in number and gender with the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬, which is the pronoun inside ‫يذكرون‬.

28
 ً َ َۡ َ ََ
َ ٌ ِ ‫الٌت ۡم‬
ٌ ِ ‫شٌ ِِفٌٱۡل‬
ٌ ٣٧ٌ...ٌٌ‫ۡرضٌمرحا‬ ٌ‫و‬

And do not walk around (on earth) arrogantly…

- The ‫ حال‬in this ayah is a ‫مصدر‬.

- Notice that it is ‫ منصوب‬and that if the ‫ حال‬is removed, the sentence is still complete.

- Also note that a ‫ مصدر‬does not necessarily have to match in gender and number. This is because the ‫ مصدر‬cannot
be made feminine, and always stays in the singular form.

15.3 ‫ حال‬AS A ‫مجلة فعلية‬

‫الفعل ٌ المضارع‬
- When a ‫ حال‬appears as a ‫فعل‬, it is one of the few cases in which you may see two ‫ أفعال‬back-to-
back. It is also possible for something to interrupt the ‫ فعل‬and the ‫ حال‬that it is associated with.
- As with the first type of ‫ حال‬that we discussed, the ‫ حال‬can only appear in a complete sentence.
- To find the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬, ask yourself “Who is in this state?”

Take a look at the following examples. The ‫ حال‬is highlighted and the ‫ صاحب احلال‬is underlined.

ً َ َ ‫ُ ذ َ ٓ ُ َ َ ۡ ُ َ ذ ۡ َ َ ۡ َ ٓ ذ ٓ ۡ َ َٰ ا‬
ٌ ٦٢ٌ‫اٌوت ۡوفِيقا‬‫ٱّللٌِإِنٌأردناٌإِالٌإِحسن‬
ٌ ِ ‫وكٌَيل ِفونٌٌب‬
ٌ ‫ثمٌجاء‬...

Then they came to you swearing by Allah, “We only wanted to do good and reconcile.”
- Notice that there are two ‫فعل‬, one after the other. The second one is a ‫حال‬.

- The ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬is the pronoun inside of ‫جاءوا‬. Both the ‫ حال‬and the ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬are plural and masculine.

ََ َ
- Also notice that ‫ باّلل‬is considered to be part of the ‫ حال‬because it is "‫ متعلقٌبـ"َيلفون‬. The word ٌ‫ح ل ف‬ comes with ‫ب‬.

َ ۡ ُ ۡ ُُ َََ
ٌ ‫ٌطغ َيَٰن ِ ِه ۡمٌ َي ۡع َم ُه‬
١٨٦ٌ‫ون‬ ‫ٌويذ ٌر ٌه ٌمٌ ِِف‬...

…and He leaves them in their transgression wandering blindly.

- In this example, there is a ‫ متعلقٌبالفعل‬coming between the ‫ فعل‬and the ‫حال‬.

- The ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬is the attached pronoun ‫هم‬. Both the ‫ حال‬and the ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬are plural masculine.

29
 َ ُ َۡ َۡ َ َۡ َُۡ َٓ َ َ
٦٧ٌ‫ون‬
ٌ ‫وجا ٌءٌأهلٌٱلمدِينةٌٌِيستب ِش‬

And the people of the city came rejoicing.

The ‫ حال‬is ‫ يستبشون‬and the ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬is ‫أهلٌالمدينة‬. Both the ‫ حال‬and the ‫ صاحبٌاۡلال‬are plural masculine.

‫الفعل ٌ المايض‬
ََ
- When a ‫ فعلٌماض‬appears as a ‫حال‬, it MUST be preceded by ‫وق ٌْد‬.
- This type of ‫ حال‬generally translates as “while…has” or “while…already has”
- When it comes to this type of ‫حال‬, there is no ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬.

Take a look at the following examples.

َ َ ‫ذ‬ َٰٓ ُ َ َ َ
ٌِ َٰ ‫ٱّللٌِ َوق ۡدٌه َدى‬
ٌ ٨٠ٌ...ٌ‫ن‬ ٌ ِ ‫قالٌأَتَ ُّج ٓو ِن‬...
ٌ ٌ‫ٌِف‬

He said, “Do you all argue with me about Allah while He has guided me?”

َۡ ُ‫ََۡ َ َ ۡ ُ ذ‬ َ ۡ َ
١٣ٌٌ‫الٌٌيُؤم ُِنونٌبِهٌِۦٌوقدٌخلتٌسنةٌٱۡلول ِي‬
َ ‫ذ‬

They will not believe in it (even) while the precedent of the former people has already passed.

15.4 ‫ مجلة اسمية‬AS A ‫حال‬

- When a ‫ مجلةٌاسمية‬appears as a ‫حال‬, it MUST start with a ‫واو‬. This ‫ واو‬is called a ‫ايلة‬ َ
‫واوٌح ِ ذ‬.

- The ‫ جلمةٌاسمية‬most often starts with a pronoun, but not always.

- To find the ‫صاحبٌاۡلال‬, ask yourself “Who is in this state?”

Take a look at the following examples.

َٰ ‫ذ‬ َۡ َ ُ ‫َ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ ُ ذ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ َ ذ ۡ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ ۡ َ َ ۡ ۡ َ َ ذ‬
ٌَ ‫ٱّللٌال ٌَي ۡهدِيٌٱلق ۡو ٌَمٌٱلظل ِ ِم‬
ٌ ٧ٌ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ٱإلسل َٰ ٌِمٌ ٌو‬ َٰٓ ‫ِبٌوهوٌيد‬
ِ ٌ‫َعٌإَِل‬ ٌ ‫ٱّللٌِٱلكذ‬
ٌ ٌ‫ىٌلَع‬
ٌ ‫نٌأظلمٌمِم ِنٌٱفَت‬
ٌ ‫وم‬

Who is more oppressive than he who invents lies about Allah while he is being called to Islam.
Allah does not guide the oppressive nation.

‫ َ َ ُ ۡ َ ذ ُ َ َ َٰ ا َ ا‬ٞ ۡ ُ َ ُ َ َٰ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ
ٌ ٩٧ٌ...ٌ‫ٌطي ِ َبة‬ ٌ ‫لٌصَٰل اِحاٌمِنٌذكرٌأوٌأنَثٌوهوٌمؤم‬
‫ِنٌفلنحيِين ٌهۥٌحيوة‬ ٌ ‫نٌع ِم‬
ٌ‫م‬

30
 Whoever does good, whether male or female, while he is a believer, no doubt, We will
definitely cause him to live a good life.

َ ‫مٌم ۡؤ ِمن‬ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ ۡ ُ ُ ‫ََ َ ُ ۡ َ ُۡ ُ َ ذ َ ذ‬

٨ٌ‫ِي‬ ُّ ُ‫نٌكنت‬‫ولٌيَ ۡد ُعوك ۡمٌِلِ ُؤم ُِنواٌب ِ َربِك ٌۡمٌ َوق ۡدٌأخذٌمِيثَٰقك ٌۡمٌ ِإ‬
ٌ ‫ٱلر ُس‬‫ٱّللٌِ ٌو‬
ٌ ِ ‫ونٌٌب‬
ٌ ‫وماٌلكمٌالٌتؤمِن‬

And what is wrong with you all that you do not believe in Allah while the messenger is calling
you to believe in your Master and while he has taken your oath, if you should truly be
believers?
Notice that the sentence does not start with a pronoun. This does occur, but not very often.

15.5 FOUR WAYS TO CONSTRUCT A ‫حال‬

In the previous sections, we covered how to recognize a ‫حال‬. In this section, we will cover how to
construct a ‫حال‬.

Step 1: Label your sentence. The teacher taught them sitting.

Step 2: Find your ‫حال‬. The teacher taught them sitting.

Step 3: Find your ‫صاحب احلال‬. The teacher taught them sitting.
Make the ‫ حال‬match the ‫ صاحب احلال‬in number and gender. M, S M, S

Step 4: Translate using one of the following forms:

ُ ُ ‫ر‬
1. Using ‫االسمٌالمفرد‬ ‫َعل َم ُه ُم األ ْستَاذ َجال ِ ًسا‬

َْ ُ ُ ‫ر‬
2. Using a ‫جلمةٌفعلية‬ ‫َعل َم ُه ُم األ ْستَاذ َي ِل ُس‬

ُ ُ ُ ‫ر‬
3. Using a ‫( واوٌحايلة‬always followed by a ‫)مجلةٌاسمية‬ ‫َعل َم ُه ُم األ ْستَاذ َوه َو َجالِس‬

31
 َْ ُ ُ ُ ‫ر‬
4. Using a ‫( واوٌحايلة‬always followed by a ‫مجلةٌاسمية‬, but with ‫َعل َم ُه ُم األ ْستَاذ َوه َو َي ِل ُس‬
a ‫ مجلةٌفعلية‬as the ‫)خرب‬

15.6 A ‫ حال‬IN A ‫مجلة اسمية‬

According to what we have learned so far, a ‫ حال‬is associated with an action. This means that it appears
in ‫اجلملة الفعلية‬. It is also possible, however, for a ‫ حال‬to appear in a ‫مجلة اسمية‬. It will be translated as an
adverb (‘-ly’), or as an –ing word, or using the words “while” or “as”.

Take a look at the following examples.

َ ُ ‫َ َ َُُٓ َ َذ‬
َ ‫خ َٰ ِ اِلاٌف‬
ٌ ٩٣ٌ...ٌ‫ِيها‬ ٌ‫ٌفجزاؤٌهۥٌجهنم‬...

Then his compensation is hellfire, residing in it forever.

‫ا‬ ُ َ ‫َ َُ ذ‬ َ َ َ
ٌ ٦٤ٌ...ٌ‫ٱّلل ٌِلك ۡمٌ َءايَ ٌة‬
ٌ ٌ‫َويَٰق ۡو ٌِمٌهَٰ ِذ ٌه ِۦٌناقة‬

My people, this is the she-camel of Allah as a sign for you!

َ ۡ َ‫كمٌ ُّم َصد اِقاٌل َِماٌب‬

‫يٌيَ َد ذيٌم َِنٌ ذ‬
َ ِ َ‫ٱِل ۡو َرى َٰ ٌةٌِ َو ُمب‬ ُ َۡ ‫َ ُ ُ ذ‬ َ ََٰٓ ۡ ٓ َ َٰ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ
ٌ‫شۢاٌب ِ َر ُسو نل‬ ‫ٱّللٌِإِيل‬
ٌ ٌ‫َسءِيلٌإ ِ ِّنٌرسول‬ ِ ‫نٌمريمٌيب ِِنٌإ‬ ٌ ‫ِإَوذٌقالٌعِيَسٌٱب‬
ٌ
َ
َ ۡ ‫ٱس ُم ُه ٌٓۥٌأ‬ ۡ
ۡ ٌ‫يَأِتٌ ِم ۢن ٌَب ۡعدِي‬
٦ٌ…‫ۡح ٌُد‬ ِ
When ‘Isa the son of Maryam said, “Children of Israel! Certainly, I am the messenger of Allah
to you all, confirmin g what is in front of me of the Torah, giving good news of a prophet who
ٌ is coming after me whose name is Ahmed.”

32
 CHAPTER 16 VOCABULARY
‫األسماء‬
ُ َْ ْ َ َ َ َْ َ َُْ َ ْ َ
‫َم ِلك – ُمل ْوك‬ ‫ُملك – أمالك‬ ‫َملك – َمالئِكة‬ ‫مج ُع ْون‬‫أمجع – أ‬/‫مجيع‬
ِ ‫باطل‬
ِ
king possession/dominion angel all falsehood
َ َ‫َ ْ ر‬ َ َ َ
‫أال‬ ‫لو أن‬ ‫ل ْو ال‬ ‫أ ْول‬ ‫َسحاب‬
Listen up! if only Why not…? more deserving clouds

‫األفعال‬
ُ َْ َ ُ ‫ْي َيتَ َط ر‬
ً ‫ْي َت َط ر‬ َ ‫َت َط ر‬
to be well-cooked ‫ن ِض َج ين ِض ُج ن ُض ْو ًجا‬ to take as an evil omen ‫ْيا‬
ًْ ُ َْ َ ً ‫َر َ ر‬
‫َع َدل يع ِدل َعدال‬ ‫ُيل َحالال‬
to be just to be permissible/to
ِ ‫حل‬
to deviate descend
ً ْ َ ُ ْ َ َ َ ً ْ ُ ُْ ََ ْ َ
to remove/uncover ‫كشف يَك ِشف كشفا‬ to break (a promise) ‫أخلف َي ِلف إِخالفا‬

VERBAL IDIOMS
ُ َْ َ َ
‫َشى نف َسه‬
To exert one’s best efforts.
2:207
[lit. He sold his being/soul.]
ْ َ َْ ََ ْ
ِ ‫ِاشَتى لهو احل َ ِدي‬
To engage in frivolous/idle talk.
‫ث‬ 31:6
[lit. He bought the distraction of talking.]
ْ َ ‫ىلع‬
‫َشء‬
ََ To have a true basis/standing
2:113, 5:68 58:18
[lit. to be upon something]

33
 CHAPTER 16 - ‫اتلَ ْم يِ ْي‬
16.1 INTRODUCTION
A ‫ تميي‬is a word that is used to specify or add detail to a word that is vague. A ‫ تميي‬is generally translated
as “…in terms of x”. Both ‫ أسماء‬and ‫ أفعال‬can have a ‫تميي‬.

Grammatically, a ‫ تميي‬is:

1) singular
2) common

3)‫وصنمب‬

4) comes after the vague word

16.2 ‫ أسماء‬THAT TAKE ‫تميي‬

There are two types of ‫ أسماء‬that take a ‫تميي‬:

1) ‫أسماءٌاِلفضيل‬
2) Numbers (11+)

‫أسماء ٌ اِلفضيل‬
An ‫ اسم تفضيل‬is vague in the sense that it makes a comparison (e.g. better, more, greater), but does not
give a clue as to what makes that thing better/more/greater.

Take a look at the following examples. Notice how the ‫ تميي‬is being used and notice how it is translated.

ََ َ َ ‫ََ۠ َ ۡ َُ َ َ ا‬
٣٤ٌ‫االٌ َوأع ٌُّزٌنف ارا‬
ٌ ‫ثٌمِنكٌم‬
ٌ ‫ٌأناٌأك‬...

I am more than you in terms of wealth and mightier in terms of man-power.

ۡ ُ ۡ َ َ ‫ ََ ا‬ٞۡ َ َ ُ
ٌ ٤٤ٌ‫ۡيٌعق ابا‬
ٌ ‫ۡيٌثواباٌوخ‬
ٌ ‫ٌهوٌخ‬...

It is better in terms of reward and better in terms of outcome .

‫ ذ َ ا َ َ َ ُّ َ ا‬ٞ َ َ َٰٓ َ ْ ُ
٣٤ٌٌ‫ٌٌسبِيٗل‬
‫أولئِكٌرشٌٌمَكناٌوٌأضل‬...

34
 Those are worse in terms of position and more astray in their way.
Notice that the ‫ )سبيٗل( تميزي‬is not translated using “in terms of”. This is simply because it would not translate naturally in
English.

N U M B E R S 11+
In numbers eleven onwards (with the exception of 100 and 1000), the thing being counted (‫)املعدود‬
appears as a ‫تميي‬. An example of a ‫ معدود‬in would be the word “apples” in the fragment “fourteen
apples”. Take a look at the following examples.
َ ََ ۡ َ ََۡ ُۡ ۡ َ َ َ َ
ٌ ٦٠ٌ...ٌٌ‫شٌةٌع ۡي انا‬ ‫تٌمِنهٌٱثنتاٌع‬
ٌ ‫ ٌفٱنفجر‬...

Then twelve springs burst forth from it.

The ‫ )عينا( معدود‬is the ‫تميزي‬. It is singular, common, and ‫منصوب‬. It clarifies what twelve thing burst forth.

َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ََۡ
ٌ ٤ٌ...ٌ‫شٌك ۡوك ابا‬
ٌ ‫ٌإ ِ ِّنٌرأيتٌأحدٌع‬...

No doubt I, I saw eleven planets…

The ‫ )كوكبا( معدود‬is the ‫تميزي‬. It is singular, common, and ‫منصوب‬. It clarifies what eleven things he saw.

‫يٌم ِۡسك ا‬
ٌ ٤ٌ...ٌُۚ ‫ِينٌا‬ ُ ‫فَإ ۡط َع‬...
ٌَ ِ ‫امٌسِت‬ ِ
Then (they should) feed sixty poor people .
The ‫ )مسكينا( معدود‬is the ‫تميزي‬. It is singular, common, and ‫منصوب‬. It is clarifying what sixty people should be fed.

16.3 ‫ أفعال‬THAT TAKE ‫تميي‬

The following is a list of vague ‫ أفعال‬that take a ‫تميي‬. They are all ‫ أفعال‬that are commonly used in the
Quran.
ََ َ َ ََ
‫َح ُس َن‬ َ ‫َس‬
‫اء‬ ‫كف‬ ‫ِا ْزداد‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫َمل‬
to be good/beautiful to be terrible to be sufficient to increase (oneself) to increase (so/st) to fill (s/t)

Let us take a look at an example of each. Notice that not all of these ‫ أفعال‬use the “in terms of”
translation.

35
 ۡ ۡ ‫َُ ذ‬
ٌ ١١٤ٌ‫ّنٌعِل اما‬
ٌ ِ ‫بٌزِد‬
ِ ‫ٌوقلٌر‬...
And say, “My master, increase me in (terms of) knowledge !”

َ ‫اٌم َعٌإ‬
٤ٌ...ٌ‫يمَٰن ِ ِه ۡم‬ َ ‫اد ٓواٌٌْإ‬
‫يم َٰ ان ذ‬ ُ َ َۡ
‫ل ِزيد‬...
ِ ِ
So that they can increase in faith alongside their present faith…

‫َ َ َ َٰ ذ َ ا َ َ َ َٰ ذ‬
‫ٱّلل ٌِنَ ِص ا‬
ٌ ٤٥ٌ‫ۡيا‬ ٌ ‫ٱّللٌِو ِيلاٌوك‬
ٌ ِ ‫ِفٌٌب‬ ٌ ِ ‫ِفٌٌب‬
ٌ ‫ٌوك‬...

And Allah is enough as a protective friend and Allah is enough as a helper.

ٌ
ًََ ۡ ٓ َ ‫ٌب ۡئ َسٌ ذ‬...
ٌ ٢٩ٌ‫تٌ ُم ۡرتفقا‬
ٌ ‫ابٌ َو َسا َء‬
ٌُ ‫ٱلش‬ ِ
What a terrible drink and how terrible it is as a place of rest/reclining!

‫ََا‬
ٌ ُ ‫ٌن ِۡع َمٌٱثلذ َو‬...
ٌ ۡ ‫ابٌ َو َح ُس َن‬
ٌ ٣١ٌ‫تٌ ُم ۡرت ٌفقا‬

What an amazing reward and how excellent it is as a place of rest/reclining!

ٌ
ۡ َ َ َ َۡ ۡ َ َ‫نٌي ۡق َب َلٌم ِۡنٌأ‬ ُ ۡ َُ ْ ُ ََ ْ َُ َ َ ‫ذ ذ‬
ُ َ‫ٌفَل‬ٞ‫ٌك ذفار‬
ٌَٰ ‫ۡرضٌذه اباٌ َولوٌِٱف َت َد‬
ٌ ٩١ٌ...ٌٓ‫ىٌب ِ ٌهِ ٌۦ‬ ٌ ِ ‫ح ِدهِمٌمِل ُءٌٱۡل‬ ‫ِينٌكفرواٌوماتواٌوهم‬
ٌ ‫نٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ِ‫إ‬

No doubt, those who disbelieve and died while they were disbelievers, then the full capacity of
the earth in gold will not be accepted from any of them, even if he tried to ransom with it.

36
 CHAPTERS 17,18,19,20 VOCABULARY
‫األسماء‬
‫َر‬ َ ‫َر‬ ْ َ َ
‫ءاآلء‬ ‫أّن‬ ‫بَل‬ ‫لَك‬ )‫َعس) أن‬
blessings How?! yes No/Not at all! Perhaps
ْ َ ْ ُ َ َْ ُ
‫َمع ُر ْوف‬ ‫ُمنكر‬ ‫بَر‬ ‫ق ْرب – قبُ ْور‬ ‫لب – أ َبلاب‬
norms/fairness unknown/untrue land grave intellect
َ ْ َ
َ ‫َصاِن – نَ َص‬ َ َ َ ُ َ
‫ارى‬ ِ ‫ن‬ ‫ي ُه ْو ِدي – ي ُه ْود‬ ‫ظلل‬/‫ِظل – ِظالل‬ ‫َح ْرث‬ ‫َر ِحم – أ ْر َحام‬
Christian Jewish shade cultivated land womb/family tie
َ ْ َ ْ َ َ ْ
‫ق ْرض‬ ‫ِشيْ َعة – ِشيَع‬ ‫أع َر ِاِب – أع َراب‬ ‫دم – ِد َماء‬ ‫ِرجس‬
loan faction Bedouin blood filth

‫األفعال‬
ً ُ ُ ُ َ َْ َ َ َ ً ‫َر َجا يَ ْر ُج ْو َر َج‬
to deny/reject ‫ح ْودا‬ ‫جحد َيحد ج‬ to hope for ‫اء‬
َْ َْ َ
to come to nothing ‫َح ِب َط ُيبَ ُط ُحبُ ْو ًطا‬ to humiliate ‫خ ِز َي َي َزى ِخ ْز ًيا‬
َ ََْ ْ َ ُ ِّ َ ُ َ ‫َ ر‬
to beware ‫َح ِذ َر ُيذ ُر َحذ ًرا‬ to establish ‫كيْنًا‬ِ ‫مكن يمكن تم‬
ْ َ ِّ ُ ‫ر‬ ً ‫ِف ِا ْص ِط َف‬ ْ ‫ِا ْص َط َف يَ ْص َط‬
to warn ‫َحذ َر ُيَذ ُر َت ِذي ْ ًرا‬ to choose ‫اء‬ ِ
َْ َْ َ ً‫َطبَ َع َي ْطبَ ُع َطبْعا‬
to seal ‫ختَ َم َيتِ ُم خت ًما‬ to seal

VERBAL IDIOMS
َ ََ ْ
‫ال يَل ِو ْي ىلع أ َحد‬ He beat a brisk retreat.
3:153
[lit: He does not (so much as) turn toward anyone.]
‫اب‬َ ‫ل َ َوى ل َسانَ ُه بال‬
ِ ‫كت‬
ِ ِ He mispronounced the book.
3:78
[lit: He twisted his tongue in reading the book.]
ُ ْ َ
‫ل روى َرأ َسه‬ He shook his head in disbelief/indifference.
63:5
[lit: He twisted his head repeatedly.]
‫َم رد ب َسبَب إ َىل ر‬
‫السما ِء‬ He did his utmost to accomplish something/ he spared no effort.
ِ ِ 22:15
[lit: to stretch a rope to the heavens.]

37
 ُ َ َ
CHAPTER 17 – ‫الع د د ِِف الق رآن‬

17.1 INTRODUCTION
Every number is made up of two parts:
َ – the number
1) ‫العدد‬
2) ‫الم ْع ُدود‬
َ – that which is being counted

For example, in the fragment “six hundred pages,” the ‫ عدد‬is “six hundred” and the ‫ معدود‬is “pages”.

The grammar of the ‫ عدد‬and the ‫ معدود‬varies depending on the range of numbers.

In this chapter, we will be conducting a study of numbers in the Quran. The numbers that are used in
the Quran are the following. MEMORIZE them.

َ َ
1 ‫واحد‬
ِ 40 ‫أ ْر َب ُع ْون‬
َْ َ َ
2 ‫ان‬
ِ ‫ِاثن‬ 50 ‫َخْ ُس ْون‬
َ َ َ
3 ‫ثالثة‬ 60 ‫ِس رت ْون‬
َ َ
4 ‫أ ْر َب َعة‬ 70 ‫َسبْ ُع ْون‬
َ َ ُ َ
5 ‫َخْ َسة‬ 80 ‫ث َمان ْون‬
َ
6 ‫ِس رتة‬ 99 ‫ت ِ ْسع َوت ِ ْس ُع ْون‬
7 ‫َسبْ َعة‬ 100 ‫ِمئَة‬
َ ََ
8 ‫ث َما ِنيَة‬ 200 ‫ان‬
ِ ‫ِمئت‬
ُ َ
9 ‫ت ِ ْس َعة‬ 300 ‫ثالث ِمئَة‬
َ ْ ‫ع‬/
َ ‫َّشة‬ َ َ ‫َع‬ َْ
10 ‫َّشة‬ 1,000 ‫ألف‬
َ َ ‫أَ َح َد َع‬
‫َّش‬ ‫ان‬
ََْ
11 2,000 ِ ‫ألف‬
12 َ َ ‫ِا ْثنَا َع‬
‫َّش‬ 3,000 ‫ثالثة آالف‬
َُ َ
ََ َ َ َ ْ ُ َ
19 ‫تِسع عَّشة‬ 5,000 ‫َخْ َسة آالف‬
َ ُ ْ ًَْ َ َ
20 ‫َّش ْون‬ ‫ِع‬ 50,000 ‫َخْ ُس ْون ألفا‬
َ ُ َ َْ َ
30 ‫ثالث ْون‬ 100,000 ‫ِمئَة ألف‬

38
 Note that the status and gender of the numbers in the table above are subject to change depending on
the ‫ معدود‬as well as the role that the number is playing in the sentence. This will make more sense as we
study each range of numbers and the grammatical rules associated with that range.

17.2 NUMBERS 1-2

Generally, the singular form of a word is enough to express that there is one of something. Likewise, the
dual form of a word is enough to express that there is two of something.

For example, ‫ كتاب‬means “a book” or “one book”. ‫تابان‬

ِ ‫ ِك‬means “two books”.

There are some cases, however, in which the numbers ‫واحد‬ َْ

ِ and ‫ان‬
ِ ‫ اثن‬can be used for emphasis or for
explicitness.
َ simply acts as a ‫ صفة‬to the thing being counted (the ‫)م ْع ُد ْود‬.
When this happens, the number (the ‫)ع َدد‬ َ

Take a look at the following examples.

َ ۡ َ َ َٰ ‫ َ ذ‬ٞ َٰ َ ٞ َٰ َ َ ُ َ ‫َ َ َ ذ ُ َ َ ذ ُ ٓ ْ َ َٰ َ ۡ ۡ َ ۡ ذ‬
ٌِ ‫ٱره ُب‬
ٌ ٥١ٌ‫ون‬ ٌ ‫ِدٌفإَِّي‬
‫ٌف‬ ِ ‫يٌٌٱثن‬
ٌ ‫يٌٌٖۖإِنماٌهوٌإِل ٌهٌوح‬ ِ ‫خذواٌإِله‬ِ ‫ٱّللٌالٌتت‬
ٌ ٌ‫وقال‬

And Allah said, “Do not take two gods. He is only one god, so fear only me.”
The ‫ معدود‬is the ‫ موصوف‬and the ‫ عدد‬is the ‫صفة‬.

17.3 NUMBERS 3-10

In the numbers 3-10, the ‫ عدد‬and the ‫ معدود‬form an ‫إضافة‬. The ‫( عدد‬the number) always acts as the ‫مضاف‬
and the ‫( معدود‬the thing being counted) acts as the ‫مضاف إيله‬.

The gender of the ‫ عدد‬depends on the ‫معدود‬. The gender of the ‫ عدد‬will always be the OPPOSITE of the
gender of the SINGULAR form of the ‫معدود‬.

Let us take a look at a few examples in order to make sense of these rules.
ُ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ ‫َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ذ ُ ْ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ ذ‬
٦٥ٌ‫وب‬
‫ٌِفٌدارِكمٌثلث ٌةٌأيا نمٌٖۖذل ِكٌوعدٌغۡيٌمك ن‬
‫ذ‬ ِ ‫فعقروهاٌفقالٌتمتعوا‬
Then they slaughtered it, so he said, “Enjoy yourselves in your home for three days. That is an
undeniable promise.”
- The number (‫ )ثٗلثة‬is the ‫مضاف‬. The thing being counted (‫ )أيام‬is the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

- The number is feminine because the singular form of the ‫ )ي َوْم( معدود‬is masculine. Remember: the gender of the ‫عدد‬
is always opposite of the gender of the singular form of the ‫معدود‬.

39
 - Note that the status of the number is simply determined by the role it is playing in the sentence. In this ayah,
“three days” is a ‫ ;مفعولٌفيه‬therefore, it is ‫منصوب‬.

َۡ َ َ َۡ ْ ُ َ
٢ٌ...ٌ‫ۡرضٌأ ۡر َب َع ٌةٌأش ُه نٌر‬
ٌ ِ ‫واٌ ِِفٌٱۡل‬
ٌ ‫فسِيح‬

So travel freely in the land for four months…

- The number (‫ )أربعة‬is the ‫مضاف‬. The thing being counted (‫ )أشهر‬is the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

َ
- The number is feminine because the singular form of the ‫ )ش ْه ر( معدود‬is masculine. Remember: the gender of the
‫ عدد‬is always opposite of the gender of the singular form of the ‫معدود‬.

- Note that the status of the number is simply determined by the role it is playing in the sentence. In this ayah,
“four months” is a ‫ ;مفعولٌفيه‬therefore, it is ‫منصوب‬.

‫ا‬ ُ ُ ‫ذ‬ َ ََ ََ َ َ َ ۡ َ ۡ َۡ َ َ ‫َ ذ‬
ٌ ٧...ٌ‫سخ َرهاٌعلي ِهمٌسب ٌعٌيلَا نٌلٌوثمَٰن ِي ٌةٌأيامٌٌحسوما‬

ٌ He imposed it on them for seven nights and eight days in succession…

- The number (the ‫ )عدد‬is the ‫مضاف‬. The thing being counted (the ‫ )معدود‬is the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

َ َ
- ٌ‫ َس ب ْ َع‬is masculine because the singular form of the ‫ )يل ْل ة( معدود‬is feminine. They are opposite. ‫ ثمانية‬is feminine
because the singular form of the ‫ )يَوْم( معدود‬is masculine. They are opposite.

- Note that the status of the number is simply determined by the role it is playing in the sentence. In this ayah,
“seven nights and eight days” is a ‫ ;مفعولٌفيه‬therefore, it is ‫منصوب‬.

17.4 NUMBERS 11-12

The numbers 11-12 are compound numbers made up of two parts. The number eleven is made up of a
one and a ten. The number twelve is made up of a two and a ten (in that order).

In Arabic, both numbers in the compound (the one/two and the ten) MATCH in gender with the ‫معدود‬.

The things being counted, the ‫معدود‬, always acts as a ‫ تميي‬to the number.

Let us take a look at a few examples in order to make sense of these rules.
َ ۡ ُ ُ ََۡ َ َ َۡ َ َ ۡ ‫ََۡ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ ا َ ذ‬ َ َ ُ ُ ُ َ َ ۡ
َ ‫ٌسجد‬
٤ٌ‫ِين‬ ِ َٰ ‫ٌَل‬ ِ َ‫ٌۡلبِيهٌِيََٰٓأب‬
ِ ‫تٌإ ِ ِّنٌرأيتٌأحدٌعشٌٌكوكباٌوٌٱلشمسٌٌوٌٱلقمرٌٌرأيتهم‬ ِ ‫إِذٌٌقالٌيوسف‬

When Yusuf said to his father, “My dear father, no doubt I, I saw eleven planets and the sun
and the moon, I saw them prostrating to me.”
َ َ‫ أ‬and ٌ‫)ع َش‬
- Both parts of the compound (‫ح د‬
َ َ َ
are masculine. They match in gender with the ‫)ك ْو ك ب( معدود‬.

40
 - The ‫ )كوكب( معدود‬is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the ‫عدد‬. Notice that ‫ كوكب‬is singular, ‫نصب‬, and common, according to the rules of
‫تميزي‬.
- Also note that the number 11 is non-flexible.

َ ََ ۡ َ ََۡ ُۡ ۡ َ َ َ َ
ٌ ٦٠ٌ...ٌ‫شٌةٌع ۡي انا‬ ‫تٌمِنهٌٱثنتاٌع‬
ٌ ‫ ٌفٱنفجر‬...

Then twelve springs gushed forth from it…

َْ َ ْ ‫)ع‬
َ ْ َ
- Both parts of the compound (‫ ا ِث ن تَ ا‬and ‫شة‬ are feminine. They match in gender with the ‫)ع يٌ( معدود‬, which is feminine
because the Arabs said so.

- The ‫ )عينا( معدود‬is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the ‫عدد‬. Notice that ‫ عي‬is singular, ‫نصب‬, and common, according to the rules of ‫تميزي‬.

- Note that the status is determined by the role that the number is playing in the sentence. In this ayah, the number is the
‫ ;فاعل‬therefore, it is ‫مرفوع‬.

َ ْ
***NOTE that the feminine form of ‫ أ َحد‬is ‫ ِإح َدى‬.

َ َُ َ َ
The number ‫ َعَّش‬can be made feminine simply by adding a ‫َّشة → ة‬ ‫ع‬

As for ‫ان‬ َْ
ِ ‫ ِاثن‬, it is an ordinary dual word that changes according to the ‫ مسلم‬chart
َْْ َْْ َْ
masculine → ‫ني‬
ِ ‫ني ِاثن‬
ِ ‫ان ِاثن‬
ِ ‫ِاثن‬
ََْْ ََْْ ََْ
feminine →‫ني‬
ِ ‫ني ِاثنت‬
ِ ‫ان ِاثنت‬
ِ ‫ِاثنت‬

17.5 NUMBER 19
The numbers 13-19 are compound numbers made up of two parts. The first part is the second digit (19),
and the second part is the tens place (19). Though nineteen is the only one of these numbers that
appears in the Quran, all numbers from 13-19 follow the same rules.

The gender of the second digit in the compound (the 9 in this case) is OPPOSITE of the ‫معدود‬. The ten
MATCHES with the ‫معدود‬. In other words, the word closer to the ‫ معدود‬is what matches it in gender.

The things being counted, the ‫معدود‬, always acts as a ‫ تميي‬to the number.

Let us take a look at an example in order to make sense of these rules.

َ َ َ ۡ ََۡ َ
َ َ ‫ٌع‬
٣٠ٌ‫ش‬ ‫عليهاٌت ِسعة‬

Over it are nineteen (angels).

41
 ً َ َ
- The ‫ معدود‬in this ayah is omitted. The implied ‫ معدود‬is angel (ٌ‫)م ل َك‬.

َ َ
- The ‫ تسعة‬is feminine because the ‫)م ل كٌ( معدود‬ is masculine. They are opposite . The ‫ عشة‬is masculine because the
‫ معدود‬is masculine. They match . The word that is closest to the ‫ معدود‬matches it in gender.

17.6 NUMBERS 20-80

The numbers 20-80 are very simple. They are genderless, and they behave grammatically like the
ْ َْ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ
masculine ending combination on the ‫ مسلم‬chart (e.g. ‫َّشيْ َن‬
ِ ‫َّشين ِع‬
ِ ‫) ِعَّشون ِع‬.

The ‫ معدود‬always appears as a ‫ تميي‬for these numbers.

Take a look at the following examples.

‫َ َ َ ذَ َُذ َ َ َۡ ۡ ََۡ َ ا‬
ٌ ٢٦ٌ...ٌۡۛ ‫يٌ َس َن ٌة‬
ٌ ِ‫الٌفإِنهاٌُمرمةٌعلي ِه ۛۡمٌأربع‬
ٌ ‫ق‬

He said, “Then no doubt, it is forbidden for them for forty years…”

- َ is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the number.
The ‫)س نة( معددود‬

- As always, the status of the number is determined by the role it is playing in the ayah. Here, it is a ‫مفعولٌفيه‬.

‫َ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ َ َٰ َ َ ۡ َ ا‬
ٌ ٤ٌ...ٌ‫ِل ٌة‬ ‫ِيٌج‬
ٌ ‫ ٌفٱج ِِلوه ٌمٌثمن‬...

Then lash them eighty lashes…

- The ‫ )جِلة( معدود‬is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the number and the status of the number is determine by the role.

17.7 NUMBER 99
َ
The number ninety (‫ )ت ِ ْس ُع ْون‬follows the same rules mentioned above. The way an Arab would say ninety
nine (or any double-digit number 20+) is “nine and ninety”.

The gender of the second digit (the nine, in this case) is OPPOSITE of the gender of the ‫معدود‬. In other
words, the word closest to the ‫ معدود‬matches it in gender.

The ‫ معدود‬acts as a ‫ تميي‬to the number.

Let us take a look at an example. This number occurs only once in the Quran.

ٞ َ َٰ َ ٞ َ ۡ َ َ َ ‫ َ ۡ ُ َ َ ۡ َ ا‬ٞ ۡ ُ َ َ ٓ َ َٰ َ ‫ذ‬
ٌ ٢٣ٌ...ٌ‫ونٌنعج ٌةٌو َِّلٌنعجةٌوحِدة‬ ٌ ‫نٌهذاٌأ ِِخ‬
ٌ ‫ٌلۥٌت ِسعٌوت ِسع‬ ٌ ِ‫إ‬

Certainly this (person), my brother, he has ninety nine ewes and I have one ewe…

42
 - The ‫ )نعجة( معدود‬is feminine so the first digit (‫ )تسع‬is masculine. They are opposite .

- The ‫ )نعجة( معدود‬is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the number.

17.8 NUMBERS 100, 200

The number 100 never changes gender and always appears as a ‫ مضاف‬to the ‫معدود‬. Note that ‫ ِمئَة‬is
َْ
always spelled ‫( مائة‬with a silent ‫ )ا‬in the Uthmani script.

Take a look at the following examples.

َ ُ ََْ ُ‫َََ َُ ذ‬
ٌ ٢٥٩ٌ...ٌ‫ٱّللٌمِائ ٌةٌ َاع نٌمٌث ذم ٌَب َعث ٌُهۥ‬
ٌ ٌ‫ٌفأماته‬...

So Allah caused him to die for a hundred years, then he brought him back to life.
َْ
- The number (‫ )مِا ئ ة‬is acting as a ‫ مضاف‬to the ‫)اعم( معدود‬, which is acting as the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

- The status is determined by the role the number is playing in the sentence. Here it is a ‫مفعولٌبه‬.

َُْ َُ ُ ُ
ٌ ٢٦١ٌ...ٌ‫ۢنبل نةٌمِائ ٌةٌ َح ذبة‬ ‫ٌكٌس‬
ِ ‫ ِِف‬...
In each ear is a hundred grains.
َْ
- The number (‫ )مِا ئ ة‬is acting as a ‫ مضاف‬to the ‫)حبة( معدود‬, which is acting as the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

- The status is determine by the role the number is playing in the sentence. Here it is a ‫مبتدأ‬.

As for the number 200 (‫ان‬ ََْ

ِ ‫) ِمائت‬, it never appears with a ‫ معدود‬in the Quran. If it were to take a ‫معدود‬,
however, the rules would be identical to the rules of 100.

Take a look at the following examples. This number only appears twice in the Quran in two consecutive
ayahs.

ۡ َْ ْ ۡ ٞ َ ٞ َ ْ ُ ُ َ َۡ َْ ْ ُ ۡ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ ۡ ۡ ُ ُ َ
ٌِ ‫ٌصاب ِ َرة ٌَيغل ُِبواٌمِائ َت‬
ٌ ٦٦ٌ...ٌ‫ي‬ ‫ٌفإِنٌيَكنٌمِنكمٌمِائة‬...ٌ٦٥ٌ...ٌٌ‫ي‬
ِ ‫ٌإِنٌيكنٌمِنكمٌعِشونٌص َٰ ِربونٌيغل ِبواٌمِائت‬...
…If there are twenty who are steadfast among you, they will defeat two hundred… Then if
there are a hundred from you who are steadfast, they will defeat two hundred…

43
17.9 NUMBER 300
The number 300 is a compound number. The three acts as a ‫ مضاف‬and the hundred acts as a ‫مضاف إيله‬.
َْ ُ
They come together to form ‫ثالث ِمائة‬.
َْ
The gender of ‫ ِمائة‬never changes, but the gender of ‫ ثالث‬is OPPOSITE of the gender of the ‫معدود‬.

The ‫ معدود‬usually appears as a ‫مضاف إيله‬, however the one time it appears in the Qur’an, it appears as a
‫تميي‬.

This number appears only once in the Quran.

ْ ُ َۡ َ َ َْ َ ََ َ ْ ُ ََ
٢٥ٌ‫واٌت ِۡس اعا‬ ٌ ‫واٌ ِِفٌك ۡهفِ ِه ۡمٌثلَٰثٌمِائةنٌٌ ِسن‬
ٌ ‫ِيٌ ٌوٱزداد‬ ٌ ‫وبلِث‬

And they remained in their cave for three hundred years and were increase by nine.
- The gender of ‫ ثٗلث‬is opposite of the gender of the ‫)س نَ ة( معدود‬.
َ

- The ‫ )سني( معدود‬is acting as a ‫ تميزي‬for the number. This is one of the rare cases in which a ‫ تميزي‬is plural.

17.10 NUMBERS 1,000 AND 2,000

َْ ََْ
The numbers 1,000 (‫ )ألف‬and 2,000 (‫ان‬
ِ ‫ )ألف‬never change in gender. They simply act as a ‫ مضاف‬and the
‫ معدود‬acts as the ‫مضاف إيله‬. Take a look at the following examples.

َ ‫ِي‬ َۡ ‫ۡ ََۡ َ َ ذ‬ َ ََ
ٌ ١٤ٌ...ٌ‫ٌاع اما‬ َ ‫ٌَخس‬‫فٌسنةٌٌإِال‬
ٌ ‫ٌفلبِثٌفِي ِهمٌأل‬...

…So he stayed among them for a thousand years except for fifty…
The ‫ عدد‬is the ‫ مضاف‬and the ‫ معدود‬is the ‫مضافٌإيله‬.

17.11 NUMBERS 3,000 AND 5,000

The numbers 3,000 and 5,000 are compound numbers that come together to form an ‫إضافة‬. The first
َْ
digit (the 3 and the 5 in this case), serve as the ‫مضاف‬. The plural version of ‫ )آالف( ألف‬serves as the ‫مضاف‬
‫إيله‬.
ُ َ
3,000 is ‫ثالث آالف‬.
َ
5,000 is ‫َخْ ُس آالف‬.

The gender of the first digit (the 3 and the 5 in this case) will be the OPPOSITE gender of the ‫معدود‬.

Each of these numbers appears once in the Quran. Take a look at the following examples.

44
 ْ ُ ََ ْ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َٰٓ َ َ ۡ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ ُ ُّ َ ۡ ُ ‫ۡ َ ُ ُ ۡ ُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ ۡ َ ُ ذ‬
ٌ‫ٌوت ذتقوا‬ ‫َل ٌُۚإِنٌتص ِربوا‬ َ ‫زنل‬
ٌَٰٓ َ‫ٌب‬١٢٤ٌ‫ِي‬ َ ‫كةٌٌِ ُم‬ ‫فٌمِنٌٱلمل ِئ‬ ٌ ‫ٌِءال َٰ ن‬ ‫إ ِ ٌذٌتقولٌل ِلمؤ ِمن ِيٌألنٌيكفِيكمٌأنٌي ِم ٌدكمٌربكمٌبِثلثة‬
َ َٰٓ َ َ ۡ َ
َ ‫ك ٌةٌِ ُم َسوم‬ َٰ َ َ َ ۡ َ ُ ُّ َ ۡ ُ ۡ ۡ ُ َ َٰ َ ۡ ۡ َ ُ ََُۡ
١٢٥ٌ‫ِي‬ ِ ِ ‫ئ‬ ‫ل‬‫م‬ ‫ٱل‬ٌ ‫ِن‬ ‫م‬ٌ ٌ
‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٌِء‬ ‫ة‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬‫ِب‬ ِ ٌ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ٌر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ِد‬
‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫اٌي‬ ‫ذ‬‫ٌه‬ ‫ِم‬ ‫ه‬ِ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫ِنٌف‬ ‫مٌم‬ ‫وك‬‫و يأ ت‬

Remember when you said to the believers, “Is it not enough for you that your Master would
reinforce you with three thousand from among the angels, sent down?” Yes! If you remain
patient and conscious of Allah and they come to you in this very moment, you Master will
reinforce you with five thousand from among the angels, marked.
- Both ‫ ثٗلثة‬and ‫ َخسة‬are feminine. They are opposite of the singular form of the ‫)ملك( معدود‬.

- Note that with these numbers, the ‫ معدود‬can also appear as a ‫مضافٌإيله‬. In these ayaat, they appear with a ‫ مِن‬to
convey the meaning “from among the angels”.

17.12 NUMBER 50,000

The number 50,000 is a compound number made up of two parts: the fifty and the thousand. Recall that
all numbers from 20-90 take a ‫تميي‬. This applies here as well. The thousand appears as a ‫ تميي‬to the fifty.
ًَْ َ َ
50,000 is ‫َخْ ُس ْون ألفا‬. The ‫ معدود‬appears as a ‫مضاف إيله‬.

This number appears once in the Quran. Take a look at the following example.

ََۡ َ َۡ ُُ َ ۡ َ َ َۡ َ ُ ُّ َ ُ َ َٰٓ َ َ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ
٤ٌٌ‫فٌ َس َنةن‬
ٌ ‫ِيٌأل‬ ِ ‫وحٌإ ِ ۡيله‬
‫ٌِِفٌيومنٌَكنٌمِقدارٌهۥٌَخس‬ ٌ ‫جٌٱلملئِك ٌةٌ ٌوٱلر‬
ٌ ‫تعر‬

The angels and the ruh will ascend to him on a day, the measure of which is fifty thousand
years.
- The ‫ )سنة( معدود‬acts as a ‫ مضافٌإيله‬to the number ‫َخسيٌألف‬.

17.13 NUMBER 100,000

The number 100,000 is a compound number made up of two parts: the hundred and the thousand. The
hundred acts as a ‫ مضاف‬and the thousand acts as the ‫مضاف إيله‬.
ْ َ َ َْ
100,000 is ‫ ِمائة ألف‬.

This number appears once in the Quran. It appears without a ‫معدود‬.

َ ُ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ ْ َٰ َ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ
١٤٧ٌ‫يدون‬ِ‫وأرسلن ٌهٌإَِلٌمِائةٌٌِألفٌٌأوٌيز‬
We sent him to one hundred thousand or more.
ْ َ ْ َْ َ
If this number were to take a ‫معدود‬, it would simply appear as a ‫( مضافٌإيله‬e.g. ٌ‫)إ َِل ٌمِا ئ ةٌِأ ل ِف ٌش خ ص‬.

45
17.14 ORDINAL NUMBERS
An ordinal number is a number that denotes what place an object has in a certain order. For example,
first, second, third, fourth etc. are all ordinal numbers.

Below are the ordinal numbers used in the Quran. MEMORIZE them.
َ َ َ
‫أ رول‬ ‫ثان‬ ‫ثا ِلث‬ ‫رابِع‬ ‫سا ِدس‬ ‫ثا ِمن‬
first second third fourth sixth eighth

َ
Notice that other than ‫أ رول‬, all of them follow the ‫ اسم فاعل‬pattern. Also notice that ‫ ثان‬follows the ‫ناقص‬
pattern for the ‫اسم فاعل‬.

Take a look at the following examples.

َ ۡ َ ُ َ ُ َ ُ َ ۡ َ ُ َٰ ‫ُ َ ذ‬ ُ َۡ ُ
ٌ ٣ٌ‫ٌَشءٌعل ِيم‬ ٌ ‫ه ٌَوٌٱۡل ذو ٌلٌ ٌَوٱٓأۡلخ ٌِرٌ ٌوٱلظ ِه ٌرٌ ٌوٱبلاط‬
‫ِنٌوهوٌبِك ِل‬

He is the first and the last, the apparent and the hidden, and He is knowing of all things.

َۡ ۡ َ َ
َ ُ ۡ ۡ َ‫ٌٌٱثن‬
ِ ‫يٌٌإِذٌهم‬
٤٠ٌ...ٌِ‫اٌِفٌٱلغار‬ ِ ‫اّن‬
ِ ‫ٌث‬...
…The second of two when they were in the cave…

َ ََ ُ َ َ‫ذَ ۡ َ َ َ ذ َ َ ُْٓ ذ ذ‬
٧٣ٌ...ٌٌ‫ٌٱّللٌٌثال ِثٌثلَٰثةن‬ ‫لقدٌٌكفرٌٱَّلِينٌٌقالواٌإِن‬

Those who have said that Allah is the third of three have certainly disbelieved.

ُ ‫َ َٰ َ َ َ ٓ َ ۡ َ َ ذ‬ َ ََ ۡ ُ ُ َ ُ ‫ََ َ ذ ُ َ ُُ ۡ ََ َۡ َ ذ‬
َٰ َ ‫ٌٌوالٌٓأ ۡد‬ ۡ‫ذ‬ ُ ُ
ٌ‫ٌم َع ُه ۡم‬
َ ‫ٌه َو‬ ‫ّنٌمِنٌذل ِكٌوالٌأكثٌإِال‬ ‫ىٌثلَٰثةٌإِالٌه َوٌرابِعهمٌٌوالٌَخسةٌإِالٌه َوٌسادِسهم‬ َ
‫ٌماٌيَكونٌم‬...
َٰ ‫ِنٌَن َو‬

There is not a single private conversation of three except that He is the fourth of them, nor
five except that He is the sixth of them, or less that that or more except that He is with them
wherever they may be.

َۡ َ ٞ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ ۡ َ ۡ ۢ َ ۡ َ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُ ُ َ ٞ َ ۡ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ ۡ ُ ُ ۡ َ ۡ ُ ُ ‫ ذ‬ٞ َ َٰ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ
ٌ ٢٢ٌ...ٌ‫ٌس ۡب َعةٌ َوثام ُِن ُه ٌۡمٌَك ُب ُه ۡ ُۚم‬ ‫بٌويقولون‬
ٌِٖۖ ‫ونٌثلثةٌرابِعه ٌمٌَكبهمٌويقولونٌَخسةٌسادِسه ٌمٌَكبهمٌرمجاٌٌب ِٱل ٌغي‬
ٌ ‫سيقول‬

46
 They will say, “(They are) three, the fourth of them is their dog. And they say five, the sixth of
them is their dog. And they say seven, the eighth of them is their dog.”

17.15 FRACTIONS
The fractions that are used in the Quran are as follows. MEMORIZE them.
ْ ُُ َُُ ُُ ُ
‫نِصف‬ ‫ثلث‬ ‫ان‬
ِ ‫ثلث‬ ‫ُر ُبع‬ ‫َخس‬ ‫ُس ُدس‬ ‫ث ُمن‬
half one third two thirds a fourth a fifth a sixth an eighth

ْ ُ
Notice that other than ‫نِصف‬, all of them follow the patter ‫ف ُعل‬.

Take a look at the following examples.

َ ُ َُ َ ‫ذ َذ َ َ ۡ َ َذ‬
َُُ َ
ٌ ٢٠ٌ...‫لٌ َون ِۡصف ٌُهۥٌ َوثلث ٌُهۥ‬ ۡ ‫َثٌ ذ‬
ٌِ ‫ٱيل‬
َُُ َٰ َ ‫ومٌأ ۡد‬
ٌِ ‫ّنٌمِنٌثل‬ ‫إِنٌربكٌيعل ُمٌأنكٌتق‬

No doubt, your master knows that you stand up for a little less than two-thirds of the night or
half of it or a third of it…

ۡ َ ُ َ َ َٞ َ ‫َ َ َ َُ ذ‬
ٌَ ‫ٱلر ُب ٌُعٌم ذِماٌت َرك‬
ٌ ١٢...ُۚ‫ن‬ ُّ ٌ‫ك ُم‬ ‫فإِنٌَكنٌلهنٌوَلٌفل‬...

Then if they have a child, then you all have a fourth of what they left…

ۡ َ ََۡ َ َ ۡ ُۡ
َٰ َ ‫مٌ ٌَوٱل َم‬ ‫َ ۡ ََذ ذ‬
‫ٌّللٌِ َُخُ َس ٌُهۥٌ َول ذ‬ َ ‫ۡ َ ْ َذ‬
٤١...‫يل‬ ‫نٌ ذ‬
ٌِ ِ ‫ٱلسب‬ ٌِ ۡ‫ِيٌ ٌَوٱب‬
ٌِ ‫سك‬ ٌَٰ َٰ‫بٌ ٌوٱيلت‬ َ ‫ِلر ُسول‬
ٌَٰ ‫ٌو َِّلِيٌٱلقر‬ ِ ِ ‫ٌَوٱعل ُم ٓوٌاٌأن َماٌغن ِۡم ُتمٌمِنٌَشءنٌفأن‬

Know that anything you obtain of war booty, for Allah is one fifth of it and for the Messenger
ٌ and for his near relatives and the orphans, the needy, and the stranded traveler...

ٞ َ ‫ٌلۥٌ َو‬َ َ َ َ
ٌَ ‫سٌم ذِماٌت ٌَر‬
ٌُ ‫كٌإِنٌَكن‬ ُّ ٌ‫حدٌم ِۡن ُه َما‬
ٌ ُ ‫ٱلس ُد‬ َ ُ ‫ٌِِل‬...
ٌ ١١ٌ...ٌُۚ‫َل‬ ‫ِكٌٌو َٰ ِ ن‬
ِ
For each one of them is a sixth of what he left if he had a child…

ۡ َ ََ ََٞ ۡ ُ َ َ َ َ
ٌُ ‫َلٌفل ُه ذنٌٱثلُّ ُم‬
ٌ ١٢ٌ...ٌ‫نٌم ذِماٌت َرك ُتم‬ ‫ٌفإِنٌَكنٌلكمٌو‬...

And if you have a child, then they (f) have an eighth of what you left…

47
 ُ ‫أ ْف َع ال ال ر‬
CHAPTER 18 – ‫َّش ْوع‬

18.1 INTRODUCTION
ُ ُ in Arabic means “to begin” or “beginning”. The ‫ أفعال الَّشوع‬are a special set of ‫ أفعال‬that
The word ‫َشوع‬
come directly before an ordinary ‫ فعل‬to denote the beginning of that action.

In the sentence, “He began walking,” for example, the word “began” would be the ‫ فعل الَّشوع‬and the
word “walking” would be the normal ‫فعل‬.

This is one of the few cases in Arabic that you will see two ‫ فعل‬back-to-back.

There is one ‫ فعل َشوع‬that is used in the Quran and several that are used in other forms of literature. Let
us take a look at examples of each to better understand how they are used.

18.2 ‫أفعال الَّشوع ِف القرآن‬

َ َ
The only ‫ فعل َشوع‬that is used in the Quran is the word ‫ط ِف َق ي ْطف ُق‬.
َ This, like every other ‫فعل َشوع‬, means to

start. It, however, has a unique implication that the other ‫ أفعال الَّشوع‬do not have. This word in particular
connotes speed and urgency.
َ َ
To capture this implication, we can translate ‫ َط ِف َق ي ْطف ُق‬as “to start immediately” or “to start suddenly”.

َ ۡ ‫ِنٌو َر ِق‬
ٌ ١٢١ٌ...ٌٌِ‫ٌٱۡل ذنة‬ َ ‫ٌٌعلَ ۡيه َماٌم‬
َ
‫ان‬
َ َۡ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ۡ َ َ َُ ۡ َ َ َ َ ۡ َ َ َ
ِ ‫صف‬
ِ ‫فأكٗلٌٌمِنهاٌفبدتٌلهماٌسوَٰءتهماٌوطفِقاٌَي‬
ِ
So they both ate from it, then their privates became apparent to them, so they immediately
began sticking over themselves from the leaves of paradise…
- Notice that the context necessitates a certain immediacy and franticness; thus ٌ‫ َط ف َِق‬is chosen over the other ٌ‫أفعال‬
‫ الشوع‬.

- Also notice that the two ‫ فعل‬that are back-to-back have the same inside pronoun. This is a grammatical rule of the
‫ أفعالٌالشوع‬.

48
18.3 ‫ أفعال الَّشوع‬IN OTHER LITERATURE
The most commonly used ‫ أفعال الَّشوع‬are:
ُ َ
1) ٌ‫بَ َدأ ٌَيبْ َدأ‬
ُ َْ َ
2) ‫ل‬ٌ ‫َج َعلٌَي َع‬
ُ ُ َ َ َ َ
3) ‫أخذٌيَأخ ٌذ‬
َ َ َ َ َ
The word ‫ بَ َدأ‬always means “to begin” whether it is used with another ‫ فعل‬or not. When ‫ َج َعل‬and ‫أخذ‬
appear directly before another ‫ فعل‬they mean “to begin”. Otherwise, they each have their unique
meanings.

Take a look at the following examples.

َْ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ
ِ‫َته‬
ِ ‫بدأ يِكتب ِِف دف‬
He started writing in his notebook.
Notice that the two ‫ فعل‬appear back-to-back and have the same inside pronoun.

َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ َ َ
َ ِ ‫ْض ُب ْونَ ُه َح رَّت أ ْغ‬
‫ِم َعليْ ِه‬ ِ ‫أخذوا ي‬
They started beating him up until he passed out.
Notice that the two ‫ فعل‬appear back-to-back and have the same inside pronoun.

َ ‫الط رال‬
‫ب‬ ‫ب ر‬ ْ َ‫َج َعل‬
ُ ‫ت تُراق‬
ِ

She started observing the students.

Notice that the two ‫ فعل‬appear back-to-back and have the same inside pronoun.

Note that it is possible for an outside ‫ فاعل‬to interrupt the ‫ فعل الَّشوع‬and the ordinary ‫فعل‬. For instance, it
َْ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ َُ َ َ َ َ َُُْ ْ َ ُ ‫َ َ َ ر‬ َ ‫ُْ َ َُ َُ ُ ر ر‬ ََ َ
would be possible to say ِ‫َته‬
ِ ‫ بدأ الوَل يكتب ِِف دف‬or ‫ْضبونه‬
ِ ‫ أخذ انلاس ي‬or ‫ت األستاذة تراقِب الطالب‬
ِ ‫جعل‬. In such cases,
the ‫ فعل َشوع‬follows all the rules that a normal ‫ فعل‬does when it has an outside ‫فاعل‬. The pronoun in the
َُ ْ َ ُ ‫َ َ َ ر‬
second ‫ فعل‬matches with the pronoun that the outside ‫ فاعل‬represents. For instance, in ‫ْض ُب ْونه‬
ِ ‫أخذ انلاس ي‬
َُُْ ْ َ ُ ‫ر‬
the pronoun in the second ‫ْضبونه( فعل‬ ِ ‫ )ي‬is ‫هم‬. It matches with the outside ‫)انلاس( فاعل‬.

49
 ‫اتلر َع ر‬
CHAPTER 19 – ‫ج ب‬
19.1 INTRODUCTION
The words ‫جب‬ ‫ َت َع ر‬means “amazement” and can have either a positive or a negative connotation. In

grammar, ‫اتل َع رجب‬

‫ صيَغ ر‬are expressions that the Arabs use to show their amazement. Let us learn these
ِ
expressions.
َ ْ ‫ ب ئ‬AND ‫ن عْ َم‬
19.2 ‫س‬ ِ ِ
ْ ْ
ٌ‫ بِئ َس‬and ‫ ن ِْع ٌَم‬are sister words. ‫س‬
ٌ َ ‫ بِئ‬is used to express negative amazement and translates as “What a
terrible…!” or “How terrible…is!”
ْ
ٌ‫ ن ِع َم‬is used to express positive amazement and translates as “What an amazing…!”ٌor “How amazing…
is!”

Grammatically, these two words are ‫أفعال‬. They are ‫ الزم‬and never take a ‫مفعول‬. For this reason, you will
always find them followed by an ‫ اسم‬that is ‫مرفوع‬. This ‫ اسم‬is the ‫فاعل‬.
ْ ُ
In the Quran, the words ‫ ن ِْع ٌَم‬and ‫س‬
ٌ َ ‫ بِئ‬never conjugate. They are always in the ‫ ه ٌَو‬form.

Take a look at the following examples.

ُ ۡ ‫ذ‬ َ ْ ‫اٌوقَالُوا‬ َ ََ
َ ‫اد ُه ۡمٌإ‬
َ ‫يم َٰ ان‬
ٌ ‫ٱّللٌ َون ِۡع ٌَمٌٱل َوك‬
١٧٣ٌ‫ِيل‬ ٌُ ٌ‫ٌح ۡسبُ َنا‬ ِ ‫ٌفز‬...

So it increased them in faith and they said, “Allah is enough for us, and what an amazing
trustee [He is]!”

َۡ َ َ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ ٞ َٰ ‫ذ ۡ َ َ ذ‬ ٞ ۡ ‫ُ ْ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ ٓ ُ ُ ذ‬
ٌَ ‫ِيها ٌُۚ َون ِۡع ٌَمٌأ ۡج ُرٌٱلع َٰ ِمل‬
ٌ ٌ١٣٦ٌ‫ِي‬ َ ‫ِينٌف‬
َ ‫خ َٰ ِِل‬ ٌ‫تٌَت ِريٌمِنٌَتتِهاٌٱۡلنه ٌر‬ ‫مٌمغ ِف َرةٌمِنٌرب ِ ِهمٌوجن‬‫كٌجزاؤه‬
ٌ ِ ‫أولئ‬

Those people, their reward is forgiveness from their master and gardens from under which
rivers flow, remaining in it. And how amazing is the reward of those who do!

‫ذ‬ َ ْ ‫ۡ َ ََُ َۡ ِۡ ذ َ َ ذ‬
ٌ ٥ٌ...ٌُِۚ‫ٱّلل‬
ٌ ٌ‫ت‬ ِ َٰ ‫ِينٌكذبُواٌأَ‍ِبي‬
ٌ ‫سٌمثلٌٱلقو ٌمٌٱَّل‬
ٌ ‫ٌبِئ‬...

How terrible is the example of the people who denied the miraculous sings of Allah!

50
 ْ
Note that ‫( ما‬the ‫ )اسم موصول‬often appears as the ‫ فاعل‬for ‫بِئ َس‬. When this happens, the two words attach
to each other in the Uthmani script.

In this case, the ‫ فاعل‬is ‫ ما‬as well as everything in the ‫صلة‬.

When this happen, the sentence translates as, “How terrible is that which…!”

Take a look at the following example.

ُ َ ْ ََ ۡ َ َ ۡ
ٌ ٩٠ٌ...‫َت ۡوٌاٌب ِ ٌهِ ٌۦٌٓأنف َس ُه ٌۡم‬ ‫سماٌٱش‬
ٌ ‫بِئ‬

How terrible is that for which they sold themselves!

ْ ْ
It is possible for ‫ بِئ َس‬and ‫ نِع َم‬to take a ‫تميي‬. The ‫ تميي‬translates as the word, “as”. There is one case in the
Quran in which this happens.
‫ذ َٰ َ ا‬ َ ُ َ َُ َ ‫ٌأَ َف َت ذ‬...
ٌ ‫يٌبَ َد‬
ٌ ٥٠ٌ ‫ال‬
ۡ
ٌ َ ‫ٌوه ۡمٌلك ۡمٌع ُد ُّوٌُِۢۚبِئ‬
‫سٌل ِلظل ِ ٌِم‬ ‫ون‬
ُ
‫ِنٌد‬
‫م‬ ٌ َ ٓ ‫خ ُذونَ ٌُهۥٌ َو ُذر ذي َت ٌُه ٌٓۥٌأ ۡو ِيلَا‬
‫ء‬ ِ ‫ت‬
ِ ِ
Then will you take him and his offspring as protective friends other than me while they are an
enemy to you. How terrible it is as an exchange for the wrongdoers.
In the examples above, the ‫ فاعل‬is inside the ‫فعل‬. The word ‫ بدال‬is acting as a ‫تميزي‬.

َ
ُ ‫ح‬
19.3 َ‫ ساء‬AND ‫س َن‬
ٌ‫ساء‬ ٌَ ‫ َح ُس‬are sister words. ‫ساء‬
َ and ‫ن‬ ٌَ is used to express negative amazement and translates as “How
terrible/evil is…!”

ٌ‫ َح ُس َن‬is used to express positive amazement and translates as “How amazing/beautiful is…!”

Grammatically, these two words are ‫أفعال‬. They always have a ‫ فاعل‬and it many cases, they take a ‫ تميزي‬as
well. If there is a ‫تميي‬, it translates as the word “as”.

Take a look at the following examples.

ً ‫ص‬
ٌ ٩٧ٌ ‫ۡيا‬ َ ‫ٌمأۡ َوى َٰ ُه ۡم‬
َ ٌۡ ‫ٌج َه ذن ُمٌ َو َسا ٓ ٌَء‬ َ ‫ك‬َ َٰٓ َ ْ ُ َ
ِ ‫تٌ م‬ ِ ‫ٌفأولئ‬...
So those people, their place of refuge is hell. And how terrible it is as a destination!
The ‫ فاعل‬is inside the ‫فعل‬. It is feminine because it is talking about ‫جهنم‬.

The word ‫ مصۡيا‬is acting as a ‫تميزي‬.

51
 ‫ا‬ َ َٰٓ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ
ٌ ِ ‫نٌأ ْولئ‬
ٌ ٦٩ٌ ‫كٌ َرفِيقا‬ ٌ ‫ٌوحس‬...

And how amazing those people are as companions!

‫ أوالئك‬is the outside ‫ فاعل‬and ‫ رفيقا‬is the ‫تميزي‬.

َ ٓ ََ
ٌ ‫ٌأالٌ َسا ٌَءٌ َماٌيَ ِز ُر‬...
ٌ ٣١ٌ‫ون‬

How terrible is that which they bear!

This example has only a ‫ فاعل‬and no ‫تميزي‬.

ُ َ َ ْ َ
19.4 ‫ما أ ف ع ل ه‬
This form of ‫ تعجب‬translates as “How… he is!” This structure only appears twice in the Quran. Let us take
a look at these two examples before diving into the grammar.

َ ۡ َ ٓ ُ َٰ َ ۡ َ ُ
١٧ٌ‫نٌ َماٌأكف َرٌهُۥ‬
ٌ ‫ٱإلنس‬
ِ ٌ‫ل‬
ٌ ِ ‫قت‬

May man be cursed! How disbelieving he is!

َ َ ُ َ َ ۡ َ ٓ َ َ َ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ َ ُ ۡ َ َ َ ‫ُ ْ َ َٰٓ َ ذ َ ۡ َ َ ُ ْ ذ‬
ٌ ‫ربه ۡمٌلَعٌٱِلذ‬
ٌ ١٧٥ٌِ‫ار‬ ‫ابٌٌب ِٱلمغفِرٌة ٌِفماٌأص‬ ٌ ‫ينٌٱشَتوٌاٌٱلضلَٰل ٌةٌٌب ِٱلهد‬
ٌ ‫ىٌ ٌوٱلعذ‬ ٌ ‫ٱَّل‬
ٌِ ٌ‫ك‬
ٌ ِ ‫أولئ‬

Those are the ones who sold guidance for misguidance and forgiveness for torment, so how
patient they are in pursuit of fire!

In terms of grammar, this structure is made up of three parts:

1) The ‫( ما‬known as ‫)ما اتلعجبية‬, used to express astonishment

2) The word following the ‫ما‬, used to tell what the shocking trait is (e.g how disbelieving). This word
َ َْ
always follows the pattern ‫أف َعل‬.
3) The last word, used to say who possess this shocking trait (e.g how disbelieving he is!). This
word is always ‫منصوب‬.

52
 ْ ْ َ
19.5 ‫أ ف عِ ل ب ِ ِه‬
This form of ‫ تعجب‬translates as “How… he is!” This structure only appears twice in the Quran. Let us take
a look at these two examples before diving into the grammar.
َ ۡ ِ ۡ‫ۡرضٌ َأب‬ َۡ ُ ‫لۥٌ َغ ۡي‬ َ
ٌ ٢٦ٌ...ٌ‫ُصٌب ِ ٌهِۦٌ َوأ ۡس ِم ٌُۡۚع‬ ٌِ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ٌٖۖ ِ ‫تٌ ٌَوٱۡل‬ ‫بٌ ذ‬ ٌُ ٌ...

To Him belongs the unseen of the skies and the earth. How seeing He is and how hearing!

َ ُۡ ََ ۡ ۡ ۡ َ
ٌ ٣٨ٌ...ٌ‫ُصٌيَ ۡو َمٌيَأتون َنا‬
ٌۡ ِ ۡ‫ٌوأب‬ ‫أس ِم ٌعٌب ِ ِهم‬

How hearing they are and how seeing on that day that they come to us!

In terms of grammar, this structure is made up of two parts:

ْ َْ
1) A word that follows the patter ‫أف ِعل‬, used to tell what the shocking trait is.
2) A ‫ ب‬with a ‫ جمرور‬attached to it. The ‫ جمرور‬tells who possesses this shocking trait.

53
 َ
CHAPTER 20 –‫ابلَد ل‬

20.1 INTRODUCTION
The word ‫ بدل‬literally means to swap or replace. A ‫ بدل‬in grammar is an ‫اسم‬+‫ اسم‬fragment in which one ‫اسم‬
is followed directly by another ‫اسم‬. The second ‫ اسم‬serves to clarify and give more detail about the first
‫اسم‬.

One way to think about it, is that between these two words is an implied [that is to say…] or [by which I
mean…].

An example of a ‫ بدل‬would be, “The CEO, Ustadh is coming.” Another way to read the example above
would be, “The CEO [that is to say, Ustadh] is coming.”

A ‫ بدل‬is called a ‫ بدل‬because one of the ‫ اسم‬in the sequence could be swapped out for the other and the
sentence would still make sense.

For example, you could say, “The CEO is coming” or you could say, “Ustadh is coming.” Either way, the
same meaning is conveyed. When the two words come together to form a ‫بدل‬, however, the sentence
becomes more detailed and informative.

In terms of grammatical rules, the two ‫ اسم‬in a ‫ بدل‬must match in status.

20.2 ‫ابلدل ِف القرآن‬

Let us take a look at examples of ‫ بدل‬in the Quran.

َ ُ ۡ َ ‫ََذُ َ َ َ ذ ۡ َ ۡ ذ‬
ٌَٰ ‫يٌٌٱَّلك ٌَرٌ ٌَوٱۡل‬
٤٥ٌ‫نَث‬ ِ ‫وأنهۥٌخلقٌٱلزوج‬
…and that He created the pair, [that is to say] the male and the female.
- “The male and the female” further clarifies what is meant by “the pair”.

- Notice that the two ‫ اسم‬in the ‫ بدل‬match in status.

َ َ َ ۡ ََۡ َ ‫َ َ ذ‬ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ
٧ٌ...ٌ‫تٌعل ۡي ِه ٌۡم‬ ‫ِينٌأنعم‬ ٌ َٰ ‫صر‬
ٌ ‫طٌٱَّل‬ ٌَ ِ‫طٌٱل ُم ۡس َتق‬
ِ ٌ٦ٌ‫يم‬ ٌ َٰ ‫ٱلصر‬
ِ ٌ‫ٱهدِنا‬

Guide us to the straight path, [that is to say] the path of those who You have blessed…
- “The path of those who you have blessed” serves to clarify what is meant by “the straight path”.

- Notice that the two ‫ اسم‬in the ‫ بدل‬match in status.

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 ً َ ُۡ ۡ ُ َ ُٓ َ ۡ ‫ُ ذَۡ ذ َ ا‬
٣ٌ‫صٌمِنهٌقل ِيٗل‬
ٌ ‫ٌٌن ِصف ٌه ٌۥٌأوٌِٱنق‬٢ٌ‫لٌإِالٌقل ِيٗل‬
ٌ ‫ق ِمٌٱيل‬

Stand up (in prayer) during the night except for a little, [that is to say] half of it or decrease a
little from it.
- “Half or a little less” clarifies what is meant by “the night except for a little of it”.

- Notice that the two ‫ اسم‬in the ‫ بدل‬match in status.

ِ ۡ َ ۡ َ ‫ذ‬ ُ ۡ َ َ َ ۡ َ َٰ َ َ ‫َ ۡ ُ ۡ َ ۡ َ ُ َ ذ‬
١٢٦ٌ...ٌٌِ‫ٱيلو ٌمٌٱٓأۡلخِر‬ٌ ‫تٌمنٌءامنٌمِنهمٌٌب ِٱّللٌ ٌِ ٌو‬
ٌِ ‫قٌأهل ٌهۥٌمِنٌٱثلمر‬
ٌ ‫ٌ ٌوٱرز‬...

And bless its people with fruits, [that is to say] th ose of them who have believed in Allah and
the last day…
- “Those of them who have believed in Allah and the last day” serves to clarify what is meant by “its people”.

- َ here is ‫منصوب‬.
ٌ‫من‬

َ َ َ َٰ َ ُ َ َ َ َٰ َ ۡ َ ‫َ ُ ٓ ْ َ َ ذ‬
ٌ ‫ٌوهَٰ ُر‬
ٌ ٤٨ٌ‫ون‬ ‫بٌموَس‬
ٌِ ‫ٌر‬٤٧ٌ‫ي‬
ٌ ‫بٌٱلعل ِم‬
ِ ‫قالواٌءامناٌبِر‬
They said, “We have believed in the Master of the worlds , [that is to say] th e Master of Musa
and Harun .”
- “The Master of Musa and Harun” further clarifies what is meant by “the Master of the worlds”. It is as though the
speakers are saying, “We believe in the Master of the worlds…we mean the Master of Musa and Harun.”

- Notice that the two ‫ اسم‬in the ‫ بدل‬match in status.

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