Research Methodology

Chapter-1

 Features of research:
1. Objective
2. Controlled
3. Generalizability
4. Systematic
5. Reproducible
6. Logical
7. Free from personal biases
8. Directed toward situation of a problem
9. Replicable
 Types of research:
1. Basic or fundamental research
2. Applied or action research
 Purpose or role of research in management:
1. Providing information
2. Identifying problem
3. Formulating strategy
4. Supporting organizational change
5. Helps to control
 Process of scientific research:
1. Realizing a problem
2. Identification of problem
3. Review of literature
4. Hypothesis formulation
5. Research design formulation
6. Sampling design
7. Collection of data
8. Data analysis and interpretation of finding
9. Reporting and generalization

 Difficulties in applying scientific methods to social science research:

1. Complexity of subject matter
2. Difficult to accurate measurement
3. Misconceived impression of society
 4. Emotional tendencies
5. Vested interest of the researcher
6. Qualitative nature of social events
7. Lack of universality of social events
 Types of management of research:
1. Policy research
2. Action research
 Generates knowledge
 Address organizational problem
 Helps to manage change
3. Evaluation research
 importance of research for decision making:
1. Identify problems
2. Diagnosing and assessing problem and opportunity
3. Selecting course of action
4. Implementing a course of action
5. Evaluating the course of action
 Ethical issues in management research:
1. Ethics to participants
 Voluntary participation
 Informed consent
 The right to be informed
 The right to be safe
 No deception of participants
 Assuring privacy of information
 Rewarding
2. Ethics to the sponsor
 Competency
 Confidentiality
 Quality work
 No fabrication
 Professional practice
3. Ethics to the team members
 Safety and security
 Open relation
 Co-operation
4. Ethics towards society
 Be objective
  Maintain scientific rigour
 Report results

Chapter-2

 Purpose and functions of literature review:

1. To know the research conducted in the chosen field
2. To identify the gap
3. To develop theoretical framework
4. To develop research design
5. To update on current issues
6. To know the methods of data analysis
7. To know the research design
8. To assess the success of various research design
 Phases in literature review:
1. Identifying the relevant sources
2. Obtaining literature
3. Reading
4. Extracting the relevant information
5. Evaluating the content of the literature
6. Writing up the literature review

Chapter-3

 Steps in problem formulation:

1. Identifying broad problem area
2. Divide the subject area into sub areas
3. Decide about an area
4. Defining problem
5. Decide about the objective
 Types of research question:
1. Descriptive question
2. Observational / relational questions
3. Casual / cause & effect questions
4. Research question seeking difference
 Need of theoretical framework in research:
1. Clarify the variables
2. Provide general framework
 3. Guides for data collection
4. Helps to data analysis
5. Helps to show relationship
6. Helps to test or build theory
7. Helps to interpretation
 Function of hypothesis:
1. Shows the area of emphasis
2. Provides guideline for collecting information
3. Informs about area of subjective priorities
4. Basis of research
5. Helps to test mathematically
 Types of hypothesis:
1. Descriptive hypothesis
2. Relational or explanatory hypothesis
3. Directional or non-directional hypothesis
4. Null or alternative hypothesis

 Criteria of good hypothesis:

1. Simplicity
2. Clarity
3. Testability
4. Relevant to problem
5. Specific
6. Relevant to available technology
7. Consistency and harmony
 Contribution of research in theory building and practice:
1. Develops new theory
2. Helps to modify existing theory
3. Gives impute to develop theory

Chapter-4

 Elements of research design:

1. Types of investigation
2. Source of information
3. Type of survey
4. Sampling
5. Data collection instrument
6. Data analysis tools & technique
 7. Methods of data collection
8. Time period
9. Report writing
 Classification of research design:
1. Exploratory research design
2. Descriptive research design
3. Case study
4. Developmental research design
 Longitudinal growth study
 Trend study
 Cross-sectional growth study
 Cohort study
5. Correlation study
6. Casual comparative research design
7. Experimental research design
8. Quasi-experimental research design
 Common sources of error:
1. The halo effect
2. The rating error
 Over rating
 Under rating
 Central rating
3. The experimenter bias effect
4. Error of misplaced precision
5. Use of case study
6. Sampling error
7. Data processing error
8. The inclination to the instrument
 Basic assumptions of qualitative research:
1. Research keeps holistic approach
2. Research incorporates emergent design
3. Research is descriptive
4. Primarily concerned with process rather than outcomes
5. Research involves field work
6. Research is subjective
7. Process of research is inductive
 Types of qualitative research:
1. Historical study
 2. Case study
3. Grounded theory
4. Ethnography
5. Participative research
6. Narrative study
7. Phenomenological study
 Features of qualitative research:
1. Interpretive
2. Based on qualitative facts
3. Purposive sampling
4. Change in research design
5. Self collection of data
6. Holistic assumption

Chapter -5

 Sources of measurement problem:

1. Related to respondent
2. Related to situation
3. Related to measurer
4. Related to instrument
 Sampling process:
1. Define the population
2. Specify the sampling frame
3. Specify sampling unit
4. Selection of sampling method
5. Determination of sample size
6. Preparation of plan for sampling
7. Select the sample
 Types of sampling:
1. Probability sampling
 Simple random sampling
 Systematic random sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Cluster sampling
2. Non-probability sampling
 Purposive or judgmental sampling
 Quota sampling
 Convenience sampling
  Self-selecting sampling
 Snow ball sampling

Chapter-6

 Types of data:
1. Primary & secondary data
2. Qualitative & quantitative data
 Sources of primary data:
1. Interview
 Direct personal interview
 Indirect oral interview
2. Questionnaire
 Sources of secondary data:
1. Published sources
 Government reports & publications
 Publications of semi-government organization
 Publications of international organization
 Private publications
2. Unpublished sources
3. Computerized database
 Important considerations for data collection:
1. Sample size
2. Financial resources
3. Cost
4. Time
5. Response rate
6. Availability of technology
 Questionnaire principle:
1. Clear and precise
2. Use of natural and familiar language
3. Unbiased
4. Avoid double barreled question
5. State explicit alternatives
6. Reliable and valid
7. Length of the questionnaire
8. Match the objective
9. Consider to participants
10. Pilot study and improving the questionnaire
 Components of questionnaire:
1. Part incorporating explanatory information
2. Part incorporating personal information
3. Main part
 Types of questionnaire:
1. On the basis of structure
 Exploratory questionnaire
 Formal standardized questionnaire
2. On the basis of administration
 Online questionnaire
 Mail questionnaire
 Delivery & collection questionnaire
 Telephone questionnaire
 Research interview types:
1. Personal or face to face interview
2. Telephone interview
 Sources of qualitative data:
1. Depth interview
2. Focus group interview
 Telephone
 Online
 Video conference
 Data processing:
1. Editing
2. Coding
3. Classification
4. Tabulation
5. Summarizing of data
 Statistical analysis of data:
1. Descriptive
 Frequency
 Measurement of central tendency
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Measurement of dispersion
 Range
 Quartile deviation
  Mean deviation
 Standard deviation
2. Inferential
 Estimation statistic
 Confidence interval
 Parameter estimation
 Hypothesis testing
 Methods of analyzing qualitative data content:
1. Content analysis
2. Narrative analysis
3. Thematic analysis

Chapter-7

Functions of research proposal:

1. To provide information
2. To prepare plan
3. To justify rational
4. To form base for contract
5. To remind
6. To inform research methodologies
 Types of research proposal:
1. Solicitated research proposal
2. Unsolicited research proposal
3. Academic research proposal
 Contents of funded research proposal:
1. Title
2. Executive summary
3. Background of the study
4. Statement of the problem
5. Theoretical framework
6. Statement of hypothesis
7. Definition of terminologies
8. Significant of the study
9. Review of literature
10. Limitation of the study
11. Research methodology
 12. Reference
13. Chapter scheme
 Structure of research proposal:
1. Preliminary page
2. Main body
3. References
 Types of research report:
1. Formal and informal
2. Internal and external
3. Short and long
4. Technical and popular
5. Analytical and informative
 Process of research report:
1. Logical analysis of subject matter
2. Preparation of the final outline
3. Preparation of the rough draft
4. Rewriting and polishing the rough draft
5. Preparation of the final bibliography
6. Writing the final draft
 Procedure for writing report:
1. Preparation of outline
2. Time planning
3. Management of data
4. Start of writing report
5. Prepare the first draft
6. Put the report for some time
7. Review and rewrite
 Conventions of academic writing:
1. No use of the first person
2. Avoid emotional term
3. Confidentiality
4. Use of direct positive sentences
5. Consistency
6. Presentation
7. Use of non-gender language
8. Consistency in spelling format
9. Abbreviations
10. Use of opinion
 11. Use of non-English term
 Pre-writing concern:
1. Brain-storming
2. Free-writing
3. Listing
4. Clustering
5. Outline your report
 Components of research report:
1. Preliminary part
 Title page
 Recommendation sheet
 Viva-voce sheet
 Acknowledgement
 Executive summary
 Table of contents
 List of table & figure
 Abbreviation
2. Body
 Introduction
 Review of literature
 Research methodology
 Data presentation and analysis
 Summary, conclusion & Recommendation
3. Supplementary section
 Reference or bibliography
 Appendix
 APA style of citation and referencing:
1. Short citation
2. Long citation
3. Use of ellipses
4. Indirect quotation or paraphrasing
5. Footnote
6. Abbreviation
 Evaluation of research report:
1. Introduction
 The title
 The problem
 Review of related literature
 2. Methodology
3. Result
4. Discussion/Conclusion
 Essential of good research report:
1. Precisions
2. Accuracy of facts
3. Relevancy
4. Reader-oriented
5. Simple language
6. Conciseness
7. Grammatical accuracy
8. Unbiased recommendation
9. Clarity
10. Attractive presentation

International Business
Chapter -1

 Forms of Globalization:
1. Economic Globalization
2. Political Globalization
3. Socio-cultural Globalization
4. Natural Globalization
5. Technological Globalization
 Drivers of Market Globalization:
1. Crisis of capitalism
2. Technological Advances
3. World economic boom
4. Comparative and competitive advantages
5. Decreasing barriers to trade and investment
6. International media outreach
7. Competition
8. Increasing market size and geographic diversification
9. Political trend towards promoting regional economic blocs
10. Growing consumer pressures
 Reasons for international business expansion:
1. Taking comparative / competitive advantage of business
2. Matching with consumer pressure
 3. Benefitting from international product life cycle
4. Managing and escaping competition
5. Benefitting from world economic boom and increasing market size
6. Gaining higher profit margins and growth opportunity
7. Adjusting excess capacity
8. Political trend towards cross-national economic corporation
9. Geographic diversification
10. Benefitting from technological advances

Chapter-2

 Theories of international trade:

1. Doctrine Theory
2. Theory of absolute advantage
3. Theory of comparative advantage
4. The factor endowment theory
5. The international product life cycle
6. The theory of national competitive advantage
 Implications of international trade and investment theory:
1. Implication on international trade
 Free trade implication
 Trade pattern implication
 Trade competitiveness implication
2. Implication of investment theory
 Market imperfection
 Location advantage
 Product life cycle advantage
 Competition
 The market in developing country
 Current trend of global trade:
1. Tariff barriers
 Import duty
 Primary import tariff
 Secondary import tariff
 Official prices
2. Non-tariff barriers
 With direct influence
  Subsidies
 Aids & loans
 Custom valuation
 With quantity-control effect
 Import quotas
 Buy local legislation
 Border regulation and standard
 Specific permission requirement and exchange control
 Administration delays/ procedure
 Reciprocal requirement
 Restriction on service
 Theory of international investment:
1. Monopolistic advantage theory
2. Product and factor market imperfection theory
3. International product life cycle theory
4. Internalization theory
5. Electic theory
 Ownership specific advantage
 Location specific advantage
 Internalization advantage
6. Modified theories for third world firms
 Contemporary issues in international trade:
1. Free trade, fair, trade and protectionist trade
2. Trade facilitation and trade policy harmonization
3. Subsidies and countervailing
4. Transit facility for land locked nations
5. Containerized trade and dry pots
6. Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures
7. Technical barriers to trade
8. Trade capacity building
9. GSP and preferential systems of trade
10. Dumping and anti-dumping measure
11. Voluntary export restraints

Chapter-3
 Changing Demographic of the global economy:
1. Changing demographic in world FDIs
2. Changing demographic in world economic output and world trade
3. Changing demographic in world MNCs
4. Changing world economic order
 Stages of regional economic integration:
1. Preferential trading area
2. Free trade area
3. Customs union
4. Economic union
5. Political economic union
 Economic integration in different conditions:
1. Preferential trading area
2. Free trade area
3. Customs union
4. Single market
5. Economic and monetary union
6. Complete economic integration
 Implication of economic integration:
1. STATIC effect implication
 Trade creation
 Trade diversion
2. DYNAMIC effect implication
 Greater economies of scale
 Increased competition and efficiency

Chapter -4

 International monetary and financial environment:

1. Currencies
2. Exchange rate systems
 The floating exchange rate system
 Controlled exchange rate system
 Fixed exchange rate system
 Pegged exchange rate system
 Nature of foreign exchange market:
1. The over the counter market
2. Securities exchanges
 Market for trading forex instruments
  Remarkable market for size composition and location
 Wide use and dominance of the US dollars
 Modes of payment in international trade:
1. Advance cash payment
2. Letter of credit
3. Open account
4. Counter trade
 International financial institutions:
1. International monetary fund
2. The world bank system
3. Asian development bank
4. New multilateral development bank

Chapter-5

 Analysis of international business forces:

1. Operating environment
2. Industry environment
3. Remote environment
 Complexity of doing business across cultures:
1. Varying communication implication
 Non-verbal communication
 Kinesics
 Proxemics
 Time language
 Paralanguage
 Physical context
 Hepatics
2. Varying impact of social attitude and behaviors on IB
 Identification of behavioral practices affecting IB
 Identification of cultural practices affecting IB
3. Varying CSR and ethical standards
4. Impact of socio-cultural nuances on business negotiations
5. Varying customer reactions to marketing
 political forces:
1. Constitutional bodies
2. Constitution and state-structure
3. Political parties
4. Extra constitutional power blocks
 5. Power transition mechanism
6. Domestic competitors
7. Regional trading blocks
8. International organization
9. Special interest group
 Assessing political risk:
1. General political risks
 Government takeover of corporate assets
 Expropriation
 Domestication
 Operational restriction
 Agitation, war, armed conflict and violence
 Blockage of funds
 Embargoes and sanctions
 Terrorism
2. Government intervention in economic activities and firm
 Individualistic paradigm
 Communitarian paradigm

 Role of strategy in international business:

1. Strategy and assessment of international market opportunity
 Analyzing organizational readiness to internationalize
 Assessing the suitability of products and services for foreign markets
 Screening countries to identify target markets
 Assessing industry market potential
 Choosing foreign business partners
 Estimating company sales potential
 Estimating market potential:
1. GNP
2. Population
3. Personal income
4. Cultural factors
5. Costs
6. Income elasticity
7. Substitution
8. Income inequality
9. Buyer's behavior
 Chapter-6

 Global marketing strategy:

1. Global positioning
2. Branding
3. Product development
4. Pricing
5. Communication
6. Distribution strategy
7. E-marketing
 Financial management of fund for international operation:
1. Global equity financing
2. Debt financing
 International loans
 Eurocurrency market
 International human resource management:
1. Staffing policies
 Ethnocentric staffing approach
 Polycentric staffing policies
 Regio-centric staffing policies
 Geocentric staffing policies
2. Diversity management
3. Labor relation

Entrepreneurship
Chapter-1
 Features of entrepreneur:
1. Motivator
2. Risk bearer
3. Organizer
4. Innovator
5. High achiever
6. Dynamic agent
7. Future oriented
8. Tolerance of ambiguity
9. Sense of urgency
10. Action oriented
11. Desire for independence
 Functions of entrepreneur:
1. Planning function
2. Risk and uncertainty bearing
3. Organization building
4. Managing function
5. Decision making
6. Innovation function
7. Leading function
8. Managing growth
 Types of entrepreneur:
1. On the basis of stages of economic development
 Initiative or adoptive entrepreneur
 Innovative
 Fabian
 Drone
2. On the basis of attitude and knowledge
 Empirical
 Rational
 Cognitive
3. On the basis of ownership
 Private
 Public
 Joint
 Co-operative
4. On the basis of types of business occupation
 Business
 Trading
 Industrial
 Corporate
 Agricultural
5. On the basis of use of technology
 Technical
 Non-technical
 Professional
6. On the basis of the scale and nature of entrepreneur
 Small scale
 Large scale
 Pure
  Induced
 Motivated
 Growth
 Modern
 Young
 Features of entrepreneurship:
1. Economic activity
2. Creative activity
3. Purposeful activity
4. Risk-bearing capacity
5. Ability to innovate
6. Business oriented
7. Knowledge based practice
8. Result oriented behavior
9. Systematic work
10. Practical discipline
 Role of entrepreneurship in Nepalese economy:
1. Capital formation
2. Job creation
3. Increased productivity
4. Balanced development
5. Promotes innovation
6. Managing resources
7. Economic growth
8. Technological advancement
9. Promotes industrialization
 Role of technology in entrepreneurship:
1. Example of how technology powers social innovation
2. The mobile revolution
3. Bringing together all the stakeholders
4. Synergies and economies of scale
5. Email as an example
6. Society benefit

Chapter-3

 Legal structure:
1. Sole proprietorship
 2. Partnership
3. Company
4. Trust
 Intellectual property:
1. Patents
2. Trademarks
3. Industrial design
4. Copy right
5. Trade secrets
 Other legal issues:
1. Licenses
2. Trade practices
3. Licensing
4. Taxation
5. Product safety and liability
6. Insurance and contract
 Factors affecting for developing entrepreneurship:
1. Internal factors
 System
 Process
 Management
 Capability
 Assets
 Experience
2. External factors
 Technological
 Economic
 Political
 Legal
 Social
 The market
 Risk associated with entrepreneurship development:
1. Financial risk
2. Career risk
3. Family and social risk
4. Psychic risk
 Chapter-4

 Sources of generating new ideas:

1. Market
2. Problems and change
3. Inventions and technologies
4. Trends and habits
5. Consumer
6. Competition
7. The unexpected situation
8. Study of project profiles
9. Industry and market structures
10. Demographic
11. Change in perception
12. New knowledge
 Methods of generating new idea:
1. Brainstorming
2. Nominal group technique
3. Delphi technique
4. Problem inventory method
5. Checklist method
6. Attribute listing
7. Big dream approach
8. Scientific method
9. Force relationship
10. Value analysis
 Selection of best idea:
1. Preliminary evaluation and idea testing
 Technical feasibility
 Commercial feasibility
2. Detailed analysis
3. Idea selection

 Factors affecting site selection:

1. Proximity to customers
2. Location of competitors
 3. Site specific factors
4. Availability of raw materials
5. Location of markets
6. Labor supply
7. Transportation facilities
8. Climate and taxes
9. Power sources
10. Government policies
11. Quality of life
12. Community and labor attitude
13. Local taxes and restrictions
14. Finance and research facilities
 Marketing components:
1. Overall market
2. Specific market
3. Competitive factors
4. Macro environmental influences
 Natural environment
 Economic environment
 Political
 Socio-cultural
 Technological
5. Marketing strategy
6. Sales forecasts
7. Price strategy
 Financial component:
1. Start-up cost
 Cost of production
 Cost of financing
 Cost of fixed assets
 Cost of intangible assets
 Cost of current assets
 Cost of developing business
2. Financial requirement
3. Source of funds
 Long-term finance
 Medium term finance
 Short term finance
 4. Projected profit and loss account
5. Projected cash flow statement
6. Projected balance sheet
 Development and production analysis:
1. Production process and technology
2. Resource requirement
3. Quality assurance
 Organization and management:
1. Key personal resources
 procurement
 Development
 Compensation
 Record keeping
 Performance evaluation
 Research and audit
2. Human resource management strategy

Chapter-5

 Benefit of business plan:

1. To master change
2. To achieve growth
3. To determine the resources required
4. To manage the enterprise
5. To serve throughout a venture's life
6. To survive in complex economy
7. To manage outside pressures
8. To harness energies
 Elements of business plan:
1. Making the commitment
2. Analyzing oneself
3. Choosing a product or service
4. Researching markets
5. Forecasting sales revenue
6. Choosing a site
7. Developing a production plan
 8. Developing a marketing plan
9. Developing a legal plan
10. Developing organizational plan
11. Developing an according plan
12. Developing an insurance
13. Developing a computer plan
14. Developing personal plan
15. Developing financial plan
 Types of plan:
1. Business plan
2. Financial plan
3. Marketing plan
4. Operation plan

 Preparation of business plan:

1. Keep plan short
2. Organize the plan
3. Future oriented
4. Highlight critical risk
5. Effective entrepreneurial team
6. Target market
7. Capture interest

Chapter-6

 Role of government in promoting entrepreneurship:

1. Incentives and subsidies
 Investment subsidy
 Import/Export subsidies and bounties
 Research and development
 Tax subsidy
 Subsidy relating to resources
 Excise duty exemption
 Capital subsidy scheme for technology upgrading
2. Grants
 Technical assistance
 Raw material assistance
  Cash scheme
 Marketing assistance
 Supply of machinery and equipment
 Assistance to small entrepreneur
 Rural industrial project assistance
 Role of financial institution in the entrepreneurship development in Nepal:
1.

Recent Trend in Management:

Chapter -1

 Understanding General Management:

1. Top Level management
2. Middle level Management
3. Lower level Management
 Mastering the Management System:
1. Develop the strategy
2. Translate the strategy
3. Plan Operation
4. Monitor and Learn
5. Test and Adapt the Strategy
 Latest Perspective of Management:
1. Micro & Macro Management
2. Green Management
3. Stress Management
4. Talent Management
5. Sustainability Management
6. Time Management
7. Anger management
 Management Thought:
1. The Classical Theory
 Scientific Management Theory
 Bureaucracy Theory
2. The Behavioral Theory
 Behavioral Science Theory
o Theory x and Y
o Need Hierarchy Theory
 Physiological Need
  Safety Need
 Esteem / Ego Need
 Social Need
 Self-Actualization Need
o Two Factor Theories
 Human relation theory
o Haw-Throne Studies
o Theory of Participative Management

Chapter-2

 Sexual Harassment:
1. Quid-Pro-Quid Sexual Harassment
2. Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment
 Approaches of Managing People
1. Ethnocentrism
2. Polycentrism
3. Geocentricism
4. Region-centrism

Chapter-3

 Level of CSR:
1. Economical Responsibility
2. Legal Responsibility
3. Ethical Responsibility
4. Philanthropic Aspects
 Domains of Corporate Governance:
1. Principal –Agency Relationship
2. Conceptual framework
 Issues of Corporate governance in Nepal:
1. Participation
2. Transparency
3. Responsiveness
4. Accountability
5. Equity
6. Consensus Oriented
7. Effectiveness & Efficiency
 Governance Model:
1. Anglo American Model
 2. German Model
3. Japanese model
4. Indian Model

Chapter -4

 Emerging Leadership Issues:

1. Mutual Influence
2. Cross-cultural Leadership
3. Leading through Empowerment
4. Ethical leadership issue
5. Team Leadership
6. Emotional Intelligence & Leadership
7. Gender Issues
 Retention Strategies:
1. Invest in employees professional development
2. Offering benefit package
3. Create ultimate of open communication
4. Net overburdening employees
5. Establishing clear cut expectations & policies
6. Orientation
7. Training & Development
8. Termination & Out placement
 Emotional Intelligence:
1. Self regulation
2. Self Awareness
3. Self Motivation
4. Improve empathy
5. Improve social skill

Chapter-5

 Framework for examining culture:

1. Individualism- Collectivism
2. High Power distant – Low power distant
3. Weak _strong uncertainty avoidance
4. Masculinity – Faminity
 5. Long-Short term orientation
 Multi-cultural profile:
1. Acculturation
2. Enculturation

Chapter -6

 An integration of thoughts on Knowledge Management:

1. Learning culture & climate
2. Knowledge building
3. Organizational memory
4. Information processing
 Barriers to implement knowledge management in an organization:
1. Organizational planning, enabling & motivating
 Planning
 Enabling
 Motivating
2. Personal barriers
 Lack of knowledge
 Time & effort
 Lack of incentives to share knowledge
 Managing talent for competitive advantage:
1. Good employer branding technique
2. Effective hiring methodologies
3. Differentiated workforce strategy
4. Monitoring
5. Training
6. Review of talent management process
7. Job station
8. Embracing technology

Chapter -7

 Role of knowledge management in an organization:

1. Faster & better decision making
2. Empower customers to find solutions themselves
3. Avoids redundant effect
4. Accelerating delivery to customers
5. Wide & quick communication
6. Innovation & growth
 7. Making scarce expertise widely available
 Monitoring in an organization:
1. Induction monitoring
2. Peer monitoring
3. Development monitoring
 Emerging organizational leadership in 21st century:
1. Ethical leadership
2. Charismatic Leadership
3. Servant leadership
4. Responsible leadership