Notetaker Lesson #3 Viruses

Directions: Fill in the notetaker as you watch the video lesson

Structure and Function

1. Define a Virus: A small piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a capsid,
which is a coat made of protein.
2. The protein coat that surrounds a virus is called: A capsid.
3. Characteristics of Viruses include:
a. Size: Smaller than prokaryotes
b. Cells? Viruses are not cells.
c. Living? Viruses are not living.

4. What is a Host Cell? Can a Virus replicate without one? A host cell is a living cell that a
virus uses to replicate itself. A virus cannot replicate without a host cell.

Reproduction/Replication
5. Two major ways viruses can reproduce:

Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle

1. Virus attaches to host cell 1. Viral DNA is incorporated into the

membrane
2. Virus injects genetic material into
host cell
3. Viral DNA is released
4. Viral DNA is transcribed and
translated into viral proteins.
5. Viral DNA is replicated.
6. Viral DNA and proteins are
assembled into new viruses.
7. New viruses are released from
the host cell as it ruptures
host cell’s DNA
2. As the host cell reproduces, it
makes copies of the viral DNA
3. Virus reproduces without
destroying the host cell
4. Sometimes, environmental
triggers will cause a virus to leave
the dormant lysogenic cycle and
enter active reproduction in the
Lytic cycle.
Examples
6. Pathogens: Any microorganisms that cause disease.
7. Retroviruses: Viruses that are made up of an RNA molecule
8. Common Viral Diseases in
Humans Plants Animals (Dogs)
 Flu  Tobacco mosaic  Rabies
 Chickenpox virus  Parvovirus
 Herpes  Tomato spotted
 HIV virus

9. What is a Viroid? A strand of circular RNA without a protein coat.

10. What is a Prion? A pathogen composed entirely of protein.
Vaccines
11. How can a Vaccine fight a virus? Vaccines fight viruses by stimulating the immune
system of the infected organism to defend against the virus.
12. Who developed the 1st vaccine for smallpox? Edward Jenner

Coronavirus
13. What is the structure of coronavirus? Spherical with spiked proteins on the surface
(corona).
14. How is the virus transmitted? Does it need a host cell? The virus is transmitted by
latching onto a host cell by the receptor proteins. The DNA of the virus is fed into the
nucleus of the host cell, which then duplicates it. The coronavirus, just like any other
virus, requires a host cell to be transmitted.
15. What host cell does the virus attach to? Lung cells
16. How does the “RNA” Covid-19 vaccine work? The RNA vaccine, when it is injected into
the body, stimulates the immune system to trigger spike proteins and antibodies to
remove the virus.
Unit 6 Classification
Notetaker Lesson #4 – Bacteria and Germ Theory of Disease

I. Vocabulary:

Define Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms.

Give an example of a Microorganism: Prokaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotes such as protists

and fungi.

Why is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek considered the “Father of Microbiology”? Because he built the
first microscope and was the first to discover unicellular organisms that he called
“animalcules.”

II. Pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease

1. Define Pathogen: Any microorganism that causes disease.

What is the Germ Theory of Disease and why was it controversial at first? It it’s the theory that
diseases are caused by microorganisms. It was highly controversial at first because it was
against what everyone had been taught. Plus, it put many surgeons at fault for the deaths of
some of their patients because hygiene wasn’t too big of a thing back then.

Which two scientists proposed the Germ Theory of Disease?

1. Robert Koch
2. Louis Pasteur

III. Prokaryotes

What is the difference between a Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cells are much
bigger than Prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, while Prokaryotic cells don’t.

List the TWO prokaryotic Domains and give One example of each:
1. Bacteria Example: Streptococcus
2. Archaea Example: Igniococcus

Complete the table below by adding information about Prokaryotic Bacteria:

Main Bacterial 1. DNA (in nucleoid region)

Cell Structures 2. Flagella (Not all have this)
3. Cell Wall
4. Capsule
5. Pili
 3 Bacterial Cell 1. Cocci
Shapes 2. Bacilli
3. Spirilla
Cell Wall Describe: Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, which is made up
Composition of linked sugars. Archaea’s cell walls are not made of peptidoglycan.

Movement Describe-
1. Flagella: Flagella is the “tail” of the bacteria. It moves like a propeller,
which helps the bacteria move around. Flagella of prokaryotic cells
have different structures and movement patterns than Eukaryotic
Flagella.
2. Pili: Hair-like material that is thinner and shorter than flagella; its
main purpose is communication, but It can also help with movement.

Describe-
1. Phototrophic Autotrophs: Bacteria that obtain energy from sunlight.
Nutrition 2. Chemotrophic Autotrophs: Bacteria that get their energy from
inorganic molecules (e.g. hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulphur and
iron).
Reproduction Asexual
1. Binary Fission: Binary fission is when a cell makes a copy of its DNA
then divides into two new, identical cells.
2. Budding: Budding is when a cell copies its DNA, then creates an
identical copy of itself by pinching off a small bud, containing the
replicated DNA.

Exchange of Information
1. Conjugation: When DNA is passed from one bacterium to another
through an extension on its surface.
2. Transformation: When bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from their
environment.
3. Transduction: When a virus that infects bacteria carries the
bacterium’s DNA to another bacterium.

IV. Antibiotics

Define Antibiotic: A medicine used to fight bacterial infections.

Describe how Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin. He discovered Penicillin from a mold
(penicillium) that was growing in his petri dish that killed the bacteria that he was growing.