"Solid Waste Segregation Through Smart Bin": Project Report On

Project Report on
“SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION THROUGH SMART

BIN”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Soham Shelgaonkar (2016BTEME00023)
Sampada Vadrabade (2016BTEME00038)
Shivam Mirje (2016BTEME00039)
Siddhant Dhere (2016BTEME00040)
Revati Bedage (2016BTEME00044)
Under the guidance of

PROF. Dr. K. H. INAMDAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGLI
2019-2020
SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION THROUGH SMART BIN
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report entitled “SOLID WASTE
SEGREGATION THROUGH SMART BIN” submitted by us to Walchand
College of Engineering, Sangli in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
degree of B. Tech. in Mechanical Engineering is a record of bonafide project work
carried out by us under the guidance of Prof. Dr. K. H. Inamdar. We further
declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be
submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other Degree/Diploma in this
institute or any other institute or university.
Date:
Place: Sangli
Soham Shelgaonkar
(2016BTEME00023)
Sampada Vadrabade
(2016BTEME00038)
Shivam Mirje
(2016BTEME00039)
Siddhant Dhere
(2016BTEME00040)
Revati Bedage
(2016BTEME00044)
Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli. Page | 2

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “SOLID

WASTE SEGREGATION THROUGH SMART BIN”
submitted by
Soham Shelgaonkar (2016BTEME00023)
Sampada Vadrabade (2016BTEME00038)
Shivam Mirje (2016BTEME00039)
Siddhant Dhere (2016BTEME00040)
Revati Bedage (2016BTEME00044)
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of “Bachelor of

Technology (Mechanical Engineering)” is a record of their own work carried
out under my supervision during the year 2019-20.
Date:
Prof. Dr. K. Inamdar

Project Guide
The candidate has completed all the required phases of evaluation and performed satisfactorily.
Hence, recommended for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the said degree.
Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. K.H. Inamdar for his
guidance and his continuous support, encouragement, help extended at every stage
of this work.
We express our gratitude and earnest thanks to Prof. Dr. K.H. Inamdar, Head of
Mechanical Department for their thorough support to the project.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank every individual who has supported
us directly or indirectly in accomplishment of my project. We are thankful to the
faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department for helping us in various aspects.
Soham Shelgaonkar
(2016BTEME00023)
Sampada Vadrabade
(2016BTEME00038)
Shivam Mirje
(2016BTEME00039)
Siddhant Dhere
(2016BTEME00040)
Revati Bedage
(2016BTEME00044)

ABSTRACT
In the recent decades, Urbanization has increased tremendously. At the same phase
there is an increase in waste production. Waste management has been a crucial issue
to be considered. This project is a way to achieve this good cause. In this project,
smart bin is built on a microcontroller-based platform Arduino Mega board which is
interfaced with different sensors. Arduino will be programmed in such a way that
when solid waste enters into the dustbin, sensors will detect type waste and allow it
to the proper bin. Once the bin gets full, bins can be removed and cleaned at regular
intervals.
Once these smart bins are implemented on the public places, by replacing our
traditional bins present today, waste can be managed efficiently as it avoids
unnecessary dumping of wastes on roadside. Foul smell from these rotten wastes
that remain untreated for a long time, due to negligence of authorities and
carelessness of public may lead to long term problems. Breeding of insects and
mosquitoes can create nuisance around promoting unclean environment. This may
even cause dreadful diseases.Thus our project may proove to be a solution to all
these problems.

CONTENT
Chapter Index Page
No.
1 Introduction 8
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Importance of proper solid waste management 8
1.3 Importance of segregation of waste into different category 10
1.4 Modern waste management techniques 11
1.4.1 Recover through recycling 11
1.4.2 Biological Reprocessing 12
1.4.3 Dump in a Sanitary Landfill 13
1.4.4 Waste to Energy (WtE) 14
1.4.5 Composting 14
1.4.6 Bioremediation 15
1.4.7 Thermal Treatment: Incineration 15
1.4.8 Plasma Gasification 16
1.5 Project objectives 16
1.6 Summary 17
2 Literature review 18
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Solid Waste Management 18
2.3 Summary 21
3 Solid waste 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Classification and Composition of Solid waste 22
3.3 Types of waste generated at different places. 25
3.3.1 Household 25
3.3.2 Malls and Cinema hall 26
3.3.3 Market 26
3.3.4 Railway stations and Others 27

3.4 Summary 27
4 Segregation 28
4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Introduction to different sensors 28
4.2.1 Types of Sensors 29
4.2.2 Working principle of sensors used 29
4.3 Introduction to arduino and other electronic circuit 35
4.3.1 Arduino Mega 2560 Board 35
4.4 Summary 36
5 Design 37
5.1 Introduction 37
5.2 Detail design of smart bin 37
5.3 Isometric view 39
5.4 Summary 39
6 Proposed methodology 40
6.1 Proposed method for segregation of waste 40
6.1.1 Types of wastes under consideration 40
6.1.2 Flow chart of working 40
6.1.3 Circuit representation 41
6.1.4 Arduino program 42
6.2 Description of logic used for smartbin program 45
6.3 Description of prototype for segregation of waste 47
6.4 Summary 49
7 Testing, Analysis and Results 50
8 Remarks 55
8.1 Outcomes of project 55
8.2 Future scope 55
8.3 Advantages 55
8.4 Limitations 56
8.5 Cost estimation 56
8.6 Work plan 57
9 References 58

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Colour code of Dustbins for recycling 12
Figure 2. Current situation of landfill 14
Figure 3. Compost from waste 15
Figure 4. Thermal Treatment 16
Figure 5. Composition of MSW 25
Figure 6. Waste collected from residential area 27
Figure 7. Waste from Malls and Cinema Halls 27
Figure 8. Waste from Market 28
Figure 9. Waste from Railway Station 28
Figure 10. Block diagram of sensor 30
Figure 11. Ultrasonic Sensor 32
Figure 12. Ultrasonic Sensor Application 33
Figure 13. IR Sensor Module Circuit 34
Figure 14. Direct IR sensor 34
Figure 15. Indirect IR sensor 34
Figure 16. Inductive Sensor 35
Figure 17. Load cell 36
Figure 18. HX711 Load Cell Amplifier Module 37
Figure 19. Arduino MEGA 2560 pin diagram 38
Figure 20. Slide View without middle frame of smart bin 39
Figure 21. Internal view of smart bin 40
Figure 22. Circuit Representation 43
Figure 23. Tin Containers 50
Figure 24. Stepper Motor 51
Figure 25. Arduino MEGA 2560 52
Figure 26. Electronic setup of ultrasonic sensor 53
Figure 27. Output for sensor 54
Figure 28. Setup Of Inductive Sensor 54
Figure 29. Working of Inductive Sensor 55
Figure 30. Infrared sensor output for plastic bottle 55
Figure 31. Output for bottle 56
Figure 32. Output for Opaque Object 56

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Most of the cities, towns and villages in India are not well designed to facilitate the
suitable garbage collection methods. Common Public dustbins are filling over with
the garbage and no one is concerned to clear them up as and when they get
completely packed with overflowing garbage. Keeping in view of this big problem,
it will be a good suggestion to do something to deal with this unmanaged waste and
from this, the concept of ‘Smart Dustbin’ came out.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
Planning the waste management and recycling for all of the rubbish produced in this
country is an enormous task which involves both logistical planning and scientific
knowledge and understanding in order to balance the impact on the environment and
the cost effectiveness of the process.
Waste management and recycling companies are also feeling an extra pressure to
perform their role in the greenest ways possible. It is important to remember that the
India’s resources and landfill sites are limited and this has a major bearing on the
kind of activities that are carried out.
Waste collection and rubbish disposal play an extremely important role in the global
cleanliness and sustainability drive, with people’s health and the conservation of
resources being the responsibility of every government. To ease the pressure on
government agencies, numerous privately-managed organizations also play a part in
these waste management and recycling programs. In many cities it means that local
government agencies have been left with the responsibility of overseeing the work
done by these privately held organizations.
Thousands of years ago humans simply dug a hole and buried their refuse and waste.
This was an effective technique for these early people because their population was
relatively small and they did not produce waste on the same scale or with the levels

of complexity that modern humans do. Burying the rubbish helped to prevent bugs
and rodents from becoming a nuisance and spreading diseases.
In the modern world burying all of our rubbish is not a sustainable solution. While
primitive humans produced very little waste, and that which was produced would
biodegrade quickly, modern humans produce much larger amounts of waste, much
of which is not biodegradable. Additionally, many types of waste may be damaging
to the soil, ground water and surrounding habitat.
The most important reason for waste collection is the protection of the environment
and the health of the population.
Rubbish and waste can cause air and water pollution. Rotting garbage is also known
to produce harmful gases that mix with the air and can cause breathing problems in
people. By inspecting the vegetation around landfill sites carefully you can
determine the damage that can be caused by garbage and waste if left untreated in
the open. To address this problem modern waste management professionals place
garbage in lined holes and use bacteria to help facilitate its rapid decomposition.
Rotting garbage and waste emanates a foul smell that can cause nausea among
people who come into contact with it. It can also be a source for waterborne diseases
such as cholera and abdominal conditions and discomfort. Since water sources need
to be protected the role of waste disposal companies is very important. These
organizations should make it a priority to secure their landfill sites so that water
bodies are not affected by the garbage and waste collected from homes and
commercial establishments.
Waste collection companies also sort the garbage into recyclable columns, as
recycling the products that leave our homes is of utmost importance. Recycling not
only helps in conserving our natural resources but also reduces the cost of production
of many products. Products such as glass, oil, plastic, paper can all be recycled which
will ultimately put less pressure on the natural resources used to manufacture these
products.
Lastly, waste management and recycling collection can help conserve our planet’s
natural beauty which can be flawed by thoughtless disposal of waste, fly-tipping and
senseless littering. Landscapes can be ruined through littering and places of tourist
interest can lose their attraction; it is also pollution for those who live in areas where
waste collection and recycling is not managed effectively and responsibly. Natural
beauty is a legacy and a right for future generations and conserving it, as well as our
natural resources, for their benefit is our responsibility today.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE INTO

DIFFERENT CATAGORY
Most places you go to will have some form of waste segregation. Your office may
have a bin for paper and cardboard, the gym has a mixed recyclables bin, even your
house should have some form of waste segregation as all local councils do curbside
collection. But how important is it to put the right waste in the right bins? This
point will discuss why you should pay attention to waste segregation.
The first reason is it is legally required. Under the Waste Regulations 2011, you
must segregate paper, cardboard, plastic, metal and glass at source unless it is
technically or economically unfeasible. Under the same regulations, you should
implement the waste hierarchy; reduce, reuse, recycle other recovery and
disposal. By law, you should implement this hierarchy and segregation helps with
recycling in particular.
Waste segregation is included in law because it is much easier to recycle. Effective

segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which makes it cheaper
and better for people and the environment. It is also important to segregate for public
health. In particular, hazardous wastes can cause long term health problems, so it is
very important that they are disposed of correctly and safely and not mixed in with
the normal waste coming out of your home or office.
You have a legal obligation to correctly describe waste as it leaves your site using
the correct waste transfer documentation. For a reminder on waste transfer
documentation, see our previous blogs on waste transfer notes and hazardous
waste consignment notes. These are legal documents that must be completed
correctly. If you describe a bin of your waste as ‘paper and cardboard’ and someone
has half filled it with plastic, you are incorrectly describing your waste. If this
happens, you could face a fine, your waste contractor could refuse the waste or you
could be charged more for them to deal with it.
Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as
much manual or mechanical sorting as mixed waste. For example, here at EMS we
segregate our paper and cardboard into a separate skip to our other, general
waste. When it comes to collection and disposal, the paper and cardboard is nearly
£3(287.97 Rs) cheaper than our general waste bin. Over time that can add up and,

if you have more diverse waste streams, you can see further cost savings. For some
waste streams, you may even be able to sell it off and create a revenue stream.
There are a number of important reasons that we encourage waste segregation; legal
obligations, cost savings and protection of human health and the environment. As a
business, you should make it as easy as possible for your staff to correctly segregate
their waste. This can include labeling, making sure you have enough accessible bins
and making it clear why segregation is so important. So next time you’re presented
with a choice to put your plastic bottle in a general waste bin or a plastic bin, reach
over to the plastic one and pop it in there.
1.4 MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

With a growing population all over the world and climate change problems
potentially threatening the stability of certain areas around the world, levels of
consumption and pollution are two areas that forward thinkers are examining
closely. Improvement in our efficiency to turn consumed goods into consumable
goods with minimal damage to the environment remains one of the biggest problem
facing us today. One of the most significant factors in this is the methods by which
we dispose of our waste.
1.4.1 Recover through Recycling:
Figure 1.Colour code of Dustbins for recycling

We start with arguably the most advantageous form of waste disposal. Recycling is
not only great for the environment, but it also provides a considerable economic
benefit to the individual and the economy as a whole. Recycling is ultimate because
it reduces the work needed to produce something fit for consumption.
Of course, not everything can be recycled. The main things that can be recycled are
plastics, paper, and glass. Recycling requires effort from all parties, including us.
Responsible waste disposal professionals will always look to promote recycling as
much as possible. Quality bin hire companies will always separate the waste
according to its ability to be recycled.
1.4.2 Biological Reprocessing:
This process of waste disposal is only applicable to those of organic nature like
plants, food scraps and paper products. Organic matter going through the biological
decomposition process forms mulch or compost, which later can be used for
agricultural purpose. Biological reprocessing helps to speed up the natural
decomposition of organic matter. The methane that comes as a gaseous waste can be
used for producing heat and electricity. Based on whether it is used for home or
industrial purpose, its complexity and type differs and are classified as aerobic and
anaerobic methods.

1.4.3 Dump in a Sanitary Landfill:
Figure 2. Current situation of landfill
Sanitary landfill setup involves a well-designed engineering method to ensure that

the environment is protected. It is made with layers of different leveling, with the
bottom having the smallest volume which gets bigger as you move towards the top.
This volume difference is to make sure that land does not collapse.
The bottommost layer is the liner system, which employs dense clay and high-
density plastics to prevent contamination of underground water due to the
penetration of liquid. The second is the drainage taking the collected fluid to
treatment plants. Next is the gas collection system dealing with the gaseous
hydrocarbon methane that is both volatile and toxic. This gas can be treated and used
to produce electricity. Then is the trash itself, which when filled is covered with
synthetic plastic or clay, similar to that done at the bottommost layer. The layers of
waste and soil are alternated to help reduce odour and improve rapid decomposition.
Landfill technique needs regular maintenance to keep odour, methane and liquid
penetration level under control. That said, there are risks, even for a country with
such vast lands. Methane and gases can be produced and come to the surface, which
can cause significant problems if not managed properly. Strict safety measures need

to be taken to avoid such issues. Further, even in Australia, there is limited land
suitable for landfill, and with our growing population, there is a day when this will
no longer be a viable method. Smaller countries with dense populations, for
example, have already had to resort to other means.
1.4.4 Waste to Energy (WtE):

An efficient disposal system is essential to save ourselves and the environment from
non-recyclable items. The disposal technique generates heat or electricity from
waste materials. It can come in handy when you need disposing of non-recyclable
items by converting them into heat, fuel or electricity. Reducing the need for fossil
fuel can help decrease carbon emission.
1.4.5 Composting.
Figure 3. Compost from waste
Cheap, easy and virtually risk-free, composting is a natural process that breaks down
organic waste and turns it into rich manure that can be used to improve the quality
of the soil in your garden. Rather than throwing organic waste into the rubbish bin
and having waste disposal people deal with it, put it aside and mix it all over time.
Composting is as simple as that!

1.4.6 Bioremediation:
It is an eco-friendly and cost-effective way to make the environment free of pollution
using environmental friendly microbes. Hazardous wastes can be converted to non-
toxic products using this natural degradation process. The limitations are that is takes
a long time, and controlling the natural process of degradation can be hard.
1.4.7 Thermal Treatment: Incineration
Figure 4. Thermal Treatment
This process converts waste material into gas, ash and heat. Mass of waste reduces
by 95 to 96% when processed through incineration plants. For places that have a
shortage of land, it can be a good choice. It is operable in any weather condition.
Moreover, the energy produced can be used for other purposes. As there is no decay,
bad smell or methane does not form, and the heat destroys the harmful germs and
chemicals. The modern incinerators have a computerized monitoring system that
allows them to use a computer to troubleshoot most of the problems.
Disadvantages may be that a lot of resources are needed to incinerate waste, making
it rather expensive on a large scale. Others would say that in fact, the waste material
provides a constant source of energy which is created as a result of burning waste;
energy that can potentially use in another way.

Another disadvantage is that organic waste which - if put in a landfill - would be

broken down and become part of the soil - is potentially lost when incinerated.
1.4.8 Plasma Gasification:
This process of waste management utilizes highly ionized or electrically charged

gases called plasma within a vessel to convert carbon-based materials into fuel. It is
an emerging technology that treats hazardous waste by converting incinerator ash or
chemicals into non-hazardous slag. The high temperature and lack of oxygen prevent
the formation of toxin compounds like dioxins, NOX, furans or sulphur dioxide. The
whole processing of waste is ecologically clean, converting solid or liquid wastes
into a syngas.
1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
This project aims to design a Smart Dustbin. The smart dustbin using arduino Mega
board which is interfaced with different sensors is proposed which would effectively
detect different types of wastes which will come into the dustbin. Although various
similar methodologies have been proposed in the past to detect different types of
wastes, but many problems remained to be unsolved for practical implementation.
Hence, the study described in this is involves the following principal objectives:
1. To enhance health and hygiene

2. Time saving operation and automatic process
3. To keep environment clean and not smelly
4. To make people easier to throw the rubbish
5. To develop and maintain a modern and sustainable ecological system for
waste management recycling
6. To implement this system in real world

1.6 SUMMARY
This chapter concludes about the importance proper solid waste management,
Importance of segregation of waste into different category, currently used waste
management techniques and its advantages. In the next chapter gives overview about
the literature survey conducted.

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Very less work is done in the field of sorting biodegradable and non-biodegradable
waste. Previously, metal detector or optical sensor are used to sort only plastics or
metals and waste particles but, in this work, biodegradable waste includes papers,
food waste and non- biodegradable waste includes metal, glass, plastic is sorted. The
following research papers describe the earlier work done in the design and
development of smart waste sorting system.
2.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Jadhav [5]: The research published in the Times of India reported on July 30, 2018,
revealed that 75% of municipal garbage in India is dumped without processing. The
report stated that barely 35,600 Metric Tonnes (MT) or a quarter of the 1.43 lakh
MT of garbage generated every day in Indian cities gets processed. The remaining
three-quarters about 1.1 lakh MT are dumped in the open. Only eight of 35 states
process more than half the daily garbage generated in their cities and not one has
achieved 100% processing. There are about 84,000 municipal wards in India spread
across states and 61,846 or almost three-quarters of these wards have achieved 100%
door-to-door garbage collection, according to the website. Yet, without proper
disposal facilities this makes little difference.
Joshi et al [6]: The abysmal state of and challenges in municipal solid waste
management (MSWM) in urban India is the motivation of the present study.
Urbanization contributes to enhanced municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and
unscientific handling of MSW degrades the urban environment and causes health
hazards. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the major parameters of
MSWM, in addition to a comprehensive review of MSW generation, its
characterization, collection, and treatment options as practiced in India. The current
status of MSWM in Indian states and important cities of India is also reported. The
essential conditions for harnessing optimal benefits from the possibilities for public-
private partnerships and challenges thereof and unnoticeable role of rag-pickers are

also discussed. The study concludes that installation of decentralized solid waste
processing units in metropolitan cities/towns and development of formal recycling
industry sector is the need of the hour in developing countries like India.
Singh [7]: The recent report published in the article “Down-to-earth” stated the need
of segregating the waste at its source level. The report published speaks about the
law stated by The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC), which abides the citizen to segregate the waste at source level. The
law was defined as new Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM). The Major
highlights of the new SWM Rules 2016 were as:
a. Segregation at source:
b. Collection and disposal of sanitary waste:
c. Collect Back scheme for packaging waste:
d. User fees for collection
The rule was also abided with various other aspects like a waste to energy
conversion, waste processing, and treatment.
CLAUDINE CAPEL et al., [8]: said effective recycling relies on effective sorting.
With a wide range of sorting technologies on the market today, WMW reviews the
options and looks at the issues that are driving the development of new technology
by Claudine Capel. European citizens will not have failed to notice that the sorting
of waste, particularly at a household level, is becoming increasingly important.
While the various EU countries currently take different stances on how and which
waste to separate, the trend will be to separate as much useful waste as possible and
deal with it in the most appropriate manner. Separating the different elements found
in waste streams is essential for enabling the recovery of useful materials,
minimizing the amount of material sent to landfill and allowing recyclable materials
to find a new incarnation. Companies sort and recycle materials in order to extract
value, but those operating in EU Member States are also bound by EU rules and
regulations relating to the environment.
Ruveena Singh, Dr. Balwinder Singh [9]: “Design and Development of Smart
Waste Sorting System” The main goal of the system is to design and develop a
sorting system that sorts the waste automatically. It is an eco-friendly automatic
system. The smart waste sorting system sorts the biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. The system starts when waste material is placed on the lid,
then the sensor transmits the signal and that signal is received by the microcontroller,
depending on the signal received the lid of system works. If the signal is transmitted

by the metal detector then the lid tilts towards the bin that collect the non-
biodegradable waste. If the signal is transmitted by the IR sensor then the lid tilts
towards the biodegradable bin.
Narayan Sharma, NirmanSingha, TanmoyDutta [10]: “Smart Bin

Implementation for Smart Cities”. The proposed smart been designed will be
sending data about the levels of garbage collected in different parts of the city/town.
The system helps the garbage analyzer to keep a check on every dustbin filled in
exact location. This helps the garbage analyzer to keep a check on every dustbin
throughout the city at real time. It will help him Research Article Volume 7 Issue
No.5 International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2017 12006
http://ijesc.org/ take accurate decisions and avoid the overflow of dustbins and use
the resource more efficiently.
AmruthaChandramohanet.al. “Automatic waste segregator” [11]: This paper

proposes an automated waste segregator which employs parallel resonant impedance
sensing mechanism to identify metallic items, and capacitive sensors to distinguish
between wet and dry waste.
Kumar, L.M. et.al. [12]: “Embedded wireless- enabled low cost plastic sorting
system for efficient waste management”. In this paper, for the on-line and
instantaneous identification of the consumer plastics the technique of Near Infrared
spectroscopy has been used .NIRS enables quick identification and monitoring of
the molecular or structural properties of the plastic under exploration. Further, to
protect the personnel from unhealthy environments that was predominant in plastic
recycling plants, wireless was interfaced which was capable of controlling the NIRS
instrumentation remotely.
Twinkle Sinha, et.al. “Smart Dustbin” [13]: This paper proposes a new model for
municipal dustbins which intimates the center of municipality for immediate
cleaning of dustbin. This dustbin is also designed to compress the garbage
periodically thus preventing the unnecessary occupying of dustbin’s space by light
weighted but space occupying garbage particles like sponges etc. A leaf switch is
pressed by garbage when it reaches a particular level providing an indication.

ASHUTOSH TIWARI et.al., [14]: The development of sensors at macroscopic or

nanometric scales in solid, liquid, or gas phases, contact or noncontact
configurations, has driven the research of sensor & detection materials and
technology into high gear. The emphasis on detection techniques requires the use of
spin crossover organic, inorganic and composite materials and methods that could
be unique for sensors fabrication. The influence of length, composition and
conformation structure of materials on their properties and the possibilities to adjust
sensing properties by doping or adding the side-groups are the starting point of
multifarious sensing. The role of inter-molecular interactions, polymer and ordered
phases formation, as well as the behavior under pressure, magnetic and electric fields
are also important facts for processing of ultra-sensing materials. Advanced Sensor
and Detection Materials highlights the key features that aid the design of new sensor
and detection materials for a multitude of sensor and detection devices
M.K. Pushpa, Aayushi Gupta, Shariq Mohammed Shaikh, StutiJha, Suchitra

V [15]: “Microcontroller Based Automatic Waste Segregator” A simple 8051
microcontroller forms the heart of the system. It controls the working and timing of
all the sub sections so as to sort the waste into the three primary categories. It is
designed to sort into categories, namely metallic, wet and dry, thereby making waste
management more effective.
2.3 SUMMARY
This chapter deals with various literature reviews which give idea about the current
waste management system used at different places. The next chapter deals with the
solid waste and its segregation.

CHAPTER 3. SOLID WASTE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both
small and large cities in developing countries. This is mainly due to the increasing
generation of such solid waste and the burden posed on the municipal budget. Solid
waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human activities in
residential, industrial or commercial areas. It may be categorized according to its
origin as Industrial, Commercial and residential waste, etc or according to content
such as plastic waste, organic waste, glass, etc. In some definition solid waste is
defined as any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water
supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from
community activities.
3.2 CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed
individuals or environments are classified as hazardous. All non-hazardous solid
waste from a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or
disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse includes
garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly
dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or
decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items
such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps. Trash requires special
collection and handling.
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste (or debris) is a significant component of

total solid waste quantities, although it is not considered to be part of the MSW
stream. However, because C&D waste is inert and non-hazardous, it is usually
disposed of in municipal sanitary landfills.

Another type of solid waste, perhaps the fastest-growing component in many

developed countries, is electronic waste, or e-waste, which includes discarded
computer equipment, televisions, telephones, and a variety of other electronic
devices. Concern over this type of waste is escalating. Lead, mercury, and cadmium
are among the materials of concern in electronic devices, and governmental policies
may be required to regulate their recycling and disposal.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the important challenges to the environment.
It is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.
Municipalities, generally, are responsible for the waste management. They have to
provide an effective and efficient system to the inhabitants. The composition of
MSW varies significantly from one municipality to another and from country to
country significantly. Such variation depends mainly on the life style, economic
situation, waste management regulations and industrial structure. The quantity and
the composition of the municipal solid waste are critical for the determination of the
appropriate handling and management of these wastes. Such information is essential
and useful to put up the solid waste to energy conversion facility within the
municipality or recycle and reuse to conserve the resource. Based on the calorific
value and the elemental composition of MSW the engineers and scientists can decide
upon its utility as a fuel or other reusable product. Meanwhile, such information will
help in predicting the makeup of gaseous emissions. Thereafter, this MSW is
subjected to the energy conversion technologies including gasification, Incineration
etc. In this respect, the composition of the waste will provide valuable information
on the utility of the material for either composting or for biogas production as fuel
via biological conversion

Composition of MSW in typical Indian

city
Food Waste
27% Glass
40% Metal
Inert
6%
Rubber and Plastic
4%
15% 3%5% Textile
Paper
Figure 5. Composition of MSW
Household or municipal wastes are usually generated from variable sources where
different human activities are encountered. Several studies reported that the
municipal solid waste that are generated from the developing countries are mainly
from households (55–80%), followed by market or commercial areas (10–30%). The
later consists of variable quantities generated from industries, streets, institutions
and many others [8]. Generally, Solid waste from such sources is highly;
heterogeneous in nature. Thus, they have variable physical and chemical
characteristics depending on their original sources. Their composition are yard
waste, food waste, plastics, wood, metals, papers, rubbers, leather, batteries, inert
materials, textiles, paint containers, demolishing and construction materials as well
as many others that would be difficult to classify. The composition of MSW in
typical Indian city is shown in the fig. 3.1. The heterogeneity of such generated solid
waste is the major setback in sorting and its utilization as material. Therefore, there
is a proper need for fractionation and sorting of these wastes before any meaningful
treatment process. Sorting and separating of such wastes are one of the most essential
steps in solid waste management to provide data on the quality of the separated
fractions for any potential utilization. Though the success of Sorting and separating
of waste is dependent on public awareness of locality, but smartbin help the people
to sorting and separating it effortlessly.

As per estimates more than 55 million tons of MSW is generated in India per year;
the yearly increase is estimated to be about 5%. It is estimated that solid waste
generated in small, medium and large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3
– 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day respectively. The estimated annual increase in
per capita waste generation is about 1.33 % per year. In India, the biodegradable
portion dominates the bulk of MSW. This is mainly due to food and yard waste.
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of
municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition has been
changing.
3.3 TYPES OF WASTE GENERATED AT DIFFERENT PLACES

By considering the domain and limitation of our project we decided to implement
the bin at places where most of garbage is generated e.g. residential and public places
such as malls, parks, cinema halls, airports, railway stations, etc. Most of the waste
found at these places are food waste, plastic bottles, plastic wrappers, carry bags,
plastic and paper cups and dishes, etc.
3.3.1 Household:
House hold solid waste includes mostly organic waste such as vegetable waste, food
waste, animal remains, etc. which are easily treatable. Other than Organic waste
things come out from houses are papers (newspapers, etc.), plastics (broken toys,
articles, etc.), wood (old furniture, etc.), glass, fabrics and metals. Electronic waste
is also generated from residential areas.

Figure 6. Waste collected from residential area
3.3.2 Malls and cinema halls:

People love to visit malls and cinemas. These are the places which are always
crowded with people. With people comes the garbage. Solid waste most found at
these places are plastic bottles, paper cups and popcorn holders, used tickets, etc.
Figure 7. Waste from Malls and Cinema Halls

3.3.3 Market:
Market waste includes vegetable waste, animal remains, wooden and plastic crates,
rotten fruits, plastic bags, fabrics, paper, etc.
Figure 8.Waste from Market
3.3.4 Railway station and other public places:

Railway stations and similar public places such as bus stops and airports are always
crowded with travelers and people. People throw junk food wrappers, plastic
wrappers, plastic cups and dishes, etc. in dustbins. Due to crowd and hustle and
bustle people are not able to throw garbage in different containers of dustbin. Thus
the solid waste is not segregated properly.
Figure 9.Waste from Railway Station

3.4 SUMMARY
This chapter gives the overview of Municipal Solid Waste and its type. By studying
above topic, we come to know about types of waste generated at different places.
We found that plastic bottles, food waste, paper are common types of waste found
at various places. In next chapter we will see in detail segregation of waste.

CHAPTER 4. SEGREGATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The whole idea of the project deals with the solid waste and it segregation, so this
chapter covers all the points regarding segregation of waste using different sensors
and control units.
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem

whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the
information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always
used with other electronics. Sensors are devices that perform input function in a
system as they ‘sense’ the changes in a quantity. A sensor is a device that responds
to some type of the input from the environment such as heat, light, motion,
temperature, pressure and moisture. Sensors are used to switch currents and voltages.
Every sensor has three terminals: Vcc, GND and output. Vcc is used to power up the
sensor; to provide a fixed negative reference, ground is used, and the output of the
sensor is analog. But in some sensors, there may be more than one output terminals.
Figure 10. Block diagram of sensor

Criteria to Choose a Sensor:

The following are certain features that are considered when choosing a sensor.
1) Type of Sensing: The parameter that is being sensed like temperature or pressure.
2) Operating Principle: The principle of operation of the sensor.
3) Power Consumption: The power consumed by the sensor will play an important
role in defining the total power of the system.
4) Accuracy: The accuracy of the sensor is a key factor in selecting a sensor.
5) Environmental Conditions: The conditions in which the sensor is being used
will be a factor in choosing the quality of a sensor.
6) Cost: Depending on the cost of application, a low-cost sensor or high cost sensor
can be used.
7) Resolution and Range: The smallest value that can be sensed and the limit of
measurement are important.
8) Calibration and Repeatability: Change of values with time and ability to repeat
measurements under similar conditions.
4.2.1 TYPES OF SENSORS:
The various sensor technologies help you in detecting or measuring objects.

Depending on the technology the sensors output a switching signal or a
measurement value:
1) Inductive sensors generate an electromagnetic field. This in turn generates
eddy currents in objects made of metal. The sensor detects this change.
2) Capacitive sensors generate a capacitive measuring field. An entering object
results in a change to the measuring field. The sensor responds to this change.
3) Photoelectric sensors (light curtains) always consist of an emitter and a
receiver. There are diffuse, retro-reflective and through-beam types.
4) Ultrasonic sensors send out a sound pulse in the inaudible range. The echo
from the object is processed.
5) Magnetic field sensors detect an external magnet. The field strength generated
by the magnet is processed.
6) Magneto strictive sensors detect the position of an external magnet using
propagation time measurement.

4.2.2 Working principle of sensors used:
Following are the four sensors used for the proper segregation of solid waste. Along
with the working principle and application sensors are described as below:
1) Ultrasonic Sensor:
The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to sonar or radar in which interpretation
of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the attributes of a target by
generating the high-frequency-sound waves (around 40kHz). The transducer used
for converting energy into ultrasound or sound waves with ranges above human
hearing range is called an ultrasonic transducer.
Figure 11. Ultrasonic Sensor
The distance measurement at inaccessible areas is a typical application of

ultrasonic sensors. The circuit consists of an ultrasonic module, LCD display and
microcontroller. The ultrasonic module is interfaced with the microcontroller and
this ultrasonic transducer consists of a transmitter and receiver.

Figure 12. Ultrasonic Sensor Application
The waves transmitted by transducer are received back again after the waves are
reflected back from the object. The velocity of sound is considered for calculating
time taken for sending and receiving waves. The distance is calculated by
executing a program on microcontroller, and then it is displayed on the LCD
display.
2) IR Sensor:
It is also called as IR Transmitter. It is used to emit Infrared rays. The range of these
frequencies are greater than the microwave frequencies (i.e. >300GHz to few
hundreds of THz). IR sensor basically consist an IR LED and a Photodiode, this pair
is generally called IR pair or Photo coupler. IR sensor work on the principal in which
IR LED emits IR radiation and Photodiode sense that IR radiation. Photodiode
resistance changes according to the amount of IR radiation falling on it, hence the
voltage drop across it also changes and by using the voltage comparator (like
LM358) we can sense the voltage change and generate the output accordingly.

Figure 13 IR Sensor Module Circuit
The placing of IR LED and Photodiode can be done in two ways: Direct and Indirect.
In Direct incidence, IR LED and photodiode are kept in front of one another, so that
IR radiation can directly falls on photodiode. If we place any object between them,
then it stops the falling of IR light on photodiode.
Figure 14 Direct IR sensor
And in Indirect Incidence, both the IR LED and Photo diode are placed in parallel
(side by side), facing both in same direction. In that fashion, when a object is kept
in front of IR pair, the IR light gets reflected by the object and gets absorbed by
photodiode. Note that object shouldn’t be black as it will absorb all the IR light,
instead of reflect. Generally, IR pair is placed in this fashion in IR sensor Module.
Figure 15 Indirect IR sensor

To build an IR module, we mainly need IR pair (IR LED and Photodiode) and
LM358 with some resistors and a LED
3) Inductive Proximity Sensor:

Inductive sensors use currents induced by magnetic fields to detect nearby metal
objects. The inductive sensor uses a coil (an inductor) to generate a high frequency
magnetic field. If there is a metal object near the changing magnetic field, current
will flow in the object. This resulting current flow sets up a new magnetic field that
opposes the original magnetic field. The net effect is that it changes the inductance
of the coil in the inductive sensor. By measuring the inductance, the sensor can
determine when a metal have been brought nearby. These sensors will detect any
metals, when detecting multiple types of metal multiple sensors are often used. The
sensors can detect objects a few centimeters away from the end. But, the direction
to the object can be arbitrary.
Figure 16. Inductive Sensor
4) Load Cell (Weight Sensor):

A load cell (or loadcell) is a transducer which converts force into a measurable
electrical output. Although there are many varieties of force sensors, strain gauge
load cells are the most commonly used type. Pneumatic load cells are sometimes
used where intrinsic safety and hygiene are desired, and hydraulic load cells are
considered in remote locations, as they do not require a power supply. Strain gauge
load cells offer accuracies from within 0.03% to 0.25% full scale and are suitable
for almost all industrial applications.

A load cell works by converting mechanical force into digital values that the user
can read and record. The inner working of a load cell differs based on the load cell
that you choose. There are hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells, and strain
gauge load cells. Strain gauge load sensors are the most commonly used among the
three. Strain gauge load cells contain strain gauges within them that send up voltage
irregularities when under load. The degree of voltage change is covered to digital
reading as weight. When some tension is applied on the load cell it structure varies
causing the change in resistance and finally, its value can be calibrated using a
Wheatstone bridge.
Figure 17. Load cell
 HX711 Load Cell Amplifier Module:

This Load Cell Amplifier is a small breakout board for the HX711 IC that allows
you to easily read load cells to measure weight. By connecting the amplifier to your
microcontroller, you will be able to read the changes in the resistance of the load cell
and with some calibration you'll be able to get very accurate weight measurements.
This can be handy for creating your own industrial scale, process control, or simple
presence detection.
The HX711 uses a two-wire interface (Clock and Data) for communication. Any
microcontroller's GPIO pins should work and numerous libraries have been written
making it easy to read data from the HX711.
Load cells use a four wire Wheatstone bridge to connect to the HX711. These are
commonly colored Red, Black, White, Green. Each color corresponds to the
conventional color coding of load cells:

Red (Excitation+ or VCC)

Black (Excitation- or GND)
White (Amplifier+, Signal+, or Output+)
Green (A-, S-, or O-)
Figure 18. HX711 Load Cell Amplifier Module
4.3 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is an electronic device belonging to the microcomputer family.
These are fabricated using the VLSI technology on a single chip. Arduino is an open
source hardware/software programming platform based around Atmel
microcontrollers. Open source means that circuit schematics and source code of
software used in designs is freely available and can be modified by enthusiasts.
Arduino development boards with their analog and digital, inputs and outputs.
4.3.1. Arduino Mega 2560 Board:

The microcontroller board like “Arduino Mega” depends on the ATmega2560
microcontroller. It includes digital input/output pins-54, where 16 pins are analog
inputs, 14 are used like PWM outputs hardware serial ports (UARTs) – 4, a crystal
oscillator-16 MHz, an ICSP header, a power jack, a USB connection, as well as an
RST button. This board mainly includes everything which is essential for supporting
the microcontroller. So, the power supply of this board can be done by connecting it
to a PC using a USB cable, or battery or an AC-DC adapter. This board can be
protected from the unexpected electrical discharge by placing a base plate.

Figure 19. Arduino MEGA 2560 pin diagram
4.5 SUMMARY
This chapter gives information about sensors and different types of sensors. Also,
four sensors that we used to segregate waste and their general working principle
along with microcontroller.

CHAPTER 5. DESIGN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Smartbin is fully automatic electronic device which separate the waste into four
categories. It is cylindrical in shape. It is equipped with four Sensors, two motors
and one microcontroller. It is compactly designed to fit at anyplace, easily charged,
freely ported and easily utilize by anyone. It has metal body made of thin sheet. It
consists of rotating wooden base at bottom mounted on stationary shaft attached to
bottom frame. Around the shaft the four containers are manually rotated to
effortlessly detach each detachable container for emptying them. Each container is
drawn out from opening provided at middle frame. Above the detachable containers
is another container which sense the object through sensors and release the object in
particular container according to type of waste. In the process microcontroller act as
brain which sense the target through sensors and control the stepper motors to move
the container. The moving container is called ‘opening unit’.
5.2 CONSTRUCTION
The different parts of smartbin are explained as follows:
Upper frame: It is upper part which

covers electronic units and circuit and
primary motor.
Opening Unit: It is rotating part connected to
primary motor. Here the garbage is identified.
Secondary motor: Secondary motor is
connected to opening lid via load cell.
Detachable four containers: These
are four separate containers
containing different wastes. Waste
included are Dry, Organic, Metal and
plastic bottles.
Wooden base: This base provides
Figure 20. Slide View without middle frame
of smart bin provision for mounting of the containers.
The grooves are made on the base for
mounting and unmounting of containers.
Primary Motor:
Connected to opening
unit.
Lid: Perform the task

of dropping the
garbage.
Loadcell: A load
sensor.
The containers have
extension made at
bottom which slide inside
groove.
Stationary shaft: On this

shaft the base is mounted. The
Figure 21. Internal view of smart bin
shaft also support the
secondary motor
Upper Frame: Contains Motor

driving opening unit.
Opening: From which garbage

will enter the opening unit.
Middle frame: It covers the

opening unit and containers. It
is also provided with door for
withdrawal of containers when
they are filled.
Bottom frame: Stationary

shaft is attached to bottom
frame. Bottom frame also
covers the wooden base.

5.3 ISOMETRIC VIEW
5.4 SUMMARY
This chapter has given the overview of smartbin and introduced its parts. It also has
given the glimpse of side view, internal view and the isometric view of the Smartbin.
The next chapter will explain the methodology and working.

CHAPTER 6. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
6.1 PROPOSED METHOD FOR WASTE SEGREGATION

Different parameters are used in order to classify waste into different containers.
Electronic circuit assembly consisting of different sensors, microcontroller and
stepper motors is used for this purpose. The detailed methodology is discussed
below.
6.1.1 Types of wastes under consideration:

The waste is classified into four types as given here:
1. Plastic bottles
2. Food waste
3. Metallic waste
4. Other waste
6.1.2 Flow chart of working:

The steps of overall operation of Smartbin are given in brief following flow chart:
Introduction of waste
Operation by sensors
Detection of waste type
Falling of waste in
respective container
Steps of operation of Smart Bin

Details of above steps are given as follows:
1. Introduction of waste: Waste is put in the opening unit where ultrasonic sensor
is established at the entrance of Smartbin.
2. Operation by sensors: As waste falls on the lid then it is operated by different
sensors namely infrared, inductive and weight sensor.
3. Detection of waste type: As per the arduino program and data received from
sensors, type of waste is determined.
4. Falling of waste in respective container: After detecting the type of waste,
with the help of motors it falls in respective container.
6.1.3 Circuit Representation:
Figure 22. Circuit Representation

6.1.4 Arduino program:




6.2 DESCRIPTION OF LOGIC USED FOR SMARTBIN

PROGRAM
In this section, the logic used for detection of type of waste is explained in detail.
The program is based on different characteristics of different types of waste

materials. The classification is done based on these characteristics only. The logic
can be explained with following table:
Table 0-1. Logic of waste segregation
Type of waste
Plastic bottles Food Metallic Other
Sensors
Weight
(>Threshold) NA HIGH NA LOW
Inductive sensor LOW LOW HIGH LOW
Infrared sensor LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH
Ultrasonic sensor HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

Start
No Does ultrasonic
sensor detect
presence of waste?
Yes
Does infrared No
Plastic bottles
sensor give high
container
output?
Yes
Yes
Does inductive
Metallic waste
sensor give high
container
output?
No
Is weight of Yes
waste beyond Food waste
threshold limit?
No
Dry waste
Logic of program for waste segregation

6.3 DESCRIPTION OF PROTOTYPE FOR SEGREGATION OF

WASTE
Major components of the whole prototype are:
1. Tin containers and opening unit

2. Wooden base
3. Stepper motors
4. Sensors
5. Microcontroller
Now, we will provide details of each of these components:
1. Tin containers and opening unit:

The containers in which waste falls down are made of tin. They are in shape
of a quarter of a circle. There are four containers for four types of waste
namely, plastic bottles, metallic, food and dry. Opening unit consists of a lid
and a container. They are also shaped as quarter of a circle. The waste enters
in the system through opening unit. The containers are shown in Fig. 23.
Figure 23.Tin Containers
2. Wooden base:
The tin containers mentioned above rest on the wooden base. Circular in shape
it has a shaft inserted through. Stepper motor connected to lid will rest on this
shaft. The wooden base is able to revolve so that after provision of opening to
the cover around the whole assembly we can remove each container easily
and then empty it. There are grooves made on the base and small cuboidal

structure will be attached to bottom of each container. So that, each container

will be able to slide along the groove.
3. Stepper motors:
There are two stepper motors in the system. Both have same specifications.
One is connected to container of opening unit and other is connected to lid of
opening unit through load cell. The lid is given an upward extension so that
whenever container motor rotates, lid motor has to rotate. But the converse is
not true. As per the program of arduino these motors rotate through required
number of steps. Specifications of the motors are as follows:
 Torque: 4.2 kg-cm
 Step angle: 1.8°
 Dimensions: 42*42*71 mm
Figure 24.Stepper Motor
4. Sensors:
There are four sensors used in the system namely, ultrasonic, load cell (weight
sensor), inductive and infrared. Ultrasonic sensor will be connected on the
outer cover at the entrance so that it will detect if waste is thrown in or not.
Load cell along with load cell amplifier is connected at the bottom of lid so
that it will measure weight of waste fallen. Inductive and infrared sensors will
be connected normal to the two plain sides of opening unit container. They
also gather data from the waste fallen inside the opening unit. By processing

data gathered by all sensors, type of waste is determined as per logic given in
table no.1. After detection of type of waste, it is thrown in respective
container.
5. Microcontroller:
The microcontroller we have used for our operation is Arduino MEGA 2560.
This is used to collect information from sensors, process it and command
stepper motors to rotate through required number of steps. The platform used
to write program to control arduino is Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment). All the electronic circuitry is under control of this
microcontroller only. Its schematic is as shown in fig. 25
Figure 25. Arduino MEGA 2560
6.4 SUMMARY
This section gives details about the methodology. The logic used for the segregation
of waste is given in detail. Here flow chart of working is provided along with actual
arduino program. Representation of circuit is also shown in this section. In the
description of prototype, detailed information about each component in the system
is given.

CHAPTER 7. TESTING, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The chapter discussed here consists of validation of the different program of the
sensors used to segregate the waste. The sensors are programmed using Arduino and
are connected to laptop to test the result. Experiments were conducted to check the
reliability of the sensors to sense the waste. Conclusions were drawn from these
experiments conducted.
7.2 TESTING
The different sensors used were Ultrasonic, Inductive and Infrared. These sensors
were programmed using Arduino and were tested to obtain the results as:
1. Ultrasonic Sensor:
The purpose of this sensor was to give an output when any type of waste is
introduced in the system. The ultrasonic sensor works by transmitting the sound
waves higher than the audible frequency. Whenever an obstacle is introduced in the
wave propagation, they get reflected back and are sensed by the receiver which gives
the output. The arrangement of the electronic circuitry and its testing for presence of
any object can be done as shown below
Figure 26.Electronic setup of ultrasonic

sensor

Figure 27.Output for sensor
The led connected in the circuit glows when an object is introduced in front of the
sensor within a specified range.
2. Inductive Sensor:
The Inductive sensor was used to check the presence of metallic waste. The sensor
produces a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. When a
magnetic element is introduced in the system the magnetic field produced gives
deviation. Thus this can be used to detect the metallic objects. The arrangement and
validation of this sensor can be done as shown:
Figure 28.Setup Of Inductive Sensor

Figure 29.Working of Inductive Sensor
3. Infrared Sensor:
The sensor gives the output for opaque objects while does not detect the transparent
object. This sensor produces Infrared waves which can be passed through the
transparent objects and gets reflected back from the opaque objects. Thus the sensor
gives an output for the opaque object.
The images depicting testing of this sensor is as shown:
Figure 30.Infrared sensor

output for plastic bottle

Figure 31.Output for bottle
Figure 32.Output for Opaque

Object

The second led-light of the sensor glows on the presence of opaque object while
remains off for transparent objects. This principle is thereby used to detect the plastic
bottles from the waste.
4. Weight Sensor:
The sensor gives an output when the weight of the object is higher than the specified
weight. This principle is used to detect between the food waste and other waste.
7.3 OBSERVATIONS
The Observations concluded from the experiments and the survey conducted proved
that the required segregation of waste can be obtained through the designed system.
A reliable segregation of waste can be done by using the same system.

CHAPTER 8. REMARKS
8.1 OUTCOMES OF PROJECT

The study that has been done in the project aims to have a smart dustbin to segregate
the waste into dry, wet, plastic and metallic. The proposed design also consists of
the study of programming of different sensors such as Ultrasonic Sensor, Inductive
Sensor and Infrared Sensor by using Arduino programming to achieve the
segregation. The sensors used i.e. Ultrasonic, Inductive and Infrared deals with
detection of presence of waste, metallic waste and plastic bottles respectively.
Design aims to have a cost effective Smart bin to be used at the public places like
Food Malls, Airports and Cinema Theaters, etc.
8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The segregation done in the proposed design can be further done more accurately by
using the image processing. This can allow to make a more reliable system. The
designed system segregates the waste on the assumption that one waste is admitted
at one time in the system. While certain further modifications can help us to
overcome this limitation.
8.2 ADVANTAGES
The design gives an effective solution for segregating of the recyclable waste. The
design gives a cost effective solution for the waste segregation. Automatic
segregation of waste reduces the human labor required for further the same at the
recycling plants, thereby reducing the health risks of labors.
Following are the advantages of our project:
1. The design proposed indirectly helps in increasing the amount of collection

of recyclable waste.
2. The results obtained are more accurate and reliable.
3. Automatic segregation of waste reduces the human labor required for
further the same at the recycling plants, thereby reducing the health risks
of labors.

4. The design proposed indirectly helps in increasing the amount of collection

of recyclable waste.
5. The results obtained are more accurate and reliable.
8.3 LIMITATION
The limitations defined for our design are:
1. The system works on the consideration that only a single waste is admitted
in the system one time.
2. The system will be unable to recognize the waste if any organic waste
wrapped in plastic or paper is introduced in the system.
3. To get a more reliable segregation of plastic waste we need to introduce
image processing in the system.
8.4 COST ESTIMATION
Sr. No. Components Description Price per unit (Rs) No. of components Total price (Rs)
1 IR Sensor Segregation 80 1 80
purpose
2 Inductive sensor Metal detection 850 1 850
3 Ultrasonic sensor Waste detection 500 1 500
4 Arduino Prime controller 500 1 500

controller
5 Stepper motor Torque – 4.2kg cm 1000 2 2000
6 Fasteners As per 700 700

requirement
7 Others(rework 2600
,labour cost)
8 Miscellaneous 4270
Total 12000

8.5 WORK PLAN
Work Month
Activity Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Problem
Identification
Literature
Survey
Project
Finalization
Project
Synopsis
Components
Design
Modeling of
the Device
Pre-project
Report &
Presentation
Manufacturing
& Assembly
Testing
Result &
Report
Work planned Work completed
Wprk Wprk

CHAPTER 9. REFERENCES
1) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-waste-management-recycling-
deemohammed#:~:text=The%20most%20important%20reason%20for,cause
%20breathing%20problems%20in%20people.
2) https://www.em-solutions.co.uk/insights/why-should-i-segregate-my-waste-
properly/#:~:text=Waste%20segregation%20is%20included%20in,to%20seg
regate%20for%20public%20health.
3) https://unnatbharatabhiyan.gov.in/files/seg/proposals_ppt/p31.pdf
4) https://www.metropolitantransferstation.com.au/blog/modern-waste-
management-techniques
5) Radheshyam Jadhav-
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75ofmunicipal-garbage-in-india-
dumped-without-processing/articleshow/65190477.cms
6) Rajkumar Joshi and Sirajuddin Ahmed-“Status and challenges of municipal
solid waste management in India: A review”- Environmental Chemistry,
Pollution & Waste Management | Review Article
7) Swati Singh Sambyal-
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/solid-waste-management-rules-
2016-53443
8) Claudine Capel, “Innovations in Waste”, Waste management-world, Volume

11, Issue 2, Mar 2010.
9) Ruveena Singh, Dr. Balwinder Singh “Design and Development of Smart
Waste Sorting System”.
10) Narayan Sharma, NirmanSingha, TanmoyDutta “Smart Bin Implementation
for Smart Cities”
11) AmruthaChandramohanet. al. “Automatic waste segregator”.

12) Kumar, L.M. et.al. “Embedded wireless- enabled low cost plastic sorting
system for efficient waste management”.
13) Twinkle Sinha, K. Mugesh Kumar, P.Saisharan “Smart Dustbin”.
14) M.K. Pushpa, Aayushi Gupta et. al. “Microcontroller Based Automatic Waste
segregator”.
15) Ashutosh Tiwari, Mustafa M. Demir, “Advanced Sensor and Detection
Materials”, ISBN: 978-1-118-77348-2, August 2014.
16) www.circuito.io
17) https://robu.in

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"Solid Waste Segregation Through Smart Bin": Project Report On

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Project Report on

“SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION THROUGH SMART

Under the guidance of

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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This is to certify that the project work entitled “SOLID

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of “Bachelor of

Prof. Dr. K. Inamdar

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1.2 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SOLID WASTE

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1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE INTO

Waste segregation is included in law because it is much easier to recycle. Effective

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1.4 MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

1.4.1 Recover through Recycling:

Figure 1.Colour code of Dustbins for recycling

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1.4.2 Biological Reprocessing:

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1.4.3 Dump in a Sanitary Landfill:

Figure 2. Current situation of landfill

Sanitary landfill setup involves a well-designed engineering method to ensure that

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1.4.4 Waste to Energy (WtE):

Figure 3. Compost from waste

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1.4.7 Thermal Treatment: Incineration

Figure 4. Thermal Treatment

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Another disadvantage is that organic waste which - if put in a landfill - would be

1.4.8 Plasma Gasification:

This process of waste management utilizes highly ionized or electrically charged

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To enhance health and hygiene

6. To implement this system in real world

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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Narayan Sharma, NirmanSingha, TanmoyDutta [10]: “Smart Bin

AmruthaChandramohanet.al. “Automatic waste segregator” [11]: This paper

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ASHUTOSH TIWARI et.al., [14]: The development of sensors at macroscopic or

M.K. Pushpa, Aayushi Gupta, Shariq Mohammed Shaikh, StutiJha, Suchitra

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CHAPTER 3. SOLID WASTE

3.2 CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste (or debris) is a significant component of

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Another type of solid waste, perhaps the fastest-growing component in many

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Composition of MSW in typical Indian

Figure 5. Composition of MSW