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Cesaro Operators On The Hardy Spaces of The Half-Plane
Cesaro Operators On The Hardy Spaces of The Half-Plane
Cesaro Operators On The Hardy Spaces of The Half-Plane
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Aristomenis G. Siskakis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
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1. Introduction
Let U = {z ∈ C : Im(z) > 0} denote the upper half of the complex plane.
For 0 < p < ∞, the Hardy space H p (U) is the space of analytic functions
f : U → C for which
Z ∞ 1
p p
kf kH p (U) = sup |f (x + iy)| dx < ∞.
y>0 −∞
For p = ∞ we denote by H ∞ (U)the space of all bounded analytic functions
on U with the supremum norm.
The spaces H p (U), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, are Banach spaces and for p = 2, H 2 (U)
is a Hilbert space. For the rest of the paper we use the notation kf kp for
kf kH p (U) .
Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and suppose f ∈ H p (U). Then f satisfies the growth
condition
Ckf kpp
(1.1) |f (z)|p ≤ , z ∈ U,
Im(z)
where C is a constant. Further the limit limy→0 f (x + iy) exists for almost
every x in R and we may define the boundary function on R, denoted by
f ∗ , as
f ∗ (x) = lim f (x + iy).
y→0
for each s. For a fixed such s and a > 0 (to be specified later) we have
Z ∞
− pt p −t
ke fs ◦ φt − fs kp = |e p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p dx
−∞
Z −2a
− pt
= |e f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p dx
−∞
Z 2a
t
+ |e− p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p dx
Z−2a
∞ t
+ |e− p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p dx
2a
= I1 (t) + I2 (t) + I3 (t).
4 ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS
valid for 0 < t < log 2. An analogous estimate for I3 (t) gives
Z ∞
p+1
I3 (t) ≤ 2 |f (x + is)|p dx,
a
for 0 < t < log 2.
Let ǫ > 0 be given. Since fs ∈ H p (U) we can choose a > 0 such that for
0 < t < log 2,
Z
p+1
I1 (t) + I3 (t) ≤ 2 |f (x + is)|p dx < ǫ.
R\[−a, a]
We now deal with the second integral I2 (t). Using the growth estimate (1.1)
we have
t t
|e− p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p ≤ 2p |e− p f (e−t x + is)|p + 2p |f (x + is)|p
− pt
p ke f (e−t x + is)kpp p
p kf (x + is)kp
≤2 C + 2 C
Im(e−t x + is) Im(x + is)
p p
kf kp kf kp
≤ 2p C + 2p C
s s
p
kf kp
= 2p+1 C .
s
−t
This says in particular that |e p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p is a uniformly
bounded function of x on the interval [−2a, 2a] for each t > 0. Since this
function has pointwise limit 0 as t → 0, an application of Lebesgue’s domi-
nated convergence theorem gives
Z 2a
−t
lim |e p f (e−t x + is) − f (x + is)|p dx = 0.
t→0 −2a
The growth estimate (1.1) shows that convergence in the norm of H p (U)
implies in particular pointwise convergence, therefore for each f ∈ D(Γ),
− pt
f (e−t z) − f (z)
e
Γ(f )(z) = lim
t→0 t
∂ − pt −t
= e f (e z)
∂t t=0
1
= −zf ′ (z) − f (z).
p
This shows that D(Γ) ⊆ {f ∈ H p (U) : zf ′ (z) ∈ H p (U)}.
Conversely let f ∈ H p (U) such that zf ′ (z) ∈ H p (U). Then we can write
for z ∈ U,
Z t
∂ − ps
Tt (f )(z) − f (z) = e f (φs (z)) ds
0 ∂s
Z t
s 1 s
= −e− p φs (z)f ′ (φs (z)) − e− p f (φs (z)) ds
0 p
Z t
= Ts (F )(z) ds,
0
1
where F (z) = −zf ′ (z) − is a function in H p (U). Thus
p f (z)
Tt (f ) − f 1 t
Z
lim = lim Ts (F ) ds.
t→0 t t→0 t 0
1+z
where ψ(z) = i 1−z , a conformal map from the unit disc D = {|z| < 1} onto
p
U, and H (D) is the usual Hardy space of the disc. We find
c1
(2.2) ψ ′ (z)1/p hλ (ψ(z)) = 2 ,
+λ
(1 − z) p
and
(1 + z)λ
(2.3) ψ ′ (z)1/p eλ (ψ(z)) = c2 2 ,
+λ
(1 − z) p
where c1 , c2 are nonzero constants.
Next recall that if ν is a complex number, (1 − z)ν ∈ H p (D) if and only if
Re(ν) > −1/p (this follows for example from [Du, page 13, Ex. 1]). Applying
this to (2.2) we obtain hλ ∈ H p (U) if and only if Re(− 2p − λ) > −1/p and
this gives the desired conclusion.
In the case of eλ , the right hand side of (2.3) belongs to H p (D) if and only
2
if both terms (1 + z)λ and (1 − z)− p −λ belong to H p (D), because each of the
two terms is analytic and nonzero at the point where the other term has a
singularity. Thus for eλ to belong to H p (U), both conditions Re(λ) > −1/p
and Re(− 2p − λ) > −1/p must be satisfied, which is impossible.
1
Let µ ∈ iR and assume that µ ∈ ρ(Γ). Let λ = µ + p and consider the
function
fλ (z) = iλ(i + z)−λ−1 .
Since Re(−λ − 1) = −1 − 1/p < −1/p, this function is in H p (U). Since
µ ∈ ρ(Γ) the operator Rµ = (µ − Γ)−1 : H p (U) → H p (U) is bounded.
The image function g = Rµ (fλ ) satisfies the equation (µ − Γ)(g) = fλ or
equivalently,
1
(µ + )g(z) + zg ′ (z) = fλ (z), z ∈ U.
p
Thus g solves the differential equation
λg(z) + zg ′ (z) = iλ(i + z)−λ−1 , z ∈ U.
It is easy to check that the general solution of this equation in U is
G(z) = cz −λ + (i + z)−λ , c a constant.
Using the notation of Lemma 2.2 we find
c1 + cc2 (1 + z)−λ
(ψ ′ (z))1/p G(ψ(z)) = 2 ,
(1 − z) p −λ
where c1 , c2 are nonzero constants. This last expression represents an an-
alytic function on the unit disc which however, by an argument similar to
that in the proof of Lemma 2.2, is not in the Hardy space H p (D) of the unit
disc for any value of c because Re(λ) = 1/p. Thus G(z) is not in H p (U)
for any c and this is a contradiction. It follows that σ(Γ) = iR, and this
completes the proof.
We now consider the negative part {Tt : t ≤ 0} of the group {Tt } and we
rename it {St }. That is, for f ∈ H p (U),
t t
St (f )(z) = e p f (φ−t (z)) = e p f (et z), t ≥ 0.
CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE 9
It is clear that {St } is strongly continuous on H p (U) and that its generator
is ∆ = −Γ. It follows from Proposition 2.3 that
σ(∆) = iR, σπ (∆) = ∅.
Let µp = 1p ∈ ρ(∆), and consider the bounded resolvent operator R(µp , ∆).
Let f ∈ H p (U) and let g = R(µp , ∆)(f ). Then µp g − ∆(g) = f or equiva-
lently
zg ′ (z) = −f (z), z ∈ U.
Fix a point a ∈ U, then we have
Z z
f (ζ)
g(z) = − dζ + c
a ζ
with c a constant. Now let z → ∞ within a half-plane Im(z) ≥ δ > 0. Then
g(z) → 0 [Du, Corollary 1, page 191], thus the following limit exists and
gives the value of c, Z w
f (ζ)
c = lim dζ.
w→∞
Im(w)≥δ a ζ
We therefore find
a w
f (ζ) f (ζ)
Z Z
g(z) = dζ + lim dζ
z ζ w→∞
Im(w)≥δ a ζ
Z w
f (ζ)
= lim dζ.
w→∞
Im(w)≥δ z ζ
We now show that the above limit exists unrestrictedly when w → ∞ within
the half-plane U. Indeed for δ > 0 we have,
Z w Z w+iδ Z w
f (ζ) f (ζ) f (ζ)
dζ = dζ + dζ = Jw + Iw .
z ζ z ζ w+iδ ζ
With the change of variable ζ = w + isδ, 0 ≤ s ≤ 1, we have
Z 1
f (w + isδ)
|Iw | = | − iδ ds|
0 w + isδ
Z 1
|f (w + isδ)|
≤δ ds
0 |w + isδ|
Z 1
δ
≤ |f (w + isδ)| ds
|w| 0
Z y+δ
1
= |f (x + iu)| du,
|w| y
where w = x+iy and u = y +sδ. For p = 1 the Fejér-Riesz inequality for the
half-plane [Du, Exercise 6, page 198] implies, through the last inequality,
Z ∞
1 1
|Iw | ≤ |f (x + iu)| du ≤ kf k1 → 0, as w → ∞,
|w| 0 2|w|
10 ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS
i.e. the unrestricted limit exists. For this reason we can write
Z ∞
f (ζ)
g(z) = dζ.
z ζ
Theorem 3.2. Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and let T be the operator defined by
Z ∞
f (ζ)
T (f )(z) = dζ, f ∈ H p (U).
z ζ
Then T : H p (U) → H p (U) is bounded. Further
kT k = p,
and
p p
σ(T ) = {w ∈ C : |w − | = }.
2 2
Proof. As found above we have
T = R(µp , ∆), µp = 1/p ∈ ρ(∆).
From the spectral mapping theorem we find
1
σ(T ) = { : z ∈ σ(∆)} ∪ {0}
µp − z
1
={ : r ∈ R} ∪ {0}
1/p − ir
p p
= {w ∈ C : |w − | = },
2 2
giving the spectrum of T on H p (U).
Since the spectral radius of T is equal to p it follows that
kT k ≥ p.
On the other hand we can apply the Hille-Yosida-Phillips theorem to the
semigroup {St } of isometries to obtain
1
kT k = kR(µp , ∆)k ≤ = p,
1/p
and the proof is complete.
CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE 11
Suppose now 1 < p < ∞ and let q be the conjugate index, 1/p + 1/q = 1.
Recall the duality (H p (U))∗ = H q (U) which is realized through the pairing
Z ∞
(3.1) hf, gi = f ∗ (x)g∗ (x) dx.
−∞
−t t
For the semigroups Tt (f )(z) = e p f (e−t z) and St (g)(z) = e q g(et z) acting
on H p (U) and H q (U) respectively we find
Z ∞
−t
hTt (f ), gi = e p f ∗ (e−t x)g ∗ (x) dx
Z−∞
∞ t
(3.2) = f ∗ (x)e q g∗ (et x) dx
−∞
= hf, St (g)i.
Thus {Tt } and {St } are adjoints of each other. From the general theory
of operator semigroups this relation of being adjoint, on reflexive spaces, is
inherited by the infinitesimal generators and subsequently by the resolvent
operators [Pa, Corollaries 10.2 and 10.6]. It follows that C and T are adjoints
of each other on the reflexive Hardy spaces of the half-plane.
4. Boundary correspondence
We now examine the boundary correspondence between C and its real line
version C, as well as between T and the corresponding real line operator T
defined on Lp (R) by
R
∞ f (u)
x u du,
x > 0,
T(f )(x) =
− R x f (u) du, x < 0,
−∞ u
while T(f )(0) can be chosen arbitrarily. It is well known (and easy to prove)
that T is bounded on Lp (R) for p ≥ 1.
Theorem 4.1. Consider the operators C, T on the Hardy spaces H p (U) and
the operators C, T on the spaces Lp (R). Then
(i) For 1 < p < ∞ and f ∈ H p (U),
C(f )∗ = C(f ∗ ).
T (f )∗ = T(f ∗ ).
therefore
1 1 M
Z
| fδ (ζ) dζ| ≤ ( sup |fδ (ζ)|)y ≤ y→0
z [x, z] |x| ζ∈[x, z] |x|
as y → 0. It follows that
x x
1 1
Z Z
C(fδ )∗ (x) = lim C(fδ )(z) = fδ (u) du = fδ∗ (u) du
y→0 x 0 x 0
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