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Creative Environmental Energy Technology Assessment Hydroelectric Power Plant (Case Study of Wonogiri Reservoir)
Creative Environmental Energy Technology Assessment Hydroelectric Power Plant (Case Study of Wonogiri Reservoir)
Abstract Hydroelectric power plants in Indonesia are widely developed. This is because the water supply in Indonesia is
quite abundant. Several large reservoirs in Indonesia, in addition to being used for water reservoirs, are used to produce
electricity. Wonogiri is a region that is located in Central Java province, where most of the region is arid land that cannot
be planted in the dry season. In the rainy season the abundance of water plants to die and the soil is such that in the dry
season crops do not grow well. Plans for the construction of Gajah Mungkur started in 1964, and it is designed to be a
multipurpose dam project that aim to control floods, supply water for irrigation and hydropower in the Solo River valley.
The master development plan was formulated in 1972-1974 with the help of Overseas Technical Cooperation of Japan.
The results of this study include the completion of flooding problems along the Solo River, the increase in agricultural
output in Winton community with irrigation facilities and good infrastructure, availability of electricity for communities
around the dam and improving the local economy as the development of inland fisheries and tourism sectors.
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Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Application, Vol. 2, No. 3, October 2017
1978 m3/second is the largest flood ever to communities by utilizing the potential that will be
occur in the Bengawan Solo River Basin. This generated by the reservoir. Potentials that are
flood had a puddling area of 10,000 ha, in the expected to grow along with the construction of
city of Surakarta of 1000 ha and in the Sragen dams are fisheries, electricity and tourism sectors.
area of 8,000 ha. Gajah Mungkur Reservoir
located in the south of Wonogiri Regency was MATERIAL AND METHOD
Wonogiri Reservoir is also called the Gajah
built with the main purpose of flood control
that often occurs due to the overflowing Mungkur Dam, located in Danuarjo Village,
Wonogiri District, Wonogiri Regency, Central
Bengawan Solo river in the rainy season. In
Java Province. Wonogiri Reservoir, which has a
addition, agricultural irrigation is also an
wide catchment area of 1350 km2 is located 3 km
important consideration given that most of the
south of Wonogiri Regency. Construction of
people living around it are farmers and
planters. With the availability of irrigation Wonogiri Reservoir began in 1976. The first
filling was carried out in July 1980 and then
facilities and infrastructure, this reservoir as a
inaugurated in November of the same year. The
pemengakap to regulate the entry and
main benefits of the Wonogiri Reservoir are for
discharge of running water. This control is
flood control, hydropower, irrigation, and
very beneficial because it can regulate the flow
of water in the rainy season so that floods can drinking water.
be controlled. And in the dry season, the a. Data collection
reservoir is an important source of water for Data on reservoir characteristics
community agricultural facilities. Data requirements downstream
In addition, the construction of Gajah
Data on hydropower installation
Mungkur Reservoir is expected to change the
economic condition of surrounding Other supporting data
b. Planning of hydroelectricity
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Feby Hidayani, Yohanes Sardjono, Chafid Fandeli, Rukmini A.R, Creative Environmental Energy Technology
Assessment Hydroelectric Power Plant (Case Study Of Wonogiri Reservoir)
High inertia (head) is easy to Problems arising from the project are
obtain, abundant amount of water, easily solved
and good flow state Low transmission costs
Good geographic and geological Rainfall is expressed by the high water
location for dams, central buildings in a tube, usually in mm
and other constructions Stream flow or discharge is the amount of
Materials for concrete, dams, etc. water flowing through a particular river cross
section per unit of time
are easily available for the project
It is good for transporting c. Scheme and process of Hydro Power
Plant
construction materials and heavy
equipment
energy of water) into electrical energy, the The rotating generator causes a change of
driving machine used is a water turbine to magnetic field between the stator and the
convert the potential energy of water into a
shaft mechanical work that will turn the rotor so that there will be emf (electron
generator to produce electrical energy. Water flow).
as a raw material for hydropower can be Generator-generated electricity will be fed
obtained from the river directly channeled to to the step up transformer.
rotate the turbine by being collected first
(along with rain water) by using tando pond or d. Major Component of Hydro Power Plant
reservoir before it is channeled to rotate the Dam
turbine. The electric power generated can be
calculated using the formula approach: The dam is a component part of the Water
Hydroelectric Power that serves to hold large
amounts of water and to create a high water
fall so that the power generated is also large.
In addition, the dam also serves to control
flooding
Turbine
Turbine is a very important component in
Power Plant. Turbine works to convert the
flow of water into mechanical energy. Falling
Water flows through an adjustable water
water will drive the propeller causing the
gate to obtain the desired water
turbine to spin. This turbine rotation is
discharge.
connected to the generator. Water turbines are
This water flow will pass through the
mostly shaped like windmills
pipe rapidly and cause increased water
Generator
pressure.
The generator is a component connected to a
The water from the pipe will then crash
turbine where the generator will generate
into the turbine blades so that the turbine
electrical energy. The generator works like
can rotate.
any other generator in the hydropower plant or
Rotation of the turbine connected to the
another generator, which converts mechanical
shaft will make the rotor generator also
energy into electrical energy according to the
spin.
characteristics supplied.
104
Feby Hidayani, Yohanes Sardjono, Chafid Fandeli, Rukmini A.R, Creative Environmental Energy Technology
Assessment Hydroelectric Power Plant (Case Study Of Wonogiri Reservoir)
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Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Application, Vol. 2, No. 3, October 2017
Explanation :
Em : Energi mekanis (mechanical energy)
T : torsi (torque)
Ɵ : sudut putar (turning angle)
t : waktu (s) (time)
Electrical energy
When the turbine is rotating the rotor also
rotates to generate electrical energy
according to the equation: Figure. 3 of hydropower plants that uses a dam
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Feby Hidayani, Yohanes Sardjono, Chafid Fandeli, Rukmini A.R, Creative Environmental Energy Technology
Assessment Hydroelectric Power Plant (Case Study Of Wonogiri Reservoir)
The addition of electric energy from the is the largest sediment contributor at 1.218.580
Wonogiri Reservoir is the supply of electric m3 per year, followed by the Upper Solo River
current from Palur Karanganyar to Wonogiri reaching 604,990 m3 per year. The high
Regency. The remaining excess power sedimentation that comes from Keduang River
generated by the Gajah Mungkur hydro power forms the surface of the land that extends and
plant is absorbed by Central Java region for splits the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir with a length
electricity program to enter the village. The of more than one kilometer.
start-up phase of the operation of the electric Sources of sedimentation and erosion
power generated will be limited to 6 hours entering the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir are
since the water content is primarily intended derived from soil surface erosion, cliff erosion,
for irrigation of rice fields. If both activities are slope avalanches, river bank erosion, and road
held for 24 hours it is feared that the volume of side erosion. Felling of trees in the catchment area
water in the reservoir will quickly shrink and of either community forest, perhutani, green belt
run out. (Green belt), agricultural land, fields, will cause
Gajah Mungkur Reservoir is a reservoir the erosion of the soil surface to increase so that
located 3 km south of Wonogiri district, the flow of water carries mud into the rivers that
Central Java province. This artificial lake is empty into the reservoir. This is further
made by stem the longest river on the island of exacerbated by the destruction of Watershed
Java, the Bengawan Solo River. The reservoir, (DAS), which is a tidal agricultural land that is
which covers an area of 9,700 hectares in 7 controlled by the community for planting rice and
districts, can irrigate 23600 ha of paddy fields Malawi in the dry season. The Watershed should
in Sukoharjo, Klaten, Karanganyar and Sragen be a green area to prevent soil erosion in the event
areas, the length of the dam reaches 1,452 of a flood. Sedimentation rate to the center of the
meters, 42 meters of reservoir and 730 million dam is higher if the reservoir area is made up for
meters3. To build these reservoirs, the tidal land to grow crops; during planting soil will
government moved the displaced villagers easily erode when rain falls. 92% of the sediments
with transmigration of bedol villages to entering the reservoir is derived from surface soil
Sitiung, West Sumatera Province. erosion.
Sedimentation became a serious problem A number of ravines and avalanches in the
when in 2007 and 2008 there was an even catchment area, slopes (cliff) area of Watershed
flood that hit the Bengawan Solo river basin (DAS) during rainy season erode into the
area. That's because the sedimentation causes reservoir. The creation of new roads by cliff
the retreating of the reservoir which impacts on dredging and rock mining by communities around
the diminishing capacity of the Gajah the reservoir and river sites also facilitates
Mungkur Reservoir. The sedimentation that erosion. Regardless, the Gajah Mungkur hydro
goes into the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir is power plant that is currently managed by PT.
derived from the erosion of rivers that empty Indonesia Power PLN subsidiary is expected to
into the reservoir including Keduang River, remain operational for up to 100 years to come.
Wiroko, Solo Hulu, Alang and Sungai HANDLING SEDIMENTATION
Wuryantoro. Of the five rivers, Keduang River The role of the community in the entire
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Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Application, Vol. 2, No. 3, October 2017
catchment area is to refrain from cutting down more attention to the maintenance and process of
trees and, destroying the Green belt and, to re- hydroelectric power plants in order that they can
plant around the reservoir in order to maintain to be used for many years to come.
the rate of erosion into the reservoir. The
watershed should also be used as agricultural Result and Discussion
Thank you for the guidance of Mr.
land. Dredging on sediments should be carried
Yohannes Sardjono as a lecturer in
out on a regular basis. The behavior pattern of
society can be changed to one of care for the environmental, energy technology, creative
courses that has directed the way of writing this
reservoir by giving counseling continuously to
journal task.
generate an attitude of belonging to reservoir
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