INORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
WORKTEXT

UNIT 6B. NAMING AND WRITING

COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

Faculty of Science, Technology and

Mathematics
VIC MARIE I CAMACHO

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Name: Laynes, Charlene Rose M. Group: 4 Score:________
Yr. & Sec. BScieChem II-23 Instructor: Prof. Camacho Date Submitted: 12/2/2020

UNIT 6B. NAMING AND WRITING COMPOUNDSAND MOLECULES

What’s in a name?

What’s in a name is an idiomatic expression referred to what someone or something is called or labeled
is arbitrary compared to their or its intrinsic qualities. This idiom is referenced to Shakespeare's Romeo
and Juliet, in which Juliet bemoans Romeo's last name of Montague, her family's sworn enemies.

Very often the first piece of information we want to know about a person is their name. We often
associate attributes and personalities based on the name and form judgments about that person. The
first piece of information, that is, the name is especially important. It can provide positive or negative
information that set the stage for future interactions. This can also be applied to the things
surroundings us. Knowing the names of things and substances around us help us understand their
properties, benefits and hazards in our lives.

In addition, our time is marked in seconds, minute, hours, days, months and years. Have you ever
wondered what the months' names mean and where do they come from? Take a closer look...

Click this link: https://blog.britishmuseum.org/whats-in-a-name-months-of-the-year/

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In the previous unit, you learned that ions combine together to form ionic compounds. In addition,
atoms also combined by sharing electrons and form molecules with definite arrangements and shapes.
These compounds and molecules can be represented using chemical formulas to express the
composition of molecules and ionic compounds. In a like manner, it is also imperative that when you
see a chemical formula, you also know how to name the compound or molecule.

Knowing how to write and name inorganic compounds and molecules helps you best to know the type
of compound you are working with especially when you are handling these substances in the
laboratory setting. It will also increase your knowledge in applying the rules for naming or formula
writing for that type of compound. It will also be an opportunity for you to know the uses of these
compounds in real life. Furthermore, effective practice helps you better in your writing and naming
skills until it becomes second nature to you. Your knowledge of elements as representative metals,
transition metals, nonmetals and metalloids can be very helpful in this unit. Have your Periodic Table at
hand to help you through this unit, too.

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

 Name and write cations, anions and polyatomic ions;

 Name and write chemical formula of inorganic compounds;

 Name and write molecules

 Apply the skill in naming and writing chemical formulas in the real life situations;

 Become aware of the hazards and benefits of knowing the name and chemical formulas of
substances; and

 Appreciate the scientists that systematized the reading and writing of inorganic compounds and
molecules.

Elicit: What’s in a Label?

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Study the sample materials below. What salient information can you get from a label?
 The salient information that I can get from the label are the ingredients of the
product, the nutrition facts panel, and some information about the product (for
example is its price, name of the product, where is it manufactured etc.)

What is the importance in looking at the ingredients of products that you use?
 The importance of looking at the ingredients of products allows the customer to
know what is in the food they're eating or the product they're using. This allows
the consumer to know how healthy, or unhealthy, the product is or how safe or
not it is. It's also important to display the ingredients for those who may be
allergic to certain ingredients of product that they will intake or use.

Engage: Fill the table below with the information required from the figure presented
above.
Ingredient of Product Write IC for Use/Function
Inorganic
Compound/ M
for Molecule
Camphor oil (C10H16O) M Camphor oil is the oil extracted from the wood
of camphor trees and processed by steam
distillation. It can be used topically to relieve pain,
irritation, and itching. Camphor is also used
to relieve chest congestion and inflammatory
conditions. It has a strong odor and taste and is
easily absorbed through the skin.
Menthol (C10H20O) M Menthol is used medicinally in ointments, cough
drops, and nasal inhalers. More so, it is a

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Eucalyptus Oil (Eucalyptol-
C10H18O)
Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H8O)
Sodium gluconate (C6H11NaO7)
Glycerin (C3H8O3)
PEG-8 (polyethylene glycol
C2nH4n+2On+1)
Carbohydrate (Cx(H2O)y)
Protein
Soluble Fiber
substance naturally found in mint plants, such
as peppermint and spearmint. It gives a cooling
sensation and is often used to relieve
minor pain and irritation. Can also be found in
throat lozenges, intranasal inhalers, lotions, pain
creams, foods, and many other products.
M Eucalyptus oil is available as an essential oil that
is used as a medicine to treat a variety of common
diseases and conditions including nasal
congestion, asthma, and as a tick repellant.
Diluted eucalyptus oil may also be applied to the
skin as a remedy for health problems such as
arthritis and skin ulcers.
M Isopropyl alcohol is mixed with water for use as a
rubbing-alcohol antiseptic. It is also used in
aftershave lotions, hand lotions, and
other cosmetics. In industry it is used as an
inexpensive solvent for cosmetics, drugs, shellacs,
and gums, as well as for denaturing ethanol (ethyl
alcohol)
M Sodium gluconate is widely used in textile dyeing,
printing and metal surface water treatment. It is
also used as a chelating agent,
a steel surface cleaning agent, a cleaning agent
for glass bottles, and as a chelating agent for
cement, plating and alumina dyeing industries.
M This medication is used as a moisturizer to treat
or prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin and
minor skin irritations (e.g., diaper
rash, skin burns from radiation therapy).
IC Used in a wide variety of products including bath
products, shaving products, skin care products,
makeup, skin cleansing.
M Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules.
Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are
one of three main nutrients found in foods and
drinks. Your body breaks
down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or
blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your
body's cells, tissues, and organs.
M Our body needs protein to stay healthy and work
the way it should. More than 10,000 types are
found in everything from your organs to your
muscles and tissues to your bones, skin, and
hair. Protein is also a critical part of the processes
that fuel your energy and carry oxygen
throughout your body in your blood.
M Attracts water and turns to gel during digestion,
trapping carbohydrates and slowing absorption of
glucose. Also, regulates blood sugar and balances
intestinal pH and stimulates intestinal
fermentation production of short-chain fatty
acids.
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Insoluble Fiber M Speeds the passage of foods through the digestive
system and adds bulk to the stool which alleviates
constipation.
Saturated Fat M Saturated fats have antimicrobial properties,
which protect us against harmful microorganisms
in the digestive tract.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate IC Use as antiperspirants and it is permitted in
concentrations.
Helianthus annuus ( sunflower M Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic
oil) acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid,
a monounsaturated fat and use in modified alkyd
resins, soap, edible oil, margarine, shortening,
dietary supplement. Sunflower oil is widely used
in food products and on its own as an edible oil. It
is also used extensively in cosmetics and topical
pharmaceutical formulations, and is generally
regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant
material.
Silica Dimethyl Silylate IC Silica Dimethyl Silylate is a silica derivative used
in cosmetics and personal care products as an
anticaking agent, bulking agent, slip modifier,
viscosity increasing agent, emollient, and most
often as a suspending agent, according to Silicone
Specialties.
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride ( M Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is an ingredient
used in soaps and cosmetics. It's usually made
C24H48O8) from combining coconut oil with glycerin.
Disodium EDTA M Belongs to the class of organic compounds known
as tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives which
widely used in beauty and cosmetic products. It
allows for better cleaning use, as it enables
cosmetic products to foam. What's more, as it
binds with metal ions, it prevents metals from
accumulating on the skin, scalp or hair
Hydrated Silica IC Hydrated silica is a form of silicon dioxide, which
has a variable amount of water in the
formula. Hydrated silica can be dehydrated to
produce silica gel, which is used as a desiccant. It
is also used in various paints and varnishes and in
the production of beer. Used as a thickener for gel
toothpaste.
Pentaerythrityl Tetra-di-t- M Pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl
butyl Hydroxyhydrocinnamate hydroxyhydrocinnamate is a stabilizer that can
(C73 H108 O12) also be found in cosmetics. It acts as an
antioxidant – we use it to help maintain the
properties and performance of a product as it
is exposed to air, light or heat.
Gelatin Crosspolymer M Gelatin Crosspolymer is a skin conditioner and is
also used to prevent bacteria from developing.
Cellulose Gum M Cellulose gum, also known as CMC or carboxy-
methylcellulose, is a food ingredient derived
from cellulose, the most abundant organic
compound on earth. Many diet and low-fat
products will use food additives like cellulose
gum to give the food a thicker and creamier

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Sodium Benzoate
Polyhexamethylene Biguanide
hydrochloride ((C8H17N5)n)
Explore: Using the periodic table diagram, answer the questions in the table below.
consistency, making it that much more appealing
to consumers.
M Sodium benzoate is a preservative, with the E
number E211. It is most widely used in
acidic foods such as salad dressings (i.e. acetic
acid in vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic
acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles
(acetic acid), condiments, and frogurt toppings.
IC Polyhexamethylene biguanide
hydrochloride (Polyhexanide, PHMB) is a
chemical biocide and a member of the
polymeric guanidine family is used as a
disinfectant and antiseptic and general
disinfecting agents in the food industry and, very
successfully, for the disinfection of swimming
pools.

Questions Answer
1. What type of elements are found in the left side of the METALS
table?
2. How many valence electrons are found in group 1? Group There were 1 valence electron for
2? group 1 elements while 2 valence
electrons were present in the
group 2 elements.
3. What is the nature of Group 1 and Group 2 to attain The group 1 and group 2 elements
stability? need to loose or give their valence
electrons to attain stability.
4. When Group 1 and Group 2 becomes ions, what is the Cations
general term for this type of ions?

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 5. Does the name of the Group 1 and Group 2 elements No. The name of the elements will
change its name when they form ions? be retain and the only thing that is
added is the word “ion” indication
that their charges change.
(example is Na+ is sodium ion)
6. What type of elements are found in the right side of the NON-METALS
table?
7. What is the nature of Group 15, Group 16 and Group 17 to Groups 15,16, and 17 tend to
attain stability? receive or gain electrons to attain
stability.
8. When Group 15 -17 elements become ions, what is the Anions
general term for this type of ions?
9. When group 15-17 elements become ions, the change of Third Period (Group 15-17):
the element change its name with a suffix “-ide”. Eg. Phosphorous=Phosphide
Nitrogen – nitride, oxygen – oxide and Fluorine – Fluoride. Sulfur=Sulfide
What will be the names of the elements in Group 15-17 in Chlorine=Chloride
the 3rd period when they become ions?
10. Are you ready to proceed to the next section? Yes

Explain:

Lesson 1. Inorganic Compounds

An inorganic compound is a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen. A great many
inorganic compounds do contain hydrogen atoms, such as water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl)
produced by your stomach. In contrast, only a handful of inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms.
In general, there are four groups of inorganic compound types. They are divided into bases, acids, salts,
and water. An overview of the rules in naming compounds are shown below.

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Lesson 1A. Binary Compounds

Many ionic compounds are binary compounds, that is, compounds that composed of two elements, a
metal cation and a non-metal anion. Zinc, though present in the transition elements, fall on this group
because it only possesses one positive charge, Zn2+.

A binary inorganic compound is named by retaining the name of the metal cation, and naming the
nonmetal ion with a suffix “-ide”.
Example: KCl – Potassium Chloride

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Exercise 1: Complete the table by filling in the missing entries.
Cation Anion Chemical formula Name

K+ Cl- KCl Potassium chloride

Mg2+ F- MgF2 Magnesium fluoride

Na+ N3- Na3N Sodium Nitride

Be2+ F- BeF2 Beryllium fluoride

Na+ S2- Na2S Sodium Sulfide

Ca2+ Br- CaBr2 Calcium Bromide

Sr2+ O2- SrO Strontium Oxide

Zn2+ I- ZnI2 Zinc Iodide

Al3+ O2- Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide

Na+ Cl- NaCl Sodium Chloride

Si4+ C4- SiC Silicon Carbide

Lesson 1B. Ternary Compounds

Ternary compounds are consisting of three elements. Usually, the positive ion is a metal and it follows
the rule in Lesson 1A. It is important to be familiarized with the names of polyatomic ions. Some basic
examples are listed here but a more comprehensive list can be found in your periodic table.

Polyatomic ion Name Polyatomic ion Name

NH4+ Ammonium OH- hydroxide
NO3- Nitrate ClO3- chlorate
CO32- Carbonate Cr2O72- dichromate
SO42- Sulfate CN- cyanide

When writing the chemical formulas, be mindful on the rules of writing formulas.

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Example: Na+ and ClO3-  NaClO3, Sodium chlorate
Ca2+ and OH-  Ca(OH)2, Calcium Hydroxide
Note: enclose the polyatomic ion in a parenthesis to balance the charges
Ca2+ and CO32-  CaCO3, Calcium carbonate

Exercise 2. Complete the table by filling in the missing entries of names and chemical formulas.

+ion \ - ion NO3- SO42- PO43-

NH4+ NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)3PO4

Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Phosphate

K+
KNO3 K2SO4 K3PO4

Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sulfate Potassium Phosphate

Mg2+
Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 Mg3(PO4)2

Magnesium Nitrate Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Phosphate

Al3+
Al(NO3)2 Al2(SO4)3 AlPO4

Aluminum Nitrate Aluminum Sulfate Aluminum Phosphate

Zn2+
Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4 Zn3(PO4)2

Zinc Nitrate Zinc Sulfate Zinc Phosphate

Lesson 1C. Inorganic Compounds containing Transition elements

Transition metals, with the presence of electrons in its d orbitals, can form two or more cations. There
are two ways in ways compounds with transition elements can be named. Other metals in the 4th
period above also possess two or more cations that fall under this category, like Tin and Lead.

The first method is assigning to the name the suffix “-ous” to the cation with fewer positive charges
and assigning the suffix “-ic” to the cation with a higher positive charge.

Example: Iron takes its Latin name like this Fe 2+ - Ferrous ; Fe3+ - Ferric

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 Tin also takes its Latin name Sn2+ - Stannous; Sn4+ - Stannic
Copper takes its Latin name too Cu+ -Cuprous; Cu2+ - Cupric

Thus, in naming a compound Fe 2+: FeO Ferrous Oxide ; Fe3+: Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide

This old way of naming these types of compounds have limitations.

 It does not provide information on the actual charges of two cations involved.
 The “-ous” and “-ic” designations provided only names for two cations. Some transition metals
have more than two positive charges like Manganese (Mn) have more than two namely Mn 2+,
Mn3+ , Mn4+, and Mn7+.

Exercise 3. Write the compounds formed by transition metals based on the given anion.

Chloride anion, Cl- Oxide anion, O2-

Element Charge
Formula Name Formula Name
Manganese Manganese (II)
Mn2+ MnCl2 MnO
(II) Chloride oxide
1. Mn
Manganese Manganese (III)
Mn3+ MnCl3 Mn2O3
(III) Chloride oxide
Cuprous Cuprous oxide
Cu+ CuCl Cu2O
chloride
2. Cu
Cupric Cupric oxide
Cu2+ CuCl2 CuO
chloride
Chromium Chromium (II)
Cr2+ CrCl2 CrO
(II) chloride oxide
Chromium Chromium (III)
3. Cr Cr3+ CrCl3 Cr2O3
(III) chloride oxide
Chromium Chromium (VI)
Cr6+ CrCl6 CrO3
(VI) chloride oxide
Plumbous Plumbous oxide
Pb2+ PbCl2 PbO
chloride
4. Pb
Plumbic Plumbic oxide
Pb4+ PbCl4 PbO2
chloride
Stannous Stannous oxide
Sn2+ SnCl2 SnO
chloride
5. Sn
Stannic Stannic oxide
Sn4+ SnCl4 SnO2
chloride

The second method of naming compounds with transition elements is termed as the Stock method.
This is designating Roman numerals to the different cations, like I for one positive charge, II for two
positive charge and so on.

Example: Fe2+: Iron (II) ; Fe 3+: Iron (III)

This is read as Iron two and Iron three respectively to indicate the positive charges in the
name.

Thus, in naming a compound Fe 2+: FeO Iron (II) Oxide read as Iron two oxide and
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 Fe3+: Fe2O3 Iron (III) Oxide read as Iron three oxide

Exercise 4. Write the chemical name and chemical formula of the transition elements based on the
given entries.

Nitrate anion, NO3 - Sulfate anion, SO4 2-

Element Charge Chemical Chemical
Chemical Name Chemical Name
Formula Formula
Fe2+ Iron (II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2 Iron (II) sulfate FeSO4
1. Fe
Fe3+ Iron (III) nitrate Fe(NO3)3 Iron (III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Copper (I) CuNO3 Copper (I) Cu2SO4
Cu+
nitrate sulfate
2. Cu
Copper (II) Cu(NO3)2 Copper (II) CuSO4
Cu2+
nitrate sulfate
Manganese (II) Mn(NO3)2 Manganese (II) MnSO4
Mn2+
nitrate sulfate
Manganese (III) Mn(NO3)3 Manganese (III) Mn2(SO4)3
3. Mn Mn3+
nitrate sulfate
Manganese (IV) Mn(NO3)4 Manganese (IV) Mn(SO4)2
Mn4+
nitrate sulfate
Pb2+ Lead (II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 Lead (II) sulfate PbSO4
4. Pb Lead (IV) Pb(NO3)4 Lead (IV) Pb(SO4)2
Pb4+
nitrate sulfate
Sn2+ Tin (II) nitrate Sn(NO3)2 Tin (II) sulfate SnSO4
5. Sn
Sn4+ Tin (IV) nitrate Sn(NO3)4 Tin (IV) sulfate Sn(SO4)2

Lesson 2. Molecular compounds

Atoms in the molecular compounds are held by covalent bonds. Some of them are binary but most of
them are big molecules with common names. Organic molecules have their own rules in naming, but
will be addressed more in the organic chemistry course.

The law of multiple proportions state that “when two elements combine with each other to form
more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other
are in a ratio of small whole numbers.”

There are compounds that have the same pair of elements and are different compounds, like CO 2 and
CO, NO2 and NO, and the like. To avoid confusion in naming these compounds, Greek prefixes are used
to denote the number of each atom.

Study the prefixes and the examples below.

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 Number Prefix Example
of atoms Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 mono NO Nitrogen monoxide
2 Di NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
3 Tri N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
4 Tetra N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
5 Penta N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide
6 Hexa SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
7 Hepta IF7 Iodine heptafluoride
8 Octa P4O8 Tetraphosphorus octoxide
9 Nona P4S9 Tetraphosphorus sulfide
10 Deca As4O10 Tetraarsenic decoxide

How is this naming of molecules different from the Binary compounds presented in the previous
section?

Binary ionic compounds, which was discussed in the previous section , compose of metal ion and
nonmetal anion by which represent an ionic bond. On the other hand, molecular compounds
usually composed of two or more nonmetal elements that represent covalent bond. They were
different in regards in naming because in binary compound it is named by retaining the name of
the metal cation, and naming the nonmetal ion with a suffix “-ide” while in molecular compound
prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given element present in the compound. Molecular
compounds are named with the first element first and then the second element by using the stem of
the element name plus the suffix -ide. Numerical prefixes are used to specify the number of atoms
in a molecule.

Exercise 5. Fill in the table with necessary information.

Chemical Formula Chemical Name

BrF3 Bromine trifluoride
B2O3 Diboron trioxide
SeF6 Selenium hexafluoride
PF3 Phosphorus trifluoride
PF5 Phosphorus pentafluoride
P4S10 Tetraphosphorus decasulfide
KH2PO4 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
BCl3 Boron trichloride
P4O6 Tetraphosphorus hexoxide
P4S3 Tetraphosphorus trisulfide

Additional Information

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There are some molecular compounds that use common names and do not conform to the names that
uses Greek prefixes.

Chemical Formula Common Name

BH3 Borane
B2H6 Diborane
CH4 Methane Commented [VMC1]:

SiH4 Silane Commented [U2R1]:

PH3 Phosphine
H2O water
H2S Hydrogen Sulfide

Lesson 3. Acids

Acids are described as substances that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
There are two types of acids that we can consider in naming and writing acids, namely binary acids and
oxoacids.

For simple acids or binary acids like HCl can be named in two ways:
HCl: Hydrogen chloride – used for its pure form, liquid or gaseous form
HCl: Hydrochloric acid - when it is dissolved in water and the hydrogen is ionized in water.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks in the table.

Chemical Formula Name (Pure state) Name (Acid state/ in aqueous form)
HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acid
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid
HBr Hydrogen bromide Hydrobromic acid
HI Hydrogen iodide Hydroiodic acid
HCN Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid
H2S Hydrogen sulfide Hydrosulfuric acid

For oxoacids, that is, acids with that contain hydrogen, oxygen and another element (central element).
What are examples of oxoacids?
 Examples of oxoacids are carboxylic acids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.

How to name them? What are the prefixes used?

Oxoacids are named with recognizing polyatomic ions present in the compound which we only
include the anion part of the compound. Since oxoacids contain oxygen our prefix is gone. There is
no prefix for this second type of acid. We will change the “-ate” or the “-ite” suffixes of oxoanions
to “-ic” or “-ous” and then add the “acid” word in the end. More so,

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Exercise 6. Give two oxoacids series as example.
 OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS

 Hypophosphorous acid(H3PO2)
 Phosphorous acid (H3PO3)
 Phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
 Perphosphoric acid (H3PO5)

 OXOACIDS OF CHLORINE

 Hypochlorous acid (HClO)

 Chlorous acid (HClO2)
 Chloric acid (HClO3)
 Perchloric acid (HClO4)

Lesson 4. Salts

From the oxoacids, when the Hydrogen is replaced by a metal ion, the name of chemical compound
changes.

Exercise 7.From the oxoacid series that you presented in Lesson 3, show the salt formation and its
corresponding name.
 SALT FORMATION OF OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS

 Hypophosphorous acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypophosphite + Water

H3PO2 + NaO2H NaPO2H2 + H2O
Name of Salt: Sodium hypophosphite (NaPO2H2)

 Phosphorous acid + Sodium hydroxide Trisodium phosphite + Water

H3PO3 + NaOH Na3PO3 + H2O
Name of Salt: Trisodium phosphite (Na3PO3)

 Phosphoric acid + Sodium hydroxide Disodium hydrogen phosphate + Water

H3PO4 + NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2O
Name of Salt: Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)

 Peroxymonophosphoric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium Perphosphate + Water

H3PO5 + NaOH Na3PO5 + H2O
Name of Salt: Sodium Perphosphate (Na3PO5)

 SALT FORMATION OF OXOACIDS OF CHLORINE

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  Hypochlorous acid + Sodium chloride Sodium hypochlorite + Water + Chlorine
2HClO + NaCl NaClO + H2O + Cl2
Name of Salt: Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)

 Chlorous acid + Sodium chloride Hydrogen chloride + Sodium chlorite

HClO2 + NaCl HCl + NaClO2
Name of Salt: Sodium chlorite (NaClO2)

 Chloric acid + Sodium chloride Hydrogen chloride + Sodium chlorate

HClO3 + NaCl HCl + NaClO3
Name of Salt: Sodium chlorate (NaClO3)

 Perchloric acid + Sodium chloride Sodium perchlorate + Hydrogen chloride

HClO4 + NaCl NaClO4 + HCl
Name of Salt: Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)
Lesson 5. Bases
Bases are compounds with the anion, OH- (hydroxide) present.
Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks in the table.
Chemical Formula Common name Systematic name Use
Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime Calcium Hydroxide Calcium hydroxide is
an odorless white
powder. It's used in
industrial settings,
such as sewage
treatment, paper
production,
construction, and
food processing. It
also has medical and
dental uses. For
example, root canal
fillings often contain
calcium hydroxide.
KOH Lye Potassium hydroxide The reaction of
potassium hydroxide
with oils and fats
under heated
conditions is called
saponification. This
reaction is useful for
the production of
potassium soaps,
which are softer and
more soluble than
soaps derived with
sodium hydroxide.
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 Consequently, liquid
soaps tend to be
potassium soaps,
while solid soaps
tend to be sodium
soaps. More so, an
aqueous solution of
potassium hydroxide
is used as the
electrolyte in various
types of batteries,
including alkaline,
nickel-cadmium, and
manganese dioxide-
zinc batteries. It is
also an electrolyte in
certain types of fuel
cells. Potassium
hydroxide solutions
are better conductors
of electricity than
sodium hydroxide
solutions and are
therefore preferred
over the latter.
Consequently,
potassium hydroxide
is a catalyst in the
process of
manufacturing
biodiesel from oils
and fats. In the
manufacture of
paper, it helps
separate lignin from
cellulose fibers. It is
an etchant in the wet
processing of
semiconductors and a
bleaching agent for
textiles. It can be
used for the
absorption of carbon
dioxide (CO2), sulfur
trioxide (SO3), and
nitrogen trioxide
(NO3) in gas streams.
It is also used for

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 unclogging drains,
removing hair from
animal hides, and
dissolving animal
carcasses. In the food
industry, it may be
used in the
processing of
chocolate and cocoa,
the production of
caramel color, and
the washing and
chemical peeling of
fruits and vegetables.
NaOH Lye and Caustic Sodium hydroxide It is used in chemical
soda/potash manufacturing, oil
refining, hydraulic
fracturing, water
treatment and metal
processing. It is used
in the manufacture of
fabric, plastic wrap,
paper and soap.
Ba(OH)₂ Baryta or Baryta- Barium hydroxide Industrially, barium
water hydroxide is used as a
precursor to several
other barium
compounds. The
monohydrate of this
compound is widely
used to dehydrate
and extract sulfate
from different
products. The very
low solubility of
barium sulfate is
utilized in this
application. Used in
the manufacture of
alkalis, glass, oil and
grease additives,
barium soaps, and
other barium
compounds.
Mg(OH)2 Milk of Magnesia Magnesium hydroxide used as a laxative to
relieve occasional
constipation and also
used as an antacid to

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 relieve indigestion,
sour stomach, and
heartburn

Lesson 6. Hydrates
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them. For
example,

.
BaCl2 2H2O - Barium Chloride dihydrate

Chemical Formula Common name Systematic name Use

Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt, this
MgSO4 7H20 . heptahydrate powdered substance
is widely used in
Agriculture and
Horticulture
(technical grade)
fields to improve the
soil fertility levels.
Moreover, it is use in
the chemical and
animal sector.
Washing Soda Sodium Carbonate Sodium carbonate is a
Na2CO3 10H2O. Decahydrate strong alkali base
used in green cleaning
products. Often found
in powder form, it's
used in a wide range
of industries, such as
in cleaning and
personal care
products and as a
fungicide,
microbicide,
herbicide, and pH
adjuster.
Gypsum Calcium sulfate Used for a variety of
.
CaSO4 2H2O
dihydrate purposes including:
building materials, as
a desiccant (drying
agent), in dentistry as
an impression
material, cast, or die,
and in medicine for
immobilizing casts

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 and as an inactive
ingredient tablet
excipient and color
glaze
Lithium chloride Lithium chloride Used as a brazing flux
.
LiCl H2O
monohydrate for aluminum in
automobile parts. It is
used as a desiccant
for drying air streams.
Strontium nitrate Strontium nitrate Used to produce a
.
Sr(NO3)2 4H2O
tetrahydrate rich red flame in
fireworks and road
flares. Also, can aid in
eliminating and
lessening skin
irritations.
 Blue vitriol Copper (II)sulfate Used as a fungicide,
.
CuSO4 5H2O
 Bluestone pentahydrate algaecide, root killer,
 Vitriol of and herbicide in both
copper agriculture and non-
 Roman vitriol agricultural settings. It
is also used as an
antimicrobial and
molluscicide. Uses for
individual products
containing copper
sulfate vary widely.

Elaborate:

 Fill in the information below

Ionic or
Chemical Name Chemical Formula
Covalent
1. Phosphorus trichloride Covalent PCl3
2. Calcium oxide Ionic CaO
3. Sodium acetate Ionic NaCH3COO
4. Chlorine dioxide Covalent ClO2
5. Hydrogen chloride Covalent HCl
6.Iron (II) oxide Ionic FeO
7. Carbon dioxide Covalent CO2
8. Aluminum carbonate Ionic Al2(CO3)3

21
9. Chlorine trioxide Covalent ClO3
10. Sulfur trioxide Covalent SO3
11 Calcium sulfate Ionic CaSO4
12. Phosphorus trichloride Covalent PCl3
13. Carbon tetrabromide Covalent CBr4
14. Arsenic pentachloride Covalent AsCl5
15. Selenium hexafluoride Covalent SeF6
16. Tin (II) bromide Ionic SnBr2
17 Sulfur dioxide Covalent SO2
18. Sulfur dichloride Covalent SCl2
19. Dihydrogen oxide Covalent H2O
20. Bromine pentafluoride Covalent BrF5
21. Xenon difluoride Covalent XeF2
22. Xenon tetrafluoride Covalent XeF4

 Study the prompt on the let column to answer the questions on the right column.

yes yes
no yes
yes no
no yes
yes yes

 For the light to come on, what kind of compound would need to be dissolved:
ionic or covalent? IONIC
 What do we call a compound that will allow electricity to flow? ELECTROLYTE

 Answer as required

22
 LiO K2S LiCl
Na3N LiF MgO
Al2S3
AlO3 Ca3P2 Mg3N2
MgCl2 Al(NO3)3 K2CrO4

.. ..
F F..
4
..

..

.. F F

6 Cl Cl
Evaluation:
Write the chemical formula for the given reactions and write your answers on the provided answer
sheet below.

1. The decomposition of crystals of ammonium nitrite1.1 produces nitrogen gas1.2 and liquid water1.3.

2. Solid magnesium oxide2.1 is produced from the reaction of magnesium2.2 metal and oxygen gas2.3

3. When aluminum3.1 metal is dropped in a solution of sulfuric acid H2SO4, hydrogen gas3.2 is liberated
and solution of aluminum sulfate3.3 is produced.

4. Ozone, O3, is converted to oxygen gas4.1.

5. Sodium carbonate 5.1 solution, water5.2 and carbon dioxide 5.3 gas are the products from the
decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate5.4 powder.

Write your answers here

CHEMICAL FORMULA

1.1 _______NH4NO2__________ 4.1 _______ O2__________

1.2_________N2 __________
1.3_______ H2O __________

2.1______ _MgO __________ 5.1_______NH2CO3__________

2.2____ ___Mg_ _________ 5.2___ __ H2O __________
2.3_______ O2 __________ 5.3____ _ CO2 __________

5.4_______NaHCO3__________
3.1_______ Al_ _________
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3.2_______ H2 __________
3.3_______Al2(SO4)3__________

 Fertilizers are inorganic compounds added to soil to make it fertile. The three elements that are
affecting plant’s growth, development, flowering and fruiting are nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.

When buying fertilizers, the composition of these three elements are represented as NPK. NPK will
have some numbers like 20-5-5, 10-10-10 or even 10-0-0. Reading from the left, the first number refers
to its nitrogen content, the middle number is its phosphorus content and the last number refers to
potassium.

QUESTIONS
1. As for its composition, what do these numbers represent?

The 3 numbers in the fertilizers represent the NPK or the content elements of the fertilizer. The N in
the ratio stands for nitrogen, the P stands for phosphorous, and the K stands for potassium. This
means that the first set of numbers, which are 20-5-5 represent that the fertilizer has 20% ratio of
Nitrogen , 5% Phosphorous, and 5% Potassium. This indicate that 20-5-5 has four times more
nitrogen in it than phosphorus and potassium. More so, s bag of 10-10-10 fertilizer contains 10
percent nitrogen, 10 percent phosphate and 10 percent potassium. And lastly the fertilizer that has
10-0-0 indicate that it only contain nitrogen.

2. List the compounds of N, P and K that are used to make fertilizers. For the same type of
element having different compounds, what is the advantage of using one over the other?

Compounds of Nitrogen (N) that are used to make fertilizers

 ammonia liquor (NH₄OH)
 ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
 ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄
 double salt
 nitrate reductases
 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (C5H11N2O4P)
 isobutylidenediurea (C6H14N4O2)
 2-cyanoguanidine (C2H4N4)
 ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4)
 urea-formaldehyde (C2H6N2O2)
 coated urea
 calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)
 ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate ((NH4)H2PO4)
 nitric acid (HNO₃)
 diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4)
 ammonium(NH₄⁺)
 urea (CH₄N₂O)
 nitrate (NO3-)

24
Compounds of Phosphorus (P) that are used to make fertilizers
 Superphosphate (CaH4P2O8)
 Concentrated Superphosphate
 Triple Super Phosphate
 Monoammonium Phosphate
 Diammonium Phosphate
 Ammonium Polyphosphate
 Rock Phosphate
 Superphosporic Acid

Compounds of Potassium (K) that are used to make fertilizers

 Potassium chloride (KCl)
 Potassium Schoenite
 Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
 Potassium nitrate
 Potassium oxide
 Potassium carbonate
 Potassium phosphate
 Potassium magnesium sulfate
 Kainite
 Potassium acetate
 Potassium silicate
 Potassium thiosulfate
 Monopotassium phosphate
 Dipotassium phosphate
 Potassium bicarbonate

There is an advantage of using one fertilizer over the other fertilizer, considering
that for the same type of element it has different compounds in it. It will be advantageous to use what
specific fertilizer we must use in order for our crops to live happily. We must take into
consideration what is enough, applicable and lacking in the soil nutrient or in the plant.
Potassium fertilizer helps strengthen plants' abilities to resist disease and plays an important role in
increasing crop yields and overall quality. Potassium also protects the plant when the weather is cold or
dry, strengthening its root system and preventing wilt. While phosphorus, is linked to a plant’s
ability to use and store energy, including the process of photosynthesis. It’s also needed to help plants
grow and develop normally. Lastly, nitrogen which is considered to be the most important nutrient.
Plants tend to absorb more nitrogen than any other element. Nitrogen is essential to in making sure
plants are healthy as they develop and nutritious to eat after they’re harvested. That’s because
nitrogen is essential in the formation of protein, and protein makes up much of the tissues of most
living things. We can see the advantage here wherein we can either use more ratio of nitrogen for the
fertilizer or maybe phosphorus based fertilizers or pottasium. A fertilizer containing all three major
nutrients which is the NPK ratio is a complete fertilizer. On the other side, a product that
supplies only one or two of them is an incomplete fertilizer. Using a complete fertilizer for every
garden or crops purpose seems sensible, but in fact it isn’t always the best choice. For example,
the soil contains sufficient phosphorus and potassium and is deficient only in nitrogen we can
save money by using an incomplete fertilizer that provides nitrogen alone (ammonium sulfate,

25
for example). In some instances, complete fertilizers can even harm a plant. Exotic, bright-
blossomed proteas, for example, will not tolerate excess phosphorus which they “glut”
themselves on it and then die. So using one fertilizer over the other will be advantageous to what
kind of crop we are taking care of. The elements’ function should fit to t he needs of our plants to
grow, this is because NPK percentage will show to us that their properties and characteristics
differ. Their content will dictate the outcome of our plant’s development. For example, w e
observe that our plants seems to have symptoms include poor plant growth, and leaves become pale
green or yellow because they are unable to make sufficient chlorophyll. Leaves in this state are said to be
chlorotic. So in the situation more nitrogen content fertilizer is needed and in this case nitrogen is
advantageous to use.

Extend
PHILIPPINE FOOD LABEL LAW

Food intended for human consumption should be safe

and nutritional. To ensure that consumers will be
protected from fraud, misrepresentation, adulteration
and harm, the government requires that all food sold
as prepack, ready-eat, ready-to-cook, and even food
supplements should contain labels. Also, food that are
manufactured locally or from abroad should contain
labels.

The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) on food

labelling can be found in Administrative Order (AO) No.
2014-0030, issued by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). The IRR tackles some directives
like where to place the food label in food containers or
food packs, what nutritional content should be
presented and the language to be used when printing
the label. This ensures that the consuming public will
be informed on the type of food products they are
buying and therefore their right to choose is protected.

Write a short paragraph on your thoughts about this law and its implementation in the grass roots
level.
Every one of us is a consumer and one of the important things that a consumer must be
knowledgeable about is understanding food labels. Food labelling is one of the requirements that
food business owners must follow. I can say that I am able to exercise my right to choose because
whenever I buy product it became my habit to look for its expiry date and nutrition facts or

26
 sometimes the ingredients of the product. I don’t have food allergies so I’m thankful that I don’t
need to look for that information. Furthermore, I think that this law is one of the primary aspects
that food technologists should be informed of because there are specific rules and regulations
locally and internationally with regards to protecting the health of consumers. More so, this law is
also important for the consumers to know in order for them to ensure if the product pass to the
correct labeling process. This matter a lot because as the product give enough information about
its content, expiry and productions, consumers like me will have a security whether the product is
applicable to use for me or us. We all have health issues to consider as well as allergic reactions in
the body so proper labeling will help for much secure living. For example, the name of the product
should specify the actuality of the food and should not be generic. There should also be words or
phrases associated to further understand the exact characteristics of the product. A complete list
of ingredients must be declared on the label and should be arrayed in descending order of
proportion. Another thing is that food business owners’ contact details regardless of the activity
must be declared on all locally manufactured products. This is for consumers to have a contact
reference if ever there are inquiries concerning the food item. This will serve as a traceability of
code or mark where the food package is produced. Next is that products should have expiration
date. This information is I could say that it is one of the most important marks that should be seen
on the label. More so, allergen information must be included. Certain people have intolerances or
allergic responses to various kinds of food. Different reactions to food can range from mildly
gastrointestinal discomfort, irritable skin rashes, or even life-threatening anaphylaxis.

This law is a very very good idea to implement. As what I have read when I start searching for
its grassroots, there were a lot of companies or sellers tend to have no proper food labeling or
product labeling that branch out to noticeable issues of fraud and health effects of the
products. More so, this law is essential as it aimed at curbing the increasing mortality rate of
Filipinos with heart illnesses and cardiovascular disease have focused only on managing the
illness-including getting treatment for a heart attack. So this law implies a multi solution to
the health issue here in the Philippines. With the increasing number of fast food meals,
unlimited buffet restaurants and the growing trend of food parks and increasing reliance on
eating outside the home. Overweight and obesity remains to be a major public health concern
in the Philippines. With food establishments being ubiquitous within the urban city, the drive
for responsible food serving has also been a concern. The aim of placing menu nutrition labels
is to inform diners regarding the foods they consumed outside their homes and provide
nutrition information to promote healthy food choices and monitor their calorie intake. All in
all, this law implementation helps to solve branches of problems regarding in health and safety
of the public.

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 The beginning of wisdom is to call all things
by its proper name. -Confucius

Concept Check

1. Ionic compounds are formed from the union of a positive charge chemical species called cations and
a negative charge chemical species called anions.
2. Chemical species can be in the form of monoatomic ions or polyatomic ions.
3. Molecular compounds are formed from the union of two nonmetal element forming discrete units.
4. Chemical formula are representations of chemical symbols. It shows the type of compounds
whether these are ionic or molecular compounds.
5. Reading and writing chemical formula requires first identifying whether the given chemical formula is
ionic or molecular compound.

References

1. https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/2-introduction
2. https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/2-7-chemical-nomenclature/

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