PUMPS Hydraulic Pump Theory

 The principle is that, due to mechanical action, the

pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet.
 This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid
through the inlet port and into the pump.
 The pump then pushes the fluid into the output port.
• No Pressure – Only Fluid Flow
• Fixed Quantity of Fluid

Dr. M. Puviyarasan
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering ,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai-600 123.

Symbol of hydraulic pump

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Classification of Pumps Classification of Pumps

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Positive Displacement Pumps WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

 Convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by centrifugal force on the
liquid.
 Constitute the most common type of pumping machinery
 Used to move liquids through a piping system.
 Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing, casing cover and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and shaft
 Classified into three categories
 Radial Flow
 Mixed Flow
 Axial Flow

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Centrifugal Pump ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL PUMPS

 Simple in construction and cheap

 Handle liquid with large amounts of solids

 No valves involved in pump operation

 Maintenance costs are lower

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS LIMITATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 Suitable only for lower pressures.

 Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

 Cannot be operated at high heads

 Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions

•Liquid enters from the center eye and centrifugal

force is imparted to it.
•Volute casing assists in converting the Kinetic
energy to pressure energy.
 Gear Pump
 Simplest
 Most Robust
 Opposite
 Partial Vacuum
 Fluid is trapped

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NON Positive Displacement Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps External Gear Pump
Simple in construction Complicated in construction
Lesser number of parts More number of parts
Less wear and tear More wear and tear

Can run at high speed Cannot run at high speed

Continuous delivery Pulsating delivery in most of the cases

Check valves are not needed Check valves or needed

Needs priming They are self primed

Suitable for high flow rates Suitable for less flow rates
Less pressure requirements
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Higher pressure requirements Slide 14
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Pros & Cons

 Self Priming
 Either Direction
 Liq + Vap + Gas
 Volumetric efficiency is high

 Only Clean Liquid

 Relief Valve is must
 Dry run is not possible

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External gear pumps - Applications

 used in hydraulic power applications, typically in
vehicles, lifting machinery and mobile plant equipment.
 Driving a gear pump in reverse, using oil pumped from
elsewhere in a system (normally by a tandem pump in the
engine), creates a motor.

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Lobe Pump Lobe Pump

Small gap
i.e., there is
no actual
contact

Three Lobe
Rotor

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Lobe Pump

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Lobe Pump Internal Gear Pump

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Lobe Pumps - Applications Operation of an Internal Gear Pump

 Lobe pumps are non-contacting and have
large pumping chambers, allowing them to handle solids
such as cherries or olives without damage.

 They are also used to handle slurries, pastes, and a wide

variety of other liquids. If wetted, they offer self-priming
performance.

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Internal Gear Pump Internal Gear Pump

Internal Gear Pump

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Internal Gear Pump - Applications Gerotor Pump
 Internal gear pumps are versatile with an effective
operating viscosity range of 1cP to 1,000,000cP.
 They are often used on thin liquids such as water, solvents
and fuel oil but excel at pumping thick liquids such as
asphalt, chocolate, and adhesives.

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Gerotor Pump

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 Gerotor Pump Gerotor Pump
 The pump operates on a simple principle: the working fluid is drawn
into and squeezed out of a cavity formed by the two rotating,
intermeshing gears.
 As the inner gear rotates relative to the outer gear, one portion of the
cavity opens and is filled by the liquid.
 As rotation continues, that portion of the cavity closes and the liquid is
squeezed out, and an adjacent portion opens.

Gerotor Pump Gerotor Pump

 The Gerotor is a positive displacement pumping unit consisting of an
inner gear (idler) and an outer gear (rotor) and an eccentric locator-ring.
 The word “Gerotor” is the contraction of the two words Generated
ROTOR.
 It means that one of the components is formed (generated) by the
shape of the other.
 The outer rotor has one more tooth than the inner rotor and has its
centerline positioned at a fixed eccentricity from the centerline of the
inner rotor and shaft.

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Gerotor Pump Screw Pump

Gerotor Pump - Applications

 suitable for clean, low pressure applications such
as lubrication systems or hot oil filtration systems.
 also be found in low to moderate pressure
hydraulic applications.

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Screw Pump Screw Pump

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Screw Pump Screw Pump

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Screw Pump Unbalanced Vane Pump

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Screw Pumps - Applications

 Three-spindle screw pumps are used for transport of viscous
fluids with lubricating properties.
 They are suited for a variety of applications such as fuel-injection, oil burners,
boosting, hydraulics, fuel, lubrication, circulating, feed and so on.
 The two/four screw pump, also known as the twin screw pump, is the most
common type for high power applications such as heavy oil pipeline transfer.
One of the screws is driven from the power source (motor, engine, etc.), and
timing gears are usually incorporated to rotate the second screw.

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Unbalanced Vane Pump Vane Pump - Operation

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Vane Pump Vane Pump – Unbalanced

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Analysis of Volumetric displacement Variable displacement vane pump
 If eccentricity is zero, there will be no flow.  Mechanically varying the eccentricity – Variable displacement pump.
 A hand wheel or pressure compensator can be used to move the cam ring to
change the eccentricity.

Pressure-compensated
Vane Pump
 System pressure acts
directly on the cam
ring via a hydraulic
piston on the right
side (not shown in fig.)
 P cutoff

 P deadhead

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Variable displacement Vane Pump

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Pressure Compensated Vane Pump Pressure Compensated Vane Pump

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Pressure Compensated Vane Pump Pressure-Compensated Vane Pump

 P Cutoff – the compensator spring force equals the hydraulic piston

force
 Pdeadhead – the maximum pressure achieved; no more flow; no power
wasted and fluid heating is reduced.
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Vane Pump – Unbalanced Balanced Vane Pump

•Side load is exerted on the bearings of the vane pump

because of pressure unbalance.
•This same side load exist for the gear pump.
•Such pumps are Hydraulically unbalanced.  Instead of having a circular cam ring, it has an elliptical
cam ring; eliminates bearing side loads; fixed displacement

Balanced Vane Pump

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 Vane Pumps - Applications
 used as high-pressure hydraulic pumps and in automobiles,
including supercharging, power-steering, air conditioning and
automatic-transmission pumps.
 Pumps for mid-range pressures include applications such as
carbonators for fountain soft-drink dispensers and espresso coffee
machines.
 Aerosol and Propellants
 Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
 Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants

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Pros and Cons Vane Pumps - Applications

 Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
 LPG Cylinder Filling
 Alcohols
 Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia
 Solvents
 Aqueous solutions

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Materials Of Construction
 Externals (head, casing) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel, and stainless
steel.
 Vane, Pushrods - Carbon graphite, PEEK.
 End Plates - Carbon graphite
 Shaft Seal - Component mechanical seals, industry-standard
cartridge mechanical seals, and magnetically-driven pumps.

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Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump

Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump
Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump

A – Piston Area
S – Piston Stroke
Y – No. of Pistons
D – Piston Circle
Diameter

Bent-Axis type (Axial Piston )Pump

 The volumetric displacement (discharge) of the pump is controlled by
changing the offset angle.
 It makes the system simple and inexpensive.
 The discharge does not occur when the cylinder block is parallel to the drive
shaft.
 The offset angle can vary from 0° to 40°.
 The fixed displacement units are usually provided with 23° or 30° offset
angles while the variable displacement units are provided with a yoke and an
external control mechanism to change the offset angle.
 The flow rate of the pump varies with the offset angle θ. There is no flow
when the cylinder block centerline is parallel to the drive shaft centerline
(offset angle is 0°).

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Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump
Swash plate – Axial piston Pump

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Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump

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Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump Axial piston pumps - Applications
 Used to power the hydraulic systems of jet aircraft,
 being gear-driven off of the turbine engine's main shaft.
 The system used on the F-14 used
 9-piston pump that produced
 a standard system operating pressure of 210 bar (3000 psi)
and a
 maximum flow of 320 litres (84 gallons) per minute.
A – Piston Area
S – Piston Stroke
Y – No. of Pistons
D – Piston Circle
Diameter
103

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 Radial Piston Pump

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Radial Piston Pump Radial Piston Pump

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Radial Piston Pump Radial piston pumps - Applications

 high pressures (operating pressures above 400 bar and up to 700
bar), such as presses, machines for processing plastic and machine
tools

Q T =0.5eYπd 2 N m3/min

Y – No. of Pistons
d – Plunger Diameter
e – Eccentricity
N – Speed in rpm
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Comparison of Hydraulic Pumps Find out the type?

Variable Efficiency Pressure

Type Cost
Displacement (%) range (bar)

Gear No 90 150 Low

Vane Yes 95 250 Medium

Piston Yes 98 >500 High

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Factors affecting the selection of type of pump Recap

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Recap Tell me the type of the pump?

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Tell me the type of the pump? Recap

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