a BRIGHT day!

Good Morning!
 POWER SUPPLY
-is an electronic circuit that converts an
ac line voltage to a well-regulated lower
–dc voltage for electronic devices.
 Purpose
• Every Electronic circuit or devices needs a DC power source
such as 3V, 4.5V, 6V, 7.5V, 9V, 12V, etc.
• Provides protection like prevent damaging surge voltage from
reaching the output
• Provide backup power during brown-out.
 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Tx-former Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

Pulsating Filtered Pure DC

AC Reduced AC DC DC
Input
Grounding

Circuit
Hot wire
Breaker

Common wire

Ground wire
CIRCUIT BREAKER VS FUSE
 Circuit
Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by excess current from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow after a
fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation.
 Fuse
In electronics and electrical
engineering, a fuse is an
electrical safety device that
operates to provide
overcurrent protection of an
electrical circuit. Its essential
component is a metal wire or
strip that melts when too
much current flows through it,
thereby interrupting the
current
Circuit Breaker Fuse
reusable Disposable, one
use
Elements of a Power Supply

1. Transformer
- used to step-up or step-down the AC
voltage level and isolate the remainder of
the electronic system from the AC power.
I. TRANSFORMER
Np : Ns
Ip Is

Vp Vs

Zp Note: Transformer is the most Zs

expensive to be replaced.
 Mutual
Inductance
No mutual
inductance
Transformer Characteristics
What couples the primary power to
the secondary, even its not
physically connected to each other?

A.Electric Field
B.Magnetic Field
C.Capacitance
D.Permittivity
What is the property of
inducing voltage in one circuit
by varying current in another
circuit?
A.Self Inductance
B.Mutual Inductance
C.Permeability
D.Permittivity
 Parts of Transformer
1.Primary Winding
2.Secondary Winding
3. Core
usually laminated in thin sheets which
forms E and I. Silicon steel is used.
 Turns Ratio
• Ratio of the number of turns of secondary winding
to the number of turns in primary winding

N sec Vsec I pri Zsec

= = =
N pri Vpri I sec Zpri
Ppri = Psec
Power is constant
Step-Up Transformer
1:3

Not too tight

115 345 winding in order to
Vac Vac avoid spark
between winding.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
2:1
Usually used by solid
57Vac state devices.
115
Vac
Can provide higher
current at lower
voltage.
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER
1:2
Split the output of
115Vac Transformer in
330
Vac two almost equal
-115Vac
amplitude and out
of phase by 180
degrees.
 VOLTAGE -TURNS-CURRENT RELATIONSHIPS IN
TRANSFORMERS

Voltage Ratio

Vsec Nsec
=
Vpri Npri
 EXAMPLES
(Voltage & Turns Ratio)
1. What is the secondary voltage on a transformer having a turns ratio of 1:14?

Answer: 15.7 Vrms

Current Ratio

Isec Npri
=
Ipri Nsec
 EXAMPLES
(Current Ratio)
The primary to secondary current ratio of a transformer is 4:1, and the secondary
voltage is 60 volts. What is the voltage on the primary?

Answer: 15 V
Impedance Ratio

Zsec Nsec
=
Zpri Npri
 EXAMPLE
(Impedance Ratio)
An amplifier requires a load of 1000 ohms for best performance. The amplifier output is to be connected
to a loudspeaker having an impedance of 10 ohms. What must the turns ratio be for a transformer
used for impedance matching.

Answer: 10:1
 What cause losses in transformers?

1. Copper loss due to power

losses. P = I2R
L

2. Core loss due to eddy current

and hysteresis loss
We = ηe f Bm
2 2 Wh = ηh fB m
1.6
 What causes eddy currents?

It is due to changing
magnetic field and the
iron core conductivity.
This currents are
produced in the iron
core that do not aid
transformer output.
How are eddy currents reduced?

CORE LAMINATION
 Since AC currents constantly
change in magnitude and
direction, the tiny molecular
agents within the core are
constantly being arranged and
this process requires energy that
causes some loss.
What is this transformer
loss?
HYSTERESIS LOSS
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

Poutput
η= x100% Pout
Pinput
η= x 100%
where : Poutput = VLIL (P.F.) Pin
Pinput = Poutput + Plosses

In general, transformer efficiency is about

97%. Only 3% of the total wattage is loss
due to core loss and copper loss.
Examples
A transformer delivers 400 watts with 500 watts
input. Calculate the efficiency in percent.

Answer: 80%
 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Tx-former Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

Pulsating Filtered Pure DC

AC Reduced AC DC DC
Input
 II. RECTIFIER

is a circuit that converts

an alternating current
(AC) to pulsating direct
current (DC).
What is pulsating DC?

AC
- A DC signal
with an AC
component
Regulated/
Constant DC

Pulsating DC
 Rectifiers

Half- Full-
Wave Wave

Bridge

Centre-
Tapped
 BASIC TYPES OF RECTIFIERS

1. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

- converts one-half of its AC input

to pulsating DC.
 Half-wave Rectifier circuit
Vin
Vout

Note: Half-Wave rectifier is just a series clipper!!

 HWR output: pulsating DC
VP
VDC = Vave = = 0.318 Vm
 f r = fi
VP f r = ripple frequency
VRMS = f i = input frequency
2
VP( out ) = VP(in ) - 0.7 PIV  Vp(out) + 0.7
Note: Vp(in) = VPeak (sec) Philippines: V= 220Vrms, 60Hz
 PROBLEMS
What is the unfiltered dc output voltage of a half wave rectifier if the ac input is
200Vrms?

Answer: 90V
2.1. FWR- BRIDGE TYPE CIRCUIT

Vin

x x
Vout

x x RL
 FW-Bridge output: pulsating DC
2VP
VDC = Vave = = 0.318 Vm
 f r = 2f i
VP f r = ripple frequency
VRMS = f i = input frequency
2
VP( out ) = VP(in ) - 1.4 PIV  Vp(out) + 0.7
Note: Vp(in) = VPeak (sec)
 2.2 FWR: WITH CENTER-TAPPED
TRANSFORMER
-has the same output waveform as
the Bridge type circuit but differs
only in the number of diodes used.
 FWR with CT Transformer
1
Vpsec = Vpin
2
Vin
Vout

Vm

RL

1
Vpsec = Vpin
2
 FW-Bridge output: pulsating DC
2VP
VDC = Vave = = 0.318 Vm
 f r = 2f i
VP f r = ripple frequency
VRMS = f i = input frequency
2

VP(in ) PIV  2Vp(out) + 0.7

VP( out ) = - 0.7
2
 FW-Center
Half Wave FW-Bridge
Tapped
4 diodes,
2 diodes,
uses 2
uses 1
1 diode diodes
diode every
every half
half cycle
cycle
 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Tx-former Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

Pulsating Filtered Pure DC

AC Reduced AC DC DC
Input
 III. filters

- smoothen out the ripple.

- it is designed to convert
pulsating DC from rectifier
circuits into a suitably
smooth dc level.
TWO TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY FILTERS:

1. C - Filter
2. RC Filter
 1.CAPACITANCE FILTER
(C-filter)
-the simplest and most economical filter.

DC Load
Vo
AC input Rectifier C ( RL )
 Assuming a triangular waveform:
VC
Vr(p)
VDC

Vm Vr Peak
( )
Vr rms =
( )
t 3

Idc
Vr(rms) = Vdc = Vm − Vr Peak
2 3 fr C ( )

fr =Ripple frequency
 THE RIPPLE VOLTAGE , Vr

- is an AC voltage, and indicates the

magnitude of the rms ripple voltage
at the output of a rectifier circuit.

Vr(rms) = Vrms − Vdc

2 2
 RIPPLE VOLTAGE OF
RECTIFIED SIGNALS
- rectified output voltage of a
rectifier contains dc component
and an ac ripple component.
Full-wave rectifier has a larger dc
component and lesser ripple ac component
than the Half-wave rectifier.
 RIPPLE FACTOR , r
- is an indication of the effectiveness of the
filter
ac voltage
r=
dc voltage
Vr(rms )
r=
Vdc
 RIPPLE FACTOR
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

VDC = 0.318 Vm
Vr(rms) = 0.385 Vm

Vr( rms ) 0.385Vm

%r( HWR ) = x100% = x100% = 121%
VDC 0.318Vm
 RIPPLE FACTOR
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
VDC = 0.636 Vm
Vr(rms) = 0.308 Vm

Vr( rms ) 0.308Vm

%r( FWR ) = x100% = x100% = 48%
VDC 0.636Vm

NOTE: Full-wave rectifiers has less ripple than Half-wave

rectifiers, thus better to use in power supply circuits
 Examples
A full-wave rectified signal of 18VP is connected to a 400 µF filter capacitor. What are
the ripple voltage and dc voltage across the capacitor at a load of 100mA? Calculate
the ripple factor.

Answer: 0.6Vr(rms), 16.96 VDC 3.53%

 Examples
◼ Using a dc and ac voltmeter to measure the output signal from a filter circuit, we obtain
readings of 25 V dc and 1.5 V rms. Calculate the ripple of the filter output voltage.

Answer: 6%
 2. RC FILTER
- use to further reduce the
amount of ripple voltage across
a capacitor filter.
Purpose:
To pass most of the dc component
while attenuating (reducing) as
much of the ac component as
possible.
3. Bleeder resistor or
resistor-divider circuit
(optional)
• is used to aid filtering and
discharge any capacitors in
the power supply that might
otherwise remain charged
when AC power is removed.
 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Tx-former Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

Pulsating Filtered Pure DC

AC Reduced AC DC DC
Input
 Iv. Voltage
regulator

maintains constant output

voltage level regardless to the
change of input voltage and
load resistance.
Types of transistor voltage
regulators:
1. Series Voltage
Regulators
2. Shunt voltage
regulators
Series Voltage Regulator Block Diagram:

Vi Control
Vo (regulated output)
(unregulated Element
input) Sampling
Circuit

Reference Comparator
Voltage Circuit
 Series-Voltage Regulator
Circuit:
Q1
Vo
Vi
VBE Regulated
Unregulated
voltage output
RL
Provides reference
voltage Vz
Shunt Voltage Regulator
Shunt Block Diagram:
Voltage Regulator:

Provides regulation by shunting current away

from the load to regulate the output voltage.
ISH + IL

ISH
Vi
IL
Control Sampling
Element Circuit VO , VL
RL
Reference Comparator
Voltage Circuit
 Basic Transistor Shunt
Regulator
Rs
Vi
IB Ic Vo
Unregulated Vz
Q1 Regulated
voltage RL
VBE voltage

VO = VL = VBE + VZ
 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry of a voltage regulator, all
inside a single IC:
 IC Voltage
Regulators

Fixed Variable

78xx series LM317

(positive (positive
output) output)

79xx series LM337

(negative (negative
output) output)
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE
INPUT VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
 Fixed Positive Voltage
Regulator ( 78xx Series)

IC PART OUTPUT MINIMUM

VOLTAGE Vi, volts
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
7808 +8 10.5
7810 +10 12.5
7812 +12 14.6
7815 +15 17.7
7818 +18 21.0
7824 +24 27.1
 Fixed Negative Voltage
Regulator ( 79xx Series)

IC PART OUTPUT MINIMUM

VOLTAGE Vi, volts
7905 -5 -7.3
7906 -6 -8.4
7908 -8 -10.5
7909 -9 -11.5
7912 -12 -14.6
7915 -15 -17.7
7918 -18 -20.8
7924 -24 -27.1
VIN 78xx VOUT

C1 C2

Drop-out voltage = Vin − Vout

C1 – Input capacitor which prevent
unwanted oscillations.
C2 – output capacitor which acts as line
filter to improve transient response.
 Adjustable Voltage
Regulators

allows the user to set the

output voltage to a
desired regulated value.
LM317 – Positive Adjustable Voltage Regulator
LM337 – Negative Adjustable Voltage Regulator
 Circuit of an Adjustable Voltage
Regulator Circuit using LM-317 IC:
Vin Vout Vo
LM 317
I1
Vref
Vi
Adj  R2 
VO = Vref 1 +  + IadjR 2
I adj  R1 

Operation:
With typical IC values of:
•R1 and R2 – sets the output to
Vref= 1.25V and Iadj=100A
any desired voltage over the
adjustment range (1.2 to 37V)
 Example
Determine the regulated voltage
of a typical LM 317 IC Adjustable
Voltage Regulator circuit with R1
= 240  and R2 = 2.4K.

14V
 Voltage regulation

LOAD EGULATION
- is the amount the dc voltage changes
between the no-load and load
conditions.
 Voltage regulation

LINE REGULATION
Line regulation is the ability of the power
supply to maintain its specified output voltage
over changes in the input line voltage.
 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Tx-former Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

Pulsating Filtered Pure DC

AC Reduced AC DC DC
Input