IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

We must be able to answer

 The Localization Factors of Iron and Steel Industry

 Distribution of this industry in India and why this pattern of distribution
 Its Growth and Development in pre and post-Independence periods
 Future prospects of Iron and Steel industry in India

LOCALIZATION FACTORS OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

 Raw Material
 Market
 Transportation
 Labour
 Government Policy
 Technology

Raw Material

 Iron and Steel industry is a Weight Losing Industry (Material Index, M.I. > 1). All the raw
materials of this industry – Coking Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone, Dolamite, Mn are heavy and
bulky
 Location is governed by proximity to raw materials particularly coking coal and Iron ore.
 Localization either near coal and Iron ore or in between.
 VISW is an exception, located far from main coal producing areas. Earlier it used locally
available charcoal and now using HEP from Sharavati Power Project.
Market

 Finished steel products are quite bulky, and transport cost per tonne km of steel product is
about 3 times more than that of coal and iron ore. Therefore market plays an important role in
localization.
 Agglomeration of market forces brings economics in the cost of production, thus making
market favourable location.
 One of the major consumers of steel industry is Automobile industry which in itself prefers a
market location. These industries have also raised the importance of market for iron and steel
industry. Further their waste in the form of scrap provides additional raw material for iron &
steel industry.

Transportation

 Both raw materials & finished products are bulky and require big transportation facilities.
 Optimum transportation cost of carrying raw materials from source and finished products
to market play important role.
 However, setting up of large integrated steel plants boosted the growth of infrastructure,
especially road and rail links in these regions.

Technology
  Increasing popularity of Open Hearth Process. It uses scrap as raw material (1/2 of world’s
raw material). It is easier to transport in raw form. Therefore, changed location of industry
from traditional raw material site to market.

Port location

 Port locations provide easy and cheap means of transportation. These are also highly
helpful in the import of raw materials and export of finished products.
 The Vizag Plant is a glaring example of this kind of location.

Government Policy

 Trickle down hypothesis for balanced regional development guided tremendously the
location of I&S industry in the backward regions.
 Policy of developing Growth Centres & Growth Poles with I&S industry as their core also
influenced its location in India.
 Political lobbying at times influences greatly its location.
 VISW Plant was set up to fulfill Defence requirements.

Labour

 Cheap and abundant labour is required for this industry. Therefore Chottanagpur, West
Bengal and the nearby regions were favourable locations.
 DISTRIBUTION OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA

PLANT IRON ORE COAL HEP/ WATER REMARKS

TISCO Gurumahisani Jharia- Subarnrekha Calcutta Port NH5,
(Orissa) Noamundi Raniganj River NH6
(Jharkhand)
Singhbhum
IISCO Guna (Jharkhand) Jharia DVC, Damodar Calcutta Port NH2
Singhbhum River
VISW Kemmangundi Sharavati Mangalore Port NH4
(Chikmaglur, – Power, Bhadra
Karnataka) River
BHILAI Dalli Rajhara Korba- Korba Thermal Calcutta – Nagpur Rail
Kargali power Plant, NH6
Mahanadi
Basin
ROURKELA Sundargarh Keonjhar Jharia Hirukud HEP, Calcutta – Nagpur Rail
Talcher Sankh-South NH6
Koel River
DURGAPUR Bolani, Mayurbhanj Jharia, DVC, Damodar Calcutta Port Calcutta –
Raniganj River Asansol Rail NH2
SALEM Local – Mettur dam Puducherry –
Coimbatore by NHs
Exports Stainless steel
VIZAG Bailadila Imported + - II largest producer,
(Chattisgarh) Damodar NH5
VIJAYNAGAR Nearby Sringareni Tungabhadra
dam
BOKARO Kiriburu (Orissa) Jharia DVC, Bokaro Largest I&S plant,
(Keonjhar) & Damodar Calcutta port connected
Rivers through NH2

TISCO Jamshedpur
  Raw material is the most important determinant for the location of TISCO Plant in
Jamshedpur. Besides, the latter development of transportation, easy availability of labour
and facilities of nearby Calcutta Port alongwith market around helped this plant to grow.
 Haematite Iron Ore: Gurumahisani and Noamundi, Singhbhum District within 100 km.
 Coal: Jharia (Jharkhand) and Raniganj (West Bengal) within 200 km.
 Calcutta: Port and industrialized hinterland for market within 250 km.
 Water: Subarnrekha River for cooling purposes.
 Labour: Cheap and abundant: Bihar, Chottanagpur (Tribals), Orissa.
 Good transport facilities: NH6 (Mumbai – Kolkata) and NH5 (Chennai – Kolkata) passes
near to it (part of Golden Quadrilateral)

IISCO Kulti, Hirapur and Burnpur

 Hirapur (pig iron), Kulti (steel) and Burnpur (rolling)

 Iron Ore: Guna mines, Singhbhum district (Jharkhand) within 300 km
 Earlier received coal from Jharia, but now power from DVC extensively used.
  Kolkata Port: 200 km, provides port as well as Market facilities.
 Cheap Labour available from West Bengal and adjoining areas.
 Road links with Kolkata Port and other major destinations through NHs provide good
transportation facilities.

VISW, Bhadaravati

 High grade Haematite iron ore from Kemmangundi Mines in Chikmaglur district
(Karnataka): 40 km away
 Coal not available in vicinity; earlier used locally available charcoal, but now HEP from
Sharavati Power Project.
 Bhadra (vati) River passes through it. Water easily available. Also its valley 13 km wide
providing enough land for expanding activities.
 Well connected to Mangalore Port.
 NH4 (part of Golden Quadrilateral) passes near to it. Well connected by transport linkages.
Lies on Biru - Shimoga railway line.
 Engaged in producing steel for Defence purposes.
Bhilai Steel Plant

 Durg happens to be a backward area. Purpose of setting up this plant was to bring prosperity
to this area.
 Rich Haematite iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara Range within 100 km.
 Coal from Korba and Kargali (Chattisgarh) within 200 km distance.
 Power from Korba Thermal Power Station.
 Connected with Kolkata-Nagpur railway line. Lies on NH6 (Joining Mumbai with
Kolkata). Well connected network.
 Cheap labour available from adjoining areas (Tribal population).
 Lies in Chattisgarh basin drained by Mahanadi and its tributaries, therefore water availability
is high.
Rourkela Steel Plant

 Iron Ore from Sundargarh and Keonjhar districts within 100 km

 Coal from Jharia field (Jharkhand) and Talcher within 200 km
 HEP from Hirakud dam
 Water from Sankh – South Koel Rivers crossing near to it
 Located on main Nagpur-Kolkata railway line and enjoys railway facilities. Well connected
to NH-6 passing south to it
 Kolkata provides port facilities and its hinterland serves as a market
Durgapur Steel Plant

 Iron Ore: Bolani mines (Kendujhar district) and Mayurbhanj (Orissa) within 300 km distance
 Coal: Jharia and Raniganj close to it.
 Also uses DVC power
 Damodar passes near it: it provides the required water supply
 Dense Rail – Road network. NH-2 (connecting Delhi with Kolkata) passes though it. Lies on
Kolkata-Asansol railway link connecting it to other parts of the country
 Cheap labour available due to high population density
 Kolkata Port close to it. Rich hinterland for market.
Bokaro Steel Plant

 Largest I&S making centre of India. Engaged in manufacturing of rails

 Obtains Iron Ore from Kiriburu Mines in Orissa.
 Coal from Jharia field, just 65 km from it.
 Lies on confluence of Bokaro and Damodar Rivers – easy water availability.
 HEP from Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).
 Kolkata is just 300 km from it – provides port facilities. NH2 (connecting Delhi and
Kolkota) passes just north to it.
 Cheap labour from adjoining areas (Tribal population)
Salem Steel Plant

 Area is rich in Iron Ore. This ore is converted into higher grade and then smelted in Plant
 Uses HEP from nearby Mettur dam.
 Well connected to Puduchery and Coimbatore by National Highways.
 Major producer of the world class stainless steel. Exports to USA, Mexico, Australia and SE
Asia.
 State-of-art technology, and therefore not much labour required

Vishakapatnam Steel Plant

 First shore based integrated steel plant of the country

 Most sophisticated technology
 Second largest producer of Iron & Steel in India
 Port location makes import and export easy. Major export-oriented steel plant.
 Iron Ore: Bailadila mines of Chattisgarh
 Coal: uses imported coke, thus relieving pressure on Indian coal mines. Also well connected
to coal fields of Damodar valley.
 Lies on NH-5 connecting Chennai with Kolkata

Vijaynagar Steel Plant

  Located near Hospet in Bellary District of Karnataka
 Production of mild steel is the special feature
 Iron ore from nearby mines in Karnataka
 Coal from Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh
 HEP from closely located Tungabhadra Dam

MINI STEEL PLANTS

 Secondary units using steel scrap and sponge iron as raw material; and electric arc and
induction furnaces for processing
 Produce mild and alloy steel especially stainless steel
 Located away from integrated plants to meet local demands
 Mainly concentrated around urban areas
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

 Indians known for art of smelting iron in early times e.g. Mehrauli Pillar. But first I&S unit on
modern lines was set up in 1830 at Porto-Nova (T.N) - not succeeded.
 Other attempts in second half of 19th century – same fate.
 Real beginning in 1907 with setting up of TISCO Plant at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur)
 1919 – IISCO (Indian Iron and Steel Company) set up at Burnpur
 1923 – Mysore Steel Works set up at Bhadravati. Now called Vishvesvaraya Iron and Steel
Works (VISW)
Rapid growth after independence

 The development of I&S industry was envisaged during first Five Year Plan (FYP), but it was
during Second FYP that three integrated steel projects were started at Bhilai (with erstwhile
USSR’s Technical and Financial support), Rourkela (with Germany’s assistance) and Durgapur
(with U.K’s assistance)
 During Third FYP, Bokaro Steel Plant was started (Production started in 1972).
 Three more steel plants planned during IV FYP to meet the requirement of steel.
1. Salem (T.N.)
2. Vizag (A.P.)
3. Vijayanagar (Hospet district in Karnataka)
 Coming up of SAIL in 1973 provided an umbrella corporation for managing plants in public
sector.

Slow Growth (1950-60)

o New PSUs had yet to start production

o Low capital availability
o Low installed capacity
o Low Demand for the finished products

Exponential growth (1960 – mid 90s)

o Started with coming up of Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela Plants

o Expansion of existing plants
o Industrialization took place at a faster rate, therefore higher demand for steel
o Increased per capita consumption

Plateau Section (Stagnation) (Mid 90s – 2001)

o After liberalization, tertiary sector started becoming more important

o Losses of PSUs mounted high pressure on the plants themselves
o Competition from abroad.

Impact of Liberalisation
 o After decades of state orchestrated industrial development, the government going by the
experience world over decided to launch the process of liberalization and the steel sector was
also opened to international market and associated competition.
o With the start of new millennium, increase in production because of infrastructure
development and exports. Annual GR of Production 2001-02 – 3.7% and 2002-03 – 8%.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF STEEL INDUSTRY

 The recent upswing in the international steel market has been a booster dose for Indian steel
industry but the real party can begin only when the domestic market offers right environment
and opens up avenues for long-term sustenance and growth.
 The potential for growth of this sector is enormous. This can be gauged from the fact that the
per capita consumption of steel is still around 29 kg whereas the world average is 150 kg.
Even to equal the world average, with its population over a billion, will have to touch 150
million tones (present consumption 29 million tones).
 Generation of such kind of demand is dependent on health and rate of growth of other
sectors of economy like roads, power, railways, ports, drinking water, housing and
manufacturing.
 New Road Projects estimated to cover around 10,000 kms, four laning of existing roads is
also planned. These will be a good source of new demand for steel.
 As the country will need more Greenfield capacities in the coming years, the steel sector can
hope to get the required impetus for steady growth.
 Track renewal plans of railways for about 35000 kms. This will boost the demand for steel
in a major way. More high-speed trains, new demand for coaches and wagons, and building
of underground railway system will help boost its demand.
 EARTHQUAKE

RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

Earth is in a dynamic equilibrium, always adjusting herself to maintain this dynamism. Earthquakes
are the most prominent evidence of present day earth’s movements. Though man has no control over
earthquake, its proper study, early prediction and remedial measures could help in better management
of disasters and saving precious human and animal lives.

CONCEPT

Crustal plates are continually in motion, interact with neighbouring plates, strain and deform rocks at
their edges. The energy stored by such deformation is released when it crosses the elastic limit of
rocks, in the form of waves called Earthquake.

WAVES

Earthquake waves are of 3 types: P, S and L. P are fastest. However maximum damage is caused by
L-waves, which travel along the surface of earth.

MECHANISM

There are major 3 mechanisms that cause earthquakes:-

1. Plate Tectonics
2. Volcanoes
3. Anthropogenic Factors

ROLE OF PLATE TECTONICS

 The Crustal Plates have three kinds of motions, namely:

Divergence
Slip and
Convergence
 At the “Divergent boundaries”, Crustal Plates move away from each other. There is formation of
faults and ruptures and an associated volcanic activity. This causes earthquake tremors,
though of shallow origin. e.g. the earthquake activity along Mid-Oceanic Ridges of Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific Oceans.

 Along the “Slip Boundaries”, one side of the slip fault slides along the other part and the locked
rocks in a jig-jag fashion break. The creation of transform faults takes place, resulting in severe
earthquakes. e.g. in California (USA), Pacific Plate moves north west the American Plate along
the San Andreas Fault. The earthquakes of intensity are experienced here.

 The maximum number of earthquakes takes place along “convergent boundaries”. Here one
Crustal Plate moves under another Plate. The huge force of such a movement is responsive for an
intensive earthquake activity here. It explains the earthquakes along Pacific Ring of Fire and
Alpine-Himalayan Mid-Continental Belt. On these margins, simultaneous activity of
mountain building, faulting and explosive volcanicity cause earthquakes of shallow,
intermediate and deep origin. The epicenter of shallow earthquakes lies near the trench (where
two Plates meet) and that of deep earthquakes lie on the interiors of continents.

Along Pacific Ring of Fire, Subduction of Pacific Plate under N. American and
Asiatic Plates causes earthquakes in eastern and western margins respectively. It accounts for
65% of total earthquakes of the world. Earthquakes in Rockies, Andes, Kamchatka,
Sakhalin, Japan and Philippines are attributed to this kind of movement. In Japan alone, about
1500 seismic shocks are felt every year.

Mid-Continental Belt accounts for about 21% earthquakes in the world every year.
Earthquakes in Alpines, Mediterranean, North Africa and Himalayas are attributed this
cause. In India, Himalayas Plates are still moving @ 5cm/ year, as evident from recent
earthquakes of Uttar Kashi (1991) and Chamoli (1999). Himalayas fold at places and when
the energy reaches the elastic limit, the rocks break up and trigger strike-slip earthquakes.
Himalayan Fault Zone consists of a complex grid of interactive faults extending all along the
colliding zone.
 The Indian earthquake zones consist of Indian Plains (moderate intensity) and
Peninsula (least intensity) alongwith the Himalayan Region (max. intensity). The plains, though
exhibited moderate intensity earthquakes, few exceptions of Bihar (1934), Assam (1950),
Kolkata (1737) and Bihar (1988) are of severe earthquakes. The Plate Tectonic Theory well
explains the origin of severe earthquakes here (the epicenter of deep and severe earthquakes lie
in the interior of continents).

Recent Bhuj Earthquake (2001) was because of Sea Floor Spreading of Indian
ocean @ 5cm/ year, gradual northward movement of Indian Plate and the reactivated faults
below the surface. Two major connecting faults located in Kutch region: one, E-W between Bhuj
and Ahmedabad and the other, N-S through Ahmedabad and Baroda.

ROLE OF VOLCANICITY (details in the chapter on Volcanicity)

Volcanicity and earthquakes are so intimately related that they become the cause and effect of each
other. Violent eruption of Krakatoa Volcano (between Java and Sumatra) caused severe
earthquake and consequent tsunami (30-40 m high) killing many thousand people.
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS

Pumping out of ground water and oil, mining, nuclear explosion and dams trigger earthquakes
through the collapse of rocks above and powerful vibrations caused by them. Dams disturb the
equilibrium of already iso-statically adjusted rocks below the reservoirs and cause the
development of faults and fractures. 1931 Greece earthquake (Marathan Dam), Koyna earthquake
(1967), Bhatsa Dam (India) are few of the examples.

DISTRIBUTION

 About 68% of the earthquakes are concentrated around Pacific Ring of Fire and 21% along
Alpine-Himalayas Chain.
 95% of the earthquakes are along distributed along Plate boundaries and rest are caused by
Volcanicity and other factors.
 Of the total earthquakes, 90% are of shallow origin along the divergent boundaries and along
convergent boundaries near the trench areas.
IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes demonstrate a man-nature interaction where the nature clearly dominates over man.
These have both geographical as well as human consequences, both long term and short term.
These include:

 Landsides (Lathur), damming of rivers, floods.

 Faults formation, fall of buildings, loss of life and property.
 Damage to Oil pipelines, electric wires and consequent fires.
 Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water.
 Tsunamis and consequent damage to life.

Bhuj Earthquake of 2001 killed 1 lakh people; in Kolkata (1737) it claimed 3 lakh lives.

REMEDIAL MEASURES

Man is unable to prevent earthquakes; all he can do is to take steps for safety.
 More seismic stations for issuing warning. Long term predictions based on cyclic nature of
earthquakes and paleo-seismology.
 Suitable building designs
 Observations like sudden change in climate, abnormal behaviour of animals.
 Special trainings as in case of Japan.
 Effective Disaster Management Mechanism based on the principle of 3RS- Rescue, Relief
and Rehabilitation.
 Coordination among various national and international agencies.
 SOCIAL FORESTRY

We must know:

 Introduction and concept

 Difference between Agro and Social forestry
 Social forestry in India
(a) Farm Forestry –
1.Block Planting
2.Peripheral Planting
(b) Extension Forestry
 Case Studies
 Problems in social forestry

Social forestry is a concept or mission and a program that aims at providing social, economic and
environmental security to the people especially those who are poor and more so to the
downtrodden, by involving them as beneficiaries right form the planting stage to the harvesting stage.
It envisages the use of village land, community land, wasteland and degraded land to raise crops that
will be useful for the community as a whole. Concept of social forestry will be different in different
regions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL AND AGRO FORESTRY

Agro Forestry Social Forestry

Combines with the production of agriculture, Include forest crops including food, fodder,
crops, forest, forest plants and fodder species fuel wood and small timber to meet the
simultaneously or sequentially on the same units multifarious demands of the society
of land
It is a different package of technology that has This is not required in social forestry and
to be developed before implementation fallow lands are utilized for raising forest
crops
There is a close crop relationship whose Forest crops are raised either independently
cultivation is determined by the demands of or in combination with other forest crops
region, demands of person etc. including legumes and grasses. This does not
require such a deep research on the
interrelationships.
Guided generally by economic consideration Social demands and requirement are more
taken into account the combined yield of trees important than any other economic
 and agriculture crops conservation.
It is done on dry-lands water logged, alkaline It is practiced around field bunds, palm pond
and saline soils and nearly all cultivable areas unproductive land and village common.
and forest blocks.

FARM FORESTRY IS A PART OF AGRO FORESTRY

Social forestry in India took the form of farm forestry. Farm forestry has two components:–

(i) Peripheral Planting: it involves the planting of the forest at the edge of the form. The selected
trees were of mulberry.

Advantages:
1. Requires little amount of space
2. It acted as an umbrella for the farm
3. It was used to improve the productivity of marginal lands
4. Judicial selection of the trees helps and encourages the biological pest control

Disadvantages:
1. The shadow reduced the productivity
2. The leaf litter derived there called for some type of weed control.

(ii) Block Planting

Advantages
1. It helps to utilize the farmers’ fields which have reduced to agricultural efficiency
2. It provides substantial income to the farmers

Disadvantages
1. It has a mono-cultural plantation that provides nutrition deficiency.
2. Eucalyptus trees planted under this were responsible for the lowering of the water table.

Both components of farm forestry were part of centralized sachems of the government. This has
been one of the most successful aspects of the social forestry in which saplings were distributed to the
farmers for afforestation on their field bunds.
Further, in order to encourage poor farmers to undertake afforestation, saplings were distributed
free. The department established large centralized nurseries primarily of eucalyptus for distribution
to farmers. Eucalyptus was selected not because the poor farmers wanted it for fuel and fodder but
because it was easier and cheaper to raise eucalyptus sapling and because they were non-browsable
and had a ready market.

In reality farm forestry became subsidized program for the bigger farmers and they came in their
trucks and tractors and collected thousand of free saplings planting them in their fields. Many
converted agricultural lands to eucalyptus plantation because of their higher profits and when the trees
were ready they sold produce in markets as poles or wood for paper and pulp industry. The mission
of fuel wood and fodder for the rural poor seemed sight fact by the strategies followed.

Another reason for large centralized nurseries and free distribution was the pressure to achieve
targets. What land, what survival rates, who benefited all of these became inconvenient questions.
The major beneficiaries have been larger farmers on one hand, and paper and pulp and building
industry on other. Acute shortages of fuel wood and fodder continued to persist.

CASE STUDIES

West Bengal

In West Bengal, the social forestry has been more successful because the village panchayats were
actively involved in identifying land and beneficiaries. Revitalization of village panchayats in West
Bengal was based on implementation on land reforms and distribution of surplus lands. A group
scheme of social forestry emerged in these villages by landless people who were distributed surplus
land, fuel wood folder, and also cash incomes increased. The forest department also negotiated with
several village communities to protect forest on the basis of an agreed sharing scheme. The
protection of forests by the village communities has been so successful that the West Bengal
government has extended scheme to others parts of the state.

Chipko Movement

It is a successful story of afforestation and sustainable use of forests and the principle of equality in
the distribution of equal resources. In the chipko villages in the Himalayas, the women in villages
have organized themselves for safeguarding their ecosystem and developing their fuel wood and
fodder resources in their common land. They identified fragile slopes and planted them to prevent
landslides. The species were planted by the liking of the people. Chipko woman have developed an
equity approach to sharing the biomass. They all are entitled to ahead load of the commons on a
given day date of the week and this is strictly adhered to.

Sukhomadri

It is another successful example of local organization based on equitable sharing of resources in the
Shivalik hills. The sukhomadri village has been able to protect its watershed and saved the village
from falling into a widening gauge because of massive erosion. Apart from it they have been also able
to achieve social well-being of the village people in the span of 3-4 years. This village also
established the water users association which provide equal share of rain water collected by
building a small dam. Even the landless are entitled to eco-share which they can barter for share
cropping, money etc. Everyone in the village has vested interest in safeguarding watershed so that the
dam does not get silted. Although the forest department did try to impose certain restrictions but
realized later on that unless the people themselves do not show concern and the communities did not
get involve, they will hardly be able to safeguard their watershed. When the community established its
own organization and assured equitable distinction of benefits, only then the every member of the
community endeavored to safeguard afforestation in the watershed.

However, Social foresting program of government dominated by bureaucracy eliminated wider

participation of people in their own programme. Lack of land use policy and market for minor
produce of beneficiaries further accentuated the problem.
PROBLEMS WITH SOCIAL FORESTRY

1. Social forestry was conceived as people centered program. A program to empower poor
people for the fuel wood, fodder and other timber needs. But it actually became a
government program and the program of the forest department.
2. People’s participation was the major causality and it was realized later on that people’s
participation cannot be achieved through bureaucratic structure.
3. There had been a neglect of land use policy especially for the forest lands, revenue lands and
community lands and the price for this had been paid by the poor.
4. Different administrative jurisdictions of land have led to property and custodial approaches
to land use policies, irrespective of their best use and contribution to social welfare.
5. There is a lack of appropriate policy regarding access of land for afforestation purposes.
Deformed act and laws hindered rather than motivate people, resulted in vested interest
controlling social forestry program. Instead of fuel wood and fodder, social forestry has
largely provided raw materials to paper, pulp and building industry by passing rural poor.
6. The structure of marketing arrangements and pricing of minor fodder produce has been
totally ignored in comparison of production efforts under social forestry program. The forest
cooperatives which have once played a significant role have now been disappeared.
7. The employment programs under anti-poverty schemes have specific target provision to cover
forest development work which could be easily linked to social forestry program. Such
linkage is missing due to lack of coordination among government departments.
8. Social forestry programs did not involve the women who had to collect the fuel for the
family everyday. It has also not involved the tribals who are deeply interested in promotion
and protection of forests.