TOPIC 7: RESPIRATION, MUSCLES AND THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 7B: Muscles, movement and the heart

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 B 1 and 3 only (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) • In joints/between bones (1) (2)
• Intervertebral discs (1)
2(b) Three from: (3)
• Work in antagonistic pairs (1)
• Biceps is flexor and contracts to bend arm. (1)
• Triceps is extensor and contracts to straighten arm. (1)
• When one muscle (of antagonistic pair) contracts, the other relaxes and Mark point 4 including the words in
is pulled back to original position. (1) parentheses = 2 marks as it subsumes mark
point 1
2(c) • To bring oxygen and glucose (1) (2)
• To remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid and (excess) heat (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3 Five from: (5)
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum is modified ER and stores calcium ions. (1)
• Calcium ions released when impulse/action potential reaches SR (via T
tubules/from neuromuscular junction). (1)
• Calcium ions bind to sites on troponin molecules. (1)
• This changes shape of troponin molecules, which then pull/move
tropomyosin molecules. (1)
• This exposes myosin binding sites on actin. (1)
• So myosin heads can bind to actin/form cross bridges/form actomyosin.
(1)
• After contraction, calcium ions released and actively transported back
into SR (for storage). (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a) Five from: (5)
• Myoglobin consists of one polypeptide strand (1)
• so is either fully/100% oxygenated or not oxygenated. (1)
• Haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide strands (1)
• so curve is sigmoid/S shaped. (1)
• First polypeptide/haem loads slowly (to 25%) (1)
• which causes change of shape so haem 2 and 3 load quickly (to 75%).
(1)
• Final/4th haem loads slowly (then 100% loaded). (1)
(b) • Myoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen/ORA. (1) Look for the idea here and accept alternative (2)
wording, e.g. at respiring tissues, the pp

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• So at low partial pressures of oxygen at respiring tissues it will accept oxygen is low and Hb gives up its oxygen but
oxygen, whereas at low pp oxygen, haemoglobin gives up its oxygen. (1) myoglobin can accept oxygen.

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original.