Applied Physics (3 Credit Hours Course)

Lecture 1-Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoscience

Assistant Professor
Dr. Mujtaba Ikram
Office Address: Room#72, 2nd Floor, Institute of Chemical
Engineering and Technology (ICET), University of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
E-mail Contact: mujtaba_ikram%scme.nust.edu.pk
dr.mujtabaikram%gcu.edu.pk
mujtaba.icet%pu.edu.pk
 Title: Applied Physics
 Code Number: PHY115
 Semester: 1st
 Credit hours: 3
 Pre-requisites course requirements/ skills: Basic
Knowledge of applied sciences.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to
Understand basic principles, problems of physics and applied physics in
Industrial revolution 4.
Acquire knowledge of materials characterization techniques.
Understanding of nano physics applications in the chemical engineering.
Solve engineering problems related to modern electronics and Industrial
revolution 4.
 Course Contents
Unit I: Introduction to engineering mechanics
1.1 Physical significance of engineering Mechanics
1.2 Mechanics of Coplanar and Non-Coplanar forces
1.3 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies in 2 and 3-dimensions
Unit II: Introduction to electromagnetic theory
2.1 Electrostatics, Magnetostatics
2.2 Electromagnetic Theory
2.3 Maxwell Equations
2.3.1 Gauss’ Law for electricity
2.3.2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
2.3.3 Faraday’s Law
2.3.4 Ampere-Maxwell Law
Unit III: Modern, quantum and nuclear physics
3.1 Einstein’s Photoelectric Effect Law
3.2 Planck’s Black-body Radiation Law
3.3 Quantum Theory of matter
3.4 Quantum Theory of Radiation
3.5 Physical significance of Quantum Mechanics
3.6 Modern Nuclear Physics in Engineering Domain
 Course Contents
Unit VI: Engineering electronics & Industrial Revolution 4
4.1 Introduction to micro electronics: Active & Passive Components
4.1.1 Integrated Circuits (IC): Classification & Fabrication of ICS
4.1.2 Advantages of ICS
4.2 Introduction to Digital Electronics: Number Systems & Logic
Gates
4.2.1 Truth Table & K-Map
4.2.2 Designing of 3-bit adder, 2-bit adder
4.2.3 Digital Circuits & Electronic Suitcase
4.3 Introduction to Industrial Revolution 4: Challenges and Expectations
4.3.1 3-D Printing
4.3.2 IOT
4.3.3 Fusion of Technologies
4.4 IOT: Challenges of digital process control systems.
4.4.1 Internet of Things: Tools and Solutions
4.4.2 Digital networking in Process control
4.4.3 Horizontal and Vertical Integration in Digital Process control
4.5 Introduction to Digital communications
 Course Contents
 4.5.1 Process Control Parameters & Advanced Digital
communications
 4.5.2 IPCs and Digital Controller
 4.5.3 Digital Designing: Process Parameters Flow sheet
 4.5.4 Digital Logic Controller & Distributed Control Systems
 4.6 Case Studies: Industrial Revolution 4 in Chemical Engineering
Unit V: Nano science and nanotechnology in chemical engineering
 5.1 Why does size Matter? nanotechnology is future
 5.2 Nanotechnology in nature
 5.3 Nano materials and physical properties
 5.4 Various synthesis techniques of nanomaterials
 5.5 Top down approach, bottom up approach
 5.6 Chemical and physical synthesis approaches
 5.7 Applications of nanotechnology in chemical engineering
 Course Contents
Unit VI: Applied physics techniques in engineering
6.1 Significance of applied techniques in engineering
6.2 X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD)
6.3 Scanning Electron Microscope/Tunnelling Electron Microscope
6.4 Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
6.5 Raman Spectroscopy
Unit VII: Applied physics applications in chemical engineering
7.1 Superior Energy Storage in Lithium Ion Batteries
7.2 Energy capacity in super capacitors
7.3 Water purification using nanoscience
7.4 Analysis of chemical compounds by characterization techniques
7.5 Bio chemical drug delivery
7.6 Porous Membranes
7.7 Microelectronics and nanoelectronics in chemical engineering
7.8 Novel chemical materials using nanotechnology
7.9 Chemical sensors
 Further Reading
Textbooks and reference readings:
The editions of the following books will be recommended:
Mansfield M and C. Osullivan, (2010), “Understanding Physics”, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
Cutnell J.D., (2009), “Introduction to Physics, 8th Edition, International Student
version, Wiley.
Dale Ewin, (2009), “Applied Physics”, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Albert T. Fromhold Jr, (2011), “Quantum Mechanics for applied physics and
engineering”, Dover Publications.
Dale Ewin, Neil Schurter, Erik Gundersen (2016), “Applied Physics”, Pearson, 11
edition.
Said S Elnashaie, Firoozeh Danafar, Hassan Hashemipour Rafsanjani, (2015),
“Nanotechnology for chemical Engineers”, Springer.
N. Gupta, (2012), “Nanophysics”, SBS Publishers New Delhi.

7
 Assessment Process

Sr. No. Elements Weightage Details

 Class Attendance 1.   Midterm 35% It takes place at the mid-point of the semester.
Assessment
 Class Quiz/Surprise 1.   Formative 25% It is continuous assessment. It includes: classroom
Quiz Assessment participation, attendance, assignments and presentations,
homework, attitude and behaviour, hands-on-activities, short
 Vivas tests, quizzes etc.

 Miniprojects/Class 1.   Final 40% It takes place at the end of the semester. It is mostly in the
Presentations Assessment form of a written examination, but owing to the nature of
the course the teacher may assess students based on
 Midterm Exam research proposal development, field work and report writing
etc.
 Finalterm Exam
 NANOTECHNOLOGY
There are many different definitions of “nanotechnology
and there is a degree of hype regarding it.

Whatever the exact definition, key features in this field are:

• combining different sciences and technologies
• enhanced or new properties
• new applications
• all at very small dimensions
• And we now have sophisticated tools to build,
characterize and utilize structures at the nanoscale,
across a breadth of disciplines.
 FEYMAN’S Plenty of Room at the bottom

“The principles of physics as far as I can

see, do not speak against the
possibility of maneuvering things atom
by atom. It is to an attempt to violate
any laws; it is something, in principle,
that can be done; but in practice ,it
has not been done because we are too
big”.
Richard Feynman,1959
 Drexler’s Paper PNAS,1981

Molecular Engineering:An approach to development of General

capabilities for
Molecular Manipulation.

“By one path or another, we will eventually

Develop tools that enable us to assemble
Complex structures to atomic specification.
These assemblers, if supplied with materials and
Energy, will be able to build almost anything—
Including more assemblers and more systems
For providing them with material and energy.”
Eric Drexler,1985
How do you build something so small?

“Top-down” – building something by starting with a

larger component and carving away material (like a
sculpture).
In nanotechnology: patterning (using
photolithography) and etching away material, as in
building integrated circuits
“Bottom-up” – building something by assembling
smaller
components (like building a car engine).
In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and
molecules, as in chemical and biological systems
Fabrication Methods
Bottom-up fabrication
Self-assembly” of atoms and molecules (since top-down is very difficult
for manufacturing at nanoscale level).
Use of chemical and biological processes.
Current day examples: Growth of nanowires from vapor, using gold
nano-dot catalysts; Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) from solution.

More extreme example: Self-replicating robots.

 NENOWIRES AND CARBON NANOTUBES

NANOWIRES are wires with a very small diameter of 1nm or small.

We can hope to use them to build tiny transistors for computer chips.

CARBON NANOTUBES is a tubular form carbon with diameters of 1nm

and lengths over microns.
 Other “Fullerenes”

“Nanotube” discovered in 1991

A nano scale carbon sheet that folds in upon
itself
Nanowire In Front of a Human Hair
CNT has overshadowed nanowires

CNT’s exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties,

Tensile strength approximately 200Gpa
CNT can change it properties according to its
alignment of atom.
It can be a good semiconductors.
Scientist are still working on making CNT to use in
making transistor and other electronics.
 PRODUCT WITH
NANOTECHNOLOYGY
Sunscreen- contain nanopraticles of zinc oxide.
Self cleaning glass-To make the glass photo
catalytic and hydrophilic
Clothing
Scratch resistant coatings- used aluminum silicate
nano particles which uses from car to sunglass
Antimicrobial bandages
Swimming pool cleaner and disinfectants
 Why Nanomaterials?

Unique Chemical, Physical and

Electrical Properties:
For Example: Nanotubes are stronger
than steel, but lighter than aluminum
Can act as conductive wires or
semiconductors
Can transport heat or electricity with little
resistance
Can be made to emit light
Can be woven into fabrics
MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY: A Visionary

Molecular manufacturing is a term given to the concept

of nano machine operating on nano scale.

What are nano machines? Extremely small devices in

nanometers. Built from individual atoms.

Ultimate goal of this technology is to develop “Assembler”

It is itself a nano machine, designed to manipulate matter

at the atomic level.

It will be made up of small ‘pincers’ which move atom

from existing molecule to new structure.

Means a shovel dirt can be converted into an apple

computer etc. by using several assembler.
Another goal of nanotechnology is to design
nanomachines that can make copies of themselves.

Develop a nano machines that can regenerate themselve

according to the needs.

Medical nano machines programmed to recognize and

disassemble cancerous cells could be injected into the
bloodstream of cancer suffers, thus providing a quick and
effective treatment for all types of cancer.
PROPOSED NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
Supercomputer in your palm, perhaps made from
silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, or organic
material such as DNA
Very tiny motors, pumps, accelerometer;
helicopters the size of flies or smaller
Tiny bio and chemical sensors; nano particles that
track and destroy cancer cells
Artificial body parts and implantable drug delivery
systems.
Nano-composite material which are more than
100 times stronger and 1/10 times less in weight
compare to steel.
 SOME NANO MACHINE

A Nanoscale Planetary Gear A Parallel Shaft

Neun Pump, Modeled by Stand and Shell Bearing

Nano Engineering
PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Molecular
Manufacturing

What we can
investigate
theoretically

What we can make today

(not to scale)
Some Potential Dangers of Technology being
discussed in the “Nano-community”

Increased Inflammatory Response in the Body and the

Environment due to Small Size
What Regulations would be effective? What Agency
should be in charge of Regulations?
Economic disruption due to new range of products and
manufacturing technology
Potential terrorist use
Social disruption from new products/lifestyles
New Arms Race
Environmental Damage from Unregulated products
 NANOMATERIAL ECONOMY

Estimated to be worth $1 Trillion to

the U.S. economy by 2015
More that 2 Million jobs expected to
support nanotech industries
Over 1,700 organizations worldwide
are actively engaged in “nano-research”
Expected proliferation into virtually
every aspect of commerce
Products containing nanomaterials
predicted to be worth $292 Billion by
end of this decade
 NANOMATERIAL AAPLICATION

Many already on the market:

 Cosmetics, sunscreen, sporting goods, stain-
resistant clothing, electronics, sensors, anti-microbial
agents, paints, food supplements, …
Coming Soon:
 Pharmaceuticals – drug delivery
 Tumor targeting cancer treatments
 Artificial Bone composites
 Catalytic materials (I.E. chemical spill clean-up),
Industrial films, Building materials/Insulation, many
more
Foreseeable Future:
 Fuel Cells, Solar Cells, Batteries, nano-scale devices
and machinery