Program: Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Mathematics

Course Code: Math 109

Subject: Modern Geometry

Learning Module No. 4

Name Rating
Date of Submission Session

Topic: Triangles
Learning Outcomes: a. Exhibit competence in mathematical concepts and procedures.
b. Exhibit proficiency in relating mathematics to other curricular areas.
c. Manifest meaningful and comprehensive pedagogical content
knowledge (PCK) of mathematics.
d. Demonstrate competence in designing, constructing and utilizing
different forms of assessment in mathematics.
e. Demonstrate proficiency in problem-solving by solving and creating
routine and non-routine problems with different levels of complexity.
f. Use effectively appropriate approaches, method, and techniques in
teaching mathematics including technological tools.
g. Appreciate mathematics as an opportunity for creative work,
moments of enlightenment, discovery and gaining insights of the world.
References: • Cederberg, J. N. (2001). A Course in Modern Geometries
(Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics) (2nd ed.). Springer.
• Smart, J. R. (1973). Modern Geometries. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 1 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21

 Discussion Proper:
A polygon is a closed figure that is made up of segments, where each line segment intersects two other
segments. The simplest polygon is the triangle. It has three sides and three angles.
Consider the following figure:

The symbol for triangle is ∆. This triangle can be named as ∆ABC. A vertex is a point where two
sides of the triangle meet. Thus, a triangle has three vertices, A, B, and C are the vertices (plural of
vertex) of ∆ABC. The sides of ∆ABC are AB, BC, and CA.
Example
Name the vertices, sides, and angles of the following triangle:

Solution
Vertices: D, E, F
Sides of the triangles: DE, EF , DF
Angles: ∠DEF, ∠EF D, ∠F DE

4.1 Kinds of Triangles

Triangles are classified based on two of their properties:

1. according to the lengths of the sides

2. according to the sizes of the angles

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 2 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21

 Triangles classified by the length of the sides
1. Scalene triangle: A triangle where no two sides are of equal length.

2. Isosceles triangle: A triangle that has at least two sides of equal length. The sides of equal
length are indicated by a dash on the segment. For this type of triangle, the angle formed by
the equal sides is called a vertex angle. The other two angles are called the base angles.
The side opposite the vertex angle is called the base of the isosceles triangle. The sides
that are of equal length are the legs.

3. Equilateral triangle: A triangle where all three sides are of equal length.

Triangles classified according to their angles

1. Acute triangle: A triangle where all the angles are acute angles.

2. Obtuse triangle: A triangle having one obtuse angle.

3. Right triangle: A triangle having one right angle. The side opposite the right is called the
hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the longest side of the triangle. The other two sides are called
the legs of the right triangle.

4. Equiangular triangle: A triangle that has angles of equal size.

4.2 Special Segments and Lines of a Triangle

The median of a triangle is a segment where the endpoints are one vertex and the midpoint of the opposite
side of the triangle. Any triangle has three medians.

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 3 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21

 The angle bisector is a segment bisecting an angle of a triangle. To ”bisect” means to divide into two
equal parts. The endpoints of an angle bisector is a vertex and the side opposite it. A triangle has three
angle bisectors.

An altitude of a triangle is a segment beginning from one vertex and ending on the opposite side of
the vertex. The segment should be perpendicular to that side. A triangle has three altitudes.

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 4 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21

4.3 Angles of a Triangle
The interior angles of a triangle are the angles inside the triangle. The sum of the measure of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180°.

The exterior angles are formed by extending the sides of the triangle. The sum of the measure of the
exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 5 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 6 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21
 EXERCISE SET 4
Provide neat and complete solutions on a long bond paper or yellow pad. Use the same format given
in previous exercises.

1. Draw and label the following triangles.

(a) a scalene triangle

(b) an acute triangle
(c) an acute scalene triangle
(d) an acute equilateral triangle
(e) a right isosceles triangle

2. State whether the given set of angles form a triangle.

(a) 86°, 53°, 41°

(b) 47°, 84°, 56°
(c) 70°, 22°, 68°
(d) 54°, 97°, 29°
(e) 33°, 90°, 57°

3. Look at the figure below. There are eight triangles in this figure. Name them.

Prepared by: Jonwille Mark Castro 7 2nd Sem A.Y. ’20-’21