Presentación MACI

An Inverse Source Problemfor the Fractional Diffusion Equation
An Inverse Source Problem

for the Fractional Diffusion Equation
Silvia Seminara† - Marı́a Inés Troparevsky†

Marcela Fabio‡ - Guillermo La Mura‡
†Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Buenos Aires

‡Centro de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de San Martı́n
Introduction
Introduction
Traditional mathematical model for the diffusion phenomenon:
Introduction
I the mean square displacement of a diffusion particle is
proportional to time;
Introduction
I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

Introduction

the equation is
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I u(x, t):
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I u(x, t): quantity of particles per unit volume at position x
and time t;
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
and time t;
I k:
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
and time t;
I k: diffusion coefficient;
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
and time t;
I s(x, t):
Introduction

the equation is
ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
and time t;
I s(x, t): source.
Anomalous diffusion
Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):


proportional to a fractional power of time;

I fractional differential equations have been proposed to
model this phenomena:

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I 0 < α < 1:

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I 0 < α < 1: subdiffusion,

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I 1 < α < 2:

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I 1 < α < 2: superdiffusion.

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I Several definitions of Dα
t :

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
t : Riemann-Liouville’s,

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
t : Riemann-Liouville’s, Caputo’s,

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
Atangana-Banleanu’s,

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
Atangana-Banleanu’s, Caputo-Fabrizio’s, etc.

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I These derivatives are integral operators that

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I have memory:

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I have memory: take into account the past “history” of the
function;

Dα 2
t u(x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t)
for
I have memory: take into account the past “history” of the
function;
I their kernels have different regularity properties.
Mathematical background
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD) of order α,
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
is an integral operator with regular kernel:
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,
I M(α):
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,
I M(α): normalizing positive factor verifying

M(0) = M(1) = 1.
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,

M(0) = M(1) = 1.
I Remark:
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,

M(0) = M(1) = 1.
I Remark: CFa Dα [f ](a) = 0
t
For f ∈ H1 (a, b),
with 0 < α < 1,
Zt
M(α) α(t−s)
a Dt [f ](t)
CF α
:= f 0 (s)e− 1−α ds
1−α a
where
I −∞ 6 a < b,

M(0) = M(1) = 1.
I Remark: CFa Dα [f ](a) = 0
t
(restriction when posing differential equations involving
this derivative).
The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)


to describe a subdiffusion phenomenom

CF α
0 Dt [u](x, t) − k∇ u(x, t) = s(x, t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ Ω
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω


CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω
Inverse problem we are interested in:


CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I to find s(x, t)

CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I to find s(x, t) (and u(x, t)),

CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I having

CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I having g(t),

CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I having g(t), some information about the source and

CF α
2
u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

I having g(t), some information about the source and
additional data.
Our work
Our work
We consider the following anomalous diffusion problem in one
dimension:
Our work
dimension:
CF α
0 Dt [u](x, t) − uxx (x, t) = s(x)h(t) 0 < t < T, 0 < x < 1
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T
I It models the diffusion of particles in a linear path of

length 1
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

length 1 which behaves as having a sort of “memory”.
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

I There is an external (separable) source of particles,
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

I There is an external (separable) source of particles, s(x)h(t),
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

where s ∈ C[0, 1] is unknown and h ∈ C[0, T] is known.
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

I To find u ∈ C2 ([0, 1] × [0, T]) and s(x),
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

I To find u ∈ C2 ([0, 1] × [0, T]) and s(x), we will use
additional data:
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

additional data: (noisy) measurements of u(x, t) in several
positions xi ∈ [0, 1],
Our work
dimension:
CF α
00
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 06t6T

additional data: (noisy) measurements of u(x, t) in several
positions xi ∈ [0, 1], for i = 1, · · · , N, at final time T.
Separating variables...
X
u(x, t) = uk (t) sin(kπx),
k∈N
X
k∈N
with
X
k∈N
with uk (t):
X
k∈N
with uk (t): Fourier coefficients of u(x, t) for each t ∈ [0, T].

X
k∈N
Assuming the series is absolutely convergent,

X
k∈N
Assuming the series is absolutely convergent, we have the

following equation for uk (t):
X
k∈N

CF Dα [u ](t) + k2 π2 uk (t) = h(t)sk ∀t ∈ (0, T)
0 t k
X
k∈N

0 t k
with
X
k∈N

0 t k
with sk :
X
k∈N

0 t k
with sk : Fourier coefficients of s(x),

X
k∈N

0 t k
R1
with sk : Fourier coefficients of s(x), sk = 2 0 s(x) sin(kπx)dx.
For δk = M(α) + k2 π2 (1 − α),

For δk = M(α) + k2 π2 (1 − α), and using the explicit formula to

solve this last fractional differential equation

solve this last fractional differential equation (Al Salti),

solve this last fractional differential equation (Al Salti), we have

−k
2 π2 αt Rt −
k2 π2 α(t−s)
uk (t) = sk { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0
h(s)e δk
ds+
2 2
1−α − k πδ αt
+ δk [h(t) − h(0)e k ]}

−k
2 π2 αt Rt −
k2 π2 α(t−s)
uk (t) = sk { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0
h(s)e δk
ds+
2 2
+ δk [h(t) − h(0)e k ]}
Additional data:

−k
2 π2 αt Rt −
k2 π2 α(t−s)
uk (t) = sk { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0
h(s)e δk
ds+
2 2
+ δk [h(t) − h(0)e k ]}
Additional data: u(x, T) at M points {x1 , x2 , ..., xM } ⊂ [0, 1]:


−k
2 π2 αt R
t −
k2 π2 α(t−s)
uk (t) = sk { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0
h(s)e δk
ds+
2 2
+ δk [h(t) − h(0)e k ]}
Additional data: u(x, T) at M points {x1 , x2 , ..., xM } ⊂ [0, 1]:
u(xi , T) =
P −k
2 π2 αT RT −
k2 π2 α(T−s)
= sk { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0 h(s)e δk
ds+
k∈N
2 π2 αT
1−α −k
+ δk [h(T) − h(0)e δk
]} sin(kπxi )
A linear system can be posed to calculate the Fourier

coefficients sk of s(x),

coefficients sk of s(x), for k = 1, ..., N:

    
u1 a11 a12 ... a1N s1
 u2   a21 a22 ... a2N   s2 
 =  
 ...   ...   ... 
uM aN1 aN2 ... aMN sN

    
u1 a11 a12 ... a1N s1
 u2   a21 a22 ... a2N   s2 
 =  
 ...   ...   ... 
uM aN1 aN2 ... aMN sN
where
−k
2 π2 αT R T −
k2 π2 α(T−s)
aik = { kh(0)
2 π2 e
δk
+ α
(δk )2 0
h(s)e δk
ds+
2 2
1−α − k πδ αT
+ δk [h(T) − h(0)e k ]} sin(kπxi ).
Observations
Additional information is needed

Observations
Additional information is needed to choose the proper number

of measurements and coefficients
Observations

of measurements and coefficients so that the linear system
could be solved stably,
Observations

could be solved stably, and the obtained solution results
accurate.
Observations

accurate.
We observed, for example, that selecting properly the points xi ,
Observations

accurate.
We observed, for example, that selecting properly the points xi ,
the condition number of the matrix (aik ) can be improved.
Example 1
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
I For s(x) = 2 sin(2πx) − 3 sin(5πx):
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
t 2t
e−t
u(x, t) = 2 [2(−1+e
1+2π2 ) sin(2πx)−3(−1+e 2+25π2 ) sin(5πx)]
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
−t t 2t
u(x, t) = e2 [2(−1+e 1+2π2 ) sin(2πx)−3(−1+e 2+25π2 ) sin(5πx)]
is the exact solution.
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
−t t 2t
I We simulated noisy measured values of u(x, t)
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
−t t 2t
and obtained the approximate Fourier coefficients.
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
−t t 2t
I We considered M = N = 6.
Example 1
CF D0,5 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = te−t s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = te−t .
−t t 2t
I The matrix (aik ) resulted invertible.
sexact (x), in red, and sapprox. (x), in green, for this inverse
problem.
uexact (x, t), in red, and uapprox. (x, t), in green.

I Noisy measured values of u(x, T):


simulated by introducing measurement errors

simulated by introducing measurement errors through a
normal distribution

normal distribution (mean in the exact value of u and 1 %
of it as variance).

of it as variance).
I Relative quadratic error,

of it as variance).
||uexact −uapprox. ||L2
I Relative quadratic error, ||uapprox. ||L2 :

of it as variance).
||uexact −uapprox. ||L
I Relative quadratic error, ||uapprox. ||L2
2
:
between 0,6 and 1 % with a mean of 0,9 %.
Example 2
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
I For s(x) = 8 sin(4πx):
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
Example 2
CF D0,25 [u](x, t) 00 (x, t) = sin(t)s(x),

0 t − uxx ∀(x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × (0, 1)
u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0 ∀t ∈ [0, 1]
I h(t) = sin(t).
−4π2 t
2[e 1+12π2 −cos(t)+(3+40π2 ) sin(t)]
u(x, t) = 1+24π2 +160π4
sin(4πx)
I The matrix (aik ) resulted invertible.
sexact (x), dashed in red, and sapprox. (x), in different colors, for
ten simulations of this inverse problem.
uexact (x, t), in red, and uapprox. (x, t), in green.

Conclusions
Conclusions
I We propose and approximation scheme to find the

solution and the spatial component of the source in a non
homogeneous fractional diffusion equation in 1D, from
measurements of the concentration at some points.
Conclusions

I Separating variables, we arrive to a simple fractional
differential equation that can be solved explicitly.
Conclusions

I Numerical examples show the good performance of the
proposed scheme.
Conclusions

I Numerical examples show the good performance of the
proposed scheme.
I A detailed analysis of the properties of the method,
regarding its stability, the structure of the matrix (aik ) and
the appropriate choice of N and M, is pending as a future
work.
Bibliography
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(2018).
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derivatives and other operators, Journal of Computational
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Thank you!

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An Inverse Source Problemfor the Fractional Diffusion Equation

An Inverse Source Problem

Silvia Seminara† - Marı́a Inés Troparevsky†

†Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Universidad de Buenos Aires

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

I if a source of additional incoming particles is present,

ut0 (x, t) − k∇2 u(x, t) = s(x, t)

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

Anomalous diffusion (in porous media, turbulent plasma, etc):

I M(α): normalizing positive factor verifying

I M(α): normalizing positive factor verifying

I M(α): normalizing positive factor verifying

I M(α): normalizing positive factor verifying

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

Inverse problem we are interested in:

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω

Inverse problem we are interested in:

The fractional diffusion inverse source problem

We chose the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD)

u(x, t) = g(t) 0 < t < T, x ∈ ∂Ω