HammadAf

zal
,BSEngl
ishLi
ter
atur
e

Gov
t.Post
graduat
eCol
lege,
Goj
ra.

Vi
ctor
ianPer
iod(
1832-
1901)

TheVi ctor ianagei nEngl ishl i

teraturebegani nt hesecondquar teroft he
Ninet eent hcent uryandendedi n1900.Thet i
meper iodoft hisagewasf rom
1832t o1900.Thi sagei sal socal ledTheageofNov el.I twast het imeper i
odt he
reignof“ QueenVi ctor i
a”whobecamet hequeeni n1837, andr uledf or64y ears
att heageof18t i
l
l herdeat hin1901.I npr ev i
ousage, poet rywassof amousand
wast heageofr omant i
cism.Buti nt hi sage, i
twast hesuddendeat hof
romant icism duet onewi deas, thi
nki ngandt hought sespeci al
lyi twast heAgeof
Real ism r athert hanRomances.Thi sagei sbasedonhopeanddoubt .Thi sagei s
alsoknownast heageofdoubtandconf li
ct .From 1798t o1820, r
omant ici
sm
waspr omi nentamongt hewr i
tersandpoet rywast hei rmai ni nter estt oexpr ess
thought sandwr otepoemsbutaf tert hat,itwassuddendeat hofr omant ici
sm i n
1820becauset hewr i
tersoft hatagel ikeSout hey, S.TCol er i
dgeandWi l
liam
Wor dswor thdi dnotpubl i
shanypoem ofmer it
.Theper i
odf rom 1820t o1830
wasaper iodofbar renf orl i
teraturebecausei nthesey ear spr omi nentand
famouspoemsandl iteraturedi dnotcompose.Thewr i
ter sofRomant icagedi ed
i
nt hei ry out h.Theycoul dnotmai ntai ntheirnot orietyast heywer ei nt hosey ears
from 1798t o1820.Thegener at i
onsofRomant icagedi edi ny oungl i
keKeat sin
1820, Shel leyin1822andBy roni n1824.Thati swhy ,theRomant i
cageandi ts
wr i
ter sbecamet hev i
ctim oft hedecl i
nationofRomant ici sm andi n1820, t
hey
wer et otallydi sappear ed.Basi call
y, theVi ctorianageort heAgeofNov el start
ed
from 1832wi tht hepassi ngoft hef irstRef or msact ,1832.I twast het i
meoft he
dev elopmentofmi ddl eclass.Thi scl asswasbecomi ngI ndust rial rathert han
Agr icultural .I
nt hisage, thiscl assbecamepower ful duet ot hei rhar dwor kand
struggl e.Thef irstref orm actwasf ollowedbyt heRepeal oft hecor nl awsi n1846
whi chgav eagr eatadv ant aget oindust r
ialism Mor eov er ,t heVi ctor ianper i
od
appear edi tsexi stencef rom 1832whenTenny son'sf i
rsti mpor tantv olume
poemsappear ed.Thi sper i
odof fi
ciallystar tedin1832.Thedecl inat i
onof
Romant icagei n1820andQueenVi ctoriat ookt het hr onei n1837.Di ffer entt y
pes
ofchangesoccur r
edi nthi sage.Thi sagepr oduceddi fferentt y pesofwr i
terslike
Nov eli
sts, Poet sandPr osewr i
ters.Int hisage, reader shadi ncr easedt hei nterest
tor eadnewspaper s, magazi nesandnov els.Itshowedt hewor ld'sdai lylifef or

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thesakeofenjoyment.Thesuccessf
ulmet hodofpresent
ingofmodern
probl
emsandmoder nideaswereappeared.Thi
sagewasal socall
edtheageof
novelbecauseanumberofnov el
swr oteandthenovelsofthi
sagewerereali
sti
c.
I
tshowedt herealpi
ctureoft
hesocietyandaswellasshowedt hesocial
li
fe.
Thisperi
odisfurt
herdivi
dedint
otwoper i
ods.Earl
yVictor
ianperi
odandLater
Vict
ori
anper i
od.
1)Ear
lyVi
ctor
ianper
iod
Theti
meperi
odoft hisEarl
yVictor
ianper
iodwasfrom 1832to1870.Itwasthe
ti
meofmiddleclasswhogotgr eatfameandbecamepower f
ulandindustr
ial
i
sts.
Thepromi
nent,marvelousandfamouswr i
ter
softhi
speriodwere:
Tennyson,Browni
ng,MathewArnol
d,Carl
yl
e,Ruski
n,DickensandThacker
ay.
Thesewr i
ter
sarealsoknownasthewrit
ersofEarl
yVictori
anper
iod.
2)Lat
erVi
ctor
ianper
iod
Itstartedf rom 1870t o1900.Thi sper iodwasdi fferentfrom t heabov eperi
oddue
todi ff
er entt hought s,thinkingandi deas.Thewr i
tersoftheper iodwer e:Mor r
is,
Geor geEl iot ,NewmanMer edith, Har dyandPet er .Swim bur nandMor ri
swer e
consi der edt hepr ot agoni stsoft henewmov ementwhi chwasf amouswi t
hthe
namePr e_Raphael i
teMov ementwhi chinfl
uencedbyAest heticmov ement(t he
senseofbeaut y) .Geor geEl i
otwhowas
famouswr iteroft hisper i
odi nt roducedt he
newt ypeofnov el“ Psy chol ogical Nov el
”
foll
owedbyMer edi thandHar dy .Thi sage
wast urnedbackt oCat holicism andPet er
represent edanewmov ementhi msel f“Art
forAr t'
ssake. ”TheVi ctorianAgei sal so
knownast heageofconf li
ct ,progr ess,
scienceanddoubt ,.Ont heonehand, itwas
thet i
meofgr eatdi scov eri
esl iket elephone,
phot ogr aphy ,elect r i
city, i
ndust ri
esandsomanyot herscientificmet hodswer e
i
nt r
oduced.Butont hehand, peopl ewer edoubt fulaboutev ery t
hing.Theywer eof
theopi niont hatt her ewasar easonbehi ndeveryhappeni ng.Theyar ouse
quest ionsonr eligiousandsci enceev enaboutGod' sexistence.Peopl ewer e
becomi ngr icherandi ndust ri
al.Theygav etoomuchi mportancet obusinessand
moneyr athert hansoci etyandr elationshipsandspentmostoft hei
rt i
mei n
wor king. Utilitariani sm andcapi tali
sm wer ethecommonf eat uresamongt he
peopl e.Ut ilitariani sm meansbel iefst hatusefulnessar ethebasesofv i
rt
ueand
decisionshoul dbemadeaccor dingt owhati sgoodf ort
hegr eatestmemberof
peopl e.I tal someansmat erialism t hatpeopl ewer ewor r
iedaboutmoney ,
businessandmat er ialrequi rement s.Theyconst ructedindust ri
esandal ways
thoughtaboutpr of itinor dert ober i
cherandbusi nessmen.Theot hermaj or

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ra.

featureoft hisagewascapi t
alism.I tmeanseconomi cal sy stem basedon
compet it
ionbetweenbusi ness.Itgav egr eatadv antagest omast ersand
l
andl ordsbutempl oysf acedf i
nanci aldifficul
ties.Empl oy swor keddayandni ght
butthei rpaywasnotaccor dingt otheirst andar dsandhar dwor kast hey
deser v
ed.So, wecansayt hatt herewasi nequal ityint hesoci etyoft hattime.But
somef amouspoet slikeCar l
y l
e,Ruski nandAr noldr aisedt hei rthought sagainst
util
it
arianism andcapi tali
sm.Theywer eoft heopi nionst hatt her eshouldbe
balanceandequal i
tybet weenempl oyer sandempl oy s.Mi ddlecl assintroduceda
numberofpr eachersoft hattime. Darwi n( 1809-1882) ,aBr i
tishnat ur
istand
author, developerofthet heoryofev olutionbynat ural sel ection.Hewasagai nst
themast ersofindustriesandcompani es.Het ri
edt opr ov ethatal lspeciesof
organism r aisedanddev el
opedt hr ought henat uralsel ect i
on.Thus, theVictori
an
Agewast heageofsci enceandt echnol ogy ,conf l
ictandmat er i
alism.Basi call
y,
theromant icmov ementwast hef antasticandj oyful mov ementi nwhi chpoet s
celebratednat ure.I
nt hisage, peopl ewor ri
edaboutev er ythingandsought
reasonbehi ndany t
hing.Someoft hemaj orchar acteristicsofVi ctori
anEr aare
discussedbel ow.
Vi
ctor
ianReal
ism
Victor
ianreal
i
sm wast heexper i
encesoffeel
ingofar etur
nsolit
udet osociety
,
fr
om naturetoindust
ry,from concept
st oi
ssues, f
rom spiri
tual
ism to
pragmatism,fr
om opti
mi sm toagnosti
cism,from lyr
icism t
ocriti
cism andfrom
organism t
ocompr omise.Thesewer ethemaj orcharacteri
sti
csoft hatage.
Vi
ctor
ianCompr
omi
se
Theeconomi cal
growthofmi ddl
eclassesallowedt hebir
thofanewphi l
osophy
cal
ledVict
ori
ancompr omise.Middleclasswasbecomi ngri
cherduetothei
rhard
workandstrugglebutt
hepoorcl assremainedi nthei
rbadconditi
ons.The
compromisewasbasedont hehelpthatmiddl ecl
asshadt ogiv
et opoorcl
ass
andthepoorpeopleinret
urnhadt osupportt hei
rdecisi
onssotheuppercould
keepit
spower .
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm
I
tisthephil
osophythatbeli
efthatamor all
ygoodacti
onisonethathelpsthe
great
estnumberofpeople.Iti
sat heorythatai
m ofact
ionshoul
dbet helargest
happi
nessofgreatestnumbers.Util
it
ari
anism appr
oachwassocommonamong
themiddl
eclassesofVictor
ianEra.
Agnost
ici
sm
Agnosti
cism i
sabeli
eft
hatoneisunablet
otel
li
fGodexi
stsornot
.Theyar
ouse
questi
onsaboutGod’
sexist
enceeventheywer
edoubt
ful
thatwasther
eaGodor
not?

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atur
e

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lege,
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ra.

Vi
ctor
ianNov
elsandNov
eli
sts
TheVi ct orianAgei sal soknownasTheAgeofNov elbecauseanumberof
nov elswer ewr itteni nt hisage.Nov el madear apidpr ogr essbecauseoft he
dev elopmentofmi ddl ecl ass.Nov el swer epubl i
shedi nser ialform, alongwi th
shor tst ories, i
nsuchl i
ter arymagazi nesandachi ev edahugesuccessi nt hiser a
becausei tr ef l
ect edt hecont empor ary
l
ifeoft hatt ime.Somepoet sst art edt o
wr i
tepoet rybutl atert heyt ur nedt hei r
i
nt erestt onov el asSi rWal t
erScot t.
Thenov el
sr elat edt ot hesoci aland
relationshi pssuchasl ov e, mar ri
age
andot heraspect sofourl ife.Butsome
nov elscr i
ticizedi nt hef orm ofsat ire
onsoci alconf lictsandut i
litar i
ani sm
appr oach.Basi cal ly, theper i
odof17t h
cent urywast heageofpr ose, the
romant i
cagewast heageofpoet r y
andt heVi ctor ianagewaspr omi nent
duet ot her aisingofEngl ishNov el.The
wr i
ter sgav ebi rthandt oomuch
i
mpor tancet oEngl i
shNov el .Peopl eof
thisagedev elopedt hei nter estt owr it
eandr eadnov els.Theyt urnedt heirlit
er ar
y
tastef r om poet ryt onov el .Wecannotsayt hatt hisagei st heagej ustf ornov el,
manyf amouspr osewr itersandpoet swer epresentoft hatt imebuti twasa
trendofnov elbecauset hemaj oritywasofpoorandcommonpeopl ewhomade
greatpr ogr essandst artedt owr itenov el
s.Thenov eli
stswer ewell learned,
i
nt ell
ect ual andl iteral whoent ertai nedt hepeopl easwel l ascr i
ti
cizedonsoci al
andeconomi cal life.Thenov el swer epublishedi nmagazi nesas, anov eltook25
ser i
alst ocompl et eint hemagazi nes.Theywer eser i
alizedi nt heweekl yand
mont hlymagazi nes.Thenov elsoft hatagewer ecal l
edt her eali
sti
cnov el
s
showedt hesoci al li
f e.Theygav et her ealpictureofsoci et y.Thenov elsf i
lledt he
placeofdr ama.Famousandmar velousnov eli
stswhowr ot eanumberofgr eat
nov elsandmadeagr eatpr ogr essi nt hatagear ement ionedbel ow.
•Geor
geEl
i
ot. •Char
lesDi
ckson
•Wi
l
li
am Thacker
ay. •Emi
l
yBor
ne
•AnneBr
ont
e. •ThomasHar
dy
•El
i
zabet
hGaskel
l
Theywereconsi
deredthepromi
nentwri
ter
sofVict
orianAge.Thei
rnov
elswer
e
real
i
sti
candsati
ri
cal.Thesenov
eli
stsar
efurt
herdi
videdi
ntothe1st

4
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ishLi
ter
atur
e

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t.Post
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lege,
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ra.

gener
ati
on(
1832-
1870)and2ndgener
ati
on(
1870-
1900)
.
Cont
ent
s
1stgener
ati
onVi
ctor
iannov
elsandnov
eli
stschar
act
eri
sti
cs:
•Themes. •I
magi
nat
iveRender
ingofReal
i
ty
•Char
act
eri
zat
ion. •Loosepl
ots
•Fi
rstgener
ati
onnov
eli
sts
Themes
Itwasgreat lyrel
atedt othe“ condi
tionofEnglandquestion”
.Theywr oteabout
themajort rendsoft hesoci et
yinthewayofsat i
rebutsometimesasahumor i
st
tocapit
alism andut ili
tar
ianism.I
magi nati
veRenderingofReali
ty.Thenoveli
sts
showedt her ealpictureofsocietythroughimaginativ
easpects.Theytri
edto
i
nf or
mt ot hepeopl ethatalltheevi
lsandconf l
ictswerenotconstant,i
tcouldbe
resol
ved.Engl andwasgoi ngtobepr osperousandweal t
hycount r
y.
Char
act
eri
zat
ion
Theactofdescri
bingthecharacterorqual
i
tiesofsomeoneorsomet hingis
cal
ledchar
acteri
zati
on.Asignif
icantshi
fti
nt heEngli
shNov el
sini
tsmov ement
s
fr
om 18tht
ot he19thcenturywast heemphasizefrom act
iontochar
acter.
LoosePl
ots
TheVictor
iannovelshadl
oosestr
uct
urebecausei
twaspubli
shedi
nweeklyand
monthlymagazines.Anovel
took25ser
ialt
ocomplet
einthemagazi
nes.
Fi
rstGener
ati
onNov
eli
sts
•Char
lesDi
ckens
Oneoft hegreatestnovel
i
stsofVict
ori
anEr a.Hisnovel
sshowedtherealpi
ctur
e
ofsocietyandthrewsomel i
ghtonindustr
ialrev
oluti
on.Hi
sfamousnov el
sareA
TeleofTwoCi ti
es,Oliv
erTwistandGreatExpectati
on.MostofDi
ckens'
character
sareflat.
•Wi
l
li
am Thacker
ay
Hewasal
sof
amousnov
eli
stoft
hisage.Hi
sfamousnov
eli
sVani
tyFai
r.
•Mr
s.El
i
zabet
hGaskel
l
Shewasaf emal
epromi
nentnovel
istoft
hisage.Herf
amousnov
el
Cranf
ord(
1853)wasafi
nepict
ureofli
fei
nav il
l
age.
2ndGener
ati
onNov
elandNov
eli
sts

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TheEarl
yVict
ori
annovel
swer ewri
tt
eninthe40sand50swhi
lethelat
er
Vict
ori
annovel
swerepubl
ishedin60sand70s.Theywer
emanynov el
ist
sint
hat
ti
mebutfamousandprominentwereGeorgeEl
iot
,ThomasHardyandGeorge
Meredi
th.
Char
act
eri
sti
cs
Lackofar
ti
sti
cst
andar
d
The2ndgener
ati
onnovel
ist
sweremorel
i
ter
acyt
han1stgener
ati
onnovel
i
sts
butnotsof
amous.Theyweremorei
magi
nati
vei
nthei
rwri
ti
ngsrat
hert
han1st
gener
ati
on.
Mai
nTheme
Theywer emoreint
ell
ect
ualandhadtheseri
oust emperament .Theyrefl
ectedthe
rur
alEngland,whi
chhadbeenturnedint
oindustr
ial
ism.Themai nthemeoft hat
novel
ist
swast hecommonpassionofmen“ Love”.Theyremember edothers
agri
cult
urall
if
eanditschar
msint hei
rwri
ti
ngs.Shif
tFrom Industri
ali
sm and
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm
I
twasagr eatchangeinEnglandtookplaceinthemiddleyearsof19thcentur
y
thati
ndustriesanduti
li
tari
ani
sm approach.Theydi
scussedt hesenewtrendsof
thesociety.Thesechangesturnedthei
rtemperament,passionsanddepth
i
nterest.Theywereunderthethreatofrati
onal
ism,sci
entif
icchangesandabig
progress.
Shi
ftTowar
dsI
ntel
lect
ual
ism
Theywer emor eint
ell
ect,
welll
earnedandeducat edthantheear
lynovel
i
sts.We
fi
ndint hei
rwri
tingsagreatint
erestforr
ev ol
uti
onaryli
feoft
hatt
ime.Theiri
deas
andinterest
shadagr eatadvantagesforthei
rreaders.Wecancall
them t
he
novel
istsofgreatknowledge.
2ndGener
ati
onNov
eli
sts
ThomasHar
dy
Oneofthegr
eat
estnov
eli
stsoft
hatage.Hi
smostf
amousnov
eli
sTher
etur
nof
nat
ive.
Geor
geEl
i
ot
Shewasaf emalewri
terwhobecameapromi
nentnov el
i
stduet
oheri
nter
est
andintel
l
ect.Hi
smostfamousnoveli
sAdam Bede.Shewasact
ual
lyawoman
butassumedhersel
faman.
Geor
geMer
edi
th

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Hi
sfamousnov
elsar
eTheEgoi
standTheShav
ingofShagpot
.
Vi
ctor
ianAgeChar
act
eri
sti
cs
TheVi ctori
anagei sal
socall
edtheageofQueenVi ctor
iawhor uled64yearsat
theageof18t il
lherdeat
hin1901.Thisagei sstart
edfrom 1832i nthemi
ddle
partoftheni net
eencenturyt
o1900.Itwasconsi deredthegoldenageofEnglish
Lit
erature.I
twast heperi
odofgreatprogress,orderandbalance.Itsmai
n
featur
esandchar act
eri
sti
csmadeitagr eatandmagni fi
centage.The
characteri
sti
csofanyager ef
lect
sthereal pi
ctureofthesociety
.Themai n
featur
esandchar act
eri
sti
csaredi
scussedbel ow.
Sci
enceandTechnol
ogy
Thef i
rstcharact
eri
sti
cisthatt
hisageisful
lofthei
nvent
ionofgr
eat
technologi
es.Peoplewerewelll
earnedandhardworki
ngandhadmuchi nt
erest
i
nsci ence.Thati
swhy, t
heymadet hisaget
heageofscienceandtechnol
ogy
DoubtandConf
li
ct
Theanothernameoft hisageisTheageofDoubtandConf l
i
ct.Peoplewere
doubtf
ulaboutevery
thing.Theyal
waysthoughtt
hattherewasar easonbehi
nd
ever
yhappening.Theywer emostl
ydoubtful
aboutGod’sexi
stence.
Vot
eRi
ght
Thisageisconsi
deredt
hegreatagef
ormen.Theyhadtheri
ghttocastv
oteand
expressedt
heirt
hought
swit
houtanykingoff
earandhesi
tat
ion.
Rest
ri
cti
onsonWomen
Womenwer enottreat
edni cel
y.Theydidnotthehavether i
ghtt
ocastvote.They
wereconsideredweakt hi
nkerandi fawomanwr otesomeki ndsofl
i
terat
ure,
soci
etydi
dnotaccepti t.Butinspiteoftheser
estri
cti
ons, somewomenwr ot
e
novel
swhichbecamet hepopul arnovel
sinEngli
shli
terature.Asweknow
GeorgeEl
iot,appearedherselfasamanandwr otenovels.Oneofherbestnov el
s
i
sAdam Bede.
Dar
win’
stheor
yofev
olut
ion
Darwin( 1809-1882)aBr it
ishnat uristand
author,developerofthet heoryof
evoluti
on.Het r
iedtoprov ei
nhi st heory
thatallt
hespeci esoforganism raisedand
developedt hroughthenat uralselection.
I
ndust
ri
ali
sm
Oneofmaj
orchar
act
eri
sti
csofVi
ctor
ian

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ra.

Erawasi ndust
ri
ali
sm.Middlecl
assgotgreatf
ameandpositi
onsand
constructedanumberofindust
ri
es.Theymovedfr
om v
ill
agelif
et ot
ownandci
ty
l
ife.Thisageisful
lofl
andlor
dsandbusinessmenduetoindustr
iesand
compani es.
Pov
ert
y,Unempl
oymentandI
njust
ice
Thesewer ethemaj orpr
oblemsi nt
hesociet
y.Populat
ionofEnglandhad
i
ncreasedbutt hejobsandpr of
essi
onswerenotasmuchaspeopl ewere.
Povert
ycamei nthesociet
yduet ol
ackofjobsandsour cesofmoney.Ther
e
werediff
erenttypesofclassesli
vedinsoci
etyandinequali
tyandinj
ust
icewer
e
commoni nt hesociety.
Mat
eri
ali
sti
cli
fe
Victori
anagewasmat erial
i
stic.Peopl
ewer eal
waysworriedaboutmoneyand
profiti
nhisbusinessratherthanrelat
ionshi
pwithot
hersandhelpedother
s
throughthickandthin.Theywer emor econcer
nedwiththei
rowninter
estsand
benef i
ts.
Wor
kingl
if
e
Peopl
espentt
hei
rmucht
imei
nwor
kingr
athert
hanwi
tht
hesoci
etyandpeopl
e
Theyhadnot
imetosi
ttogether.Theywer
einquestf
ormoneyandt
ri
edt
ofi
nd
thewayst
ofl
our
isht
heirbusiness.
Rai
singofEngl
ishNov
el
Themostf amouscharacter
ist
icofthatagewasitwasatimeofnovel
sanda
number sofgr
eatnovel
swer ewrit
teninthi
sage.Novel
softhatagewere
real
ist
icshowedthecontemporaryli
feofthesoci
ety
.Novelsf
il
ledt
heplaceof
drama.
Decl
inat
ionofDr
amaandPoet
ry
I
nEli
zabethanage,
dramawaspr
omi
nentandi
nromant
icagepoet
rywas.Buti
n
t
hisage,
the
major
it
ywasofmi ddlecl
ass.Theydevel
opedthei
nteresttoreadandwr
it
e
nov
els.I
twasthebarrenagef ordr
ama.DramahadlostitsfameinRomant
ic
Ageandint
hisage,itwastotall
ydecl
i
ned.
Dev
elopmentofMi
ddl
eCl
ass
I
twast hefrui
tf
ul andf
ant
asti
cagef ormiddlecl
ass.Mi
dll
eclassgotgreatfame
becauseoftheirhardwor
kandstruggle.Theywerenumberl
essinthesociety
whost ar
tedtoreadandwrit
enovels.

8
 HammadAf
zal
,BSEngl
ishLi
ter
atur
e

Gov
t.Post
graduat
eCol
lege,
Goj
ra.

Capi
tal
ism
Itwasoneoft hemai ncharacteri
sticsofthatage.Itmeansawayofor ganizi
ng
aneconomysot hatthethingsthatar eusedt omakeandt ransportproductli
ke
fact
ories,companies,i
ndustri
eset c.areownedbyi ndi
vi
dualpeopl eand
compani esrat
herthanbyt hegov ernment.Empl oysalwaysgotgr eatprof
itand
advantagesbutempl oyer
sf acedf i
nancialdif
fi
cult
ies.Employers’paywasnot
accordingtothei
rstandardsast heydeserv ed.
Di
scov
eri
esofPhot
ogr
aphy
,Tel
ephoneEl
ect
ri
cit
y
Itwast heageofscienceandpeopledi scov
eredphotogr
aphy,t
elephoneand
elect
rici
tyduetotheknowl edgeofscienceandpract
ical
exper
iences.Thi
sagei s
consideredthedi
scov er
iesofthosethingswhichwerenotdi
scoveredinprev
ious
ages.
Cr
it
ici
sm
Cr
iti
ci
sm wassomuchinthi
sage.Thewri
ter
softhataget
hrewsomelighton
ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm,capi
tal
i
sm andot
hersci
ent
if
icadv
ancementinthewayofsati
re.
Real
ism
Itwastheageofr eal
i
tythatgav
et herealandappr opr
iat
efeat
ures,probl
emsand
conventionsoft
hesociety
.Moreov er
,theli
ter
atureofthi
serawasr eali
sti
cnot
i
dealist
ic.Peopl
eusedtotrytofi
ndt hereasonsbehindanythi
ng.Theydidnot
givetoomuchi mport
ancetonaturewhi l
etheyfocusedonsocietyandits
tradi
ti
ons.
Mor
ali
ty
Thewr i
tersshowedmor al
it
yint
heirwr
it
ings.Theytaughtpeopl
ethr
oughthei
r
phi
losophiestoshowt heel
ementsofmorali
ty.Ther
ewer emanysoci
almoral
l
essonsi nthei
rbooks.Anumberofwri
tersshowedmor ali
tytoi
nspi
rethepeopl
e
oft
hattime.
Quest
ioni
ngt
oGodandRel
igi
ous
I
nthi
sage,sci
encemadepeopl
egr
eat
,pr
osper
ousandweal
thybutt
heyhadl
ack
ofmoral
i
ty,
brot
herhoodandr el
ati
onshi
p.Theywer eoftheopinionthatsci
encewas
ever
ythi
ng.Thediscoveri
esofsciencemadepeopl et hi
nkthatamancando
anyt
hingwiththeknowledgeofscience.Buttheyarousequesti
onsaboutGod
andit
sexistence
Doubt
fulaboutsci
enceandr
eli
gious
Wehav
edi
scussedt
hatpeopl
ewer
edoubt
ful
aboutev
ery
thi
ng.Ont
heonehand,

9
 HammadAf
zal
,BSEngl
ishLi
ter
atur
e

Gov
t.Post
graduat
eCol
lege,
Goj
ra.

theybel i
evedinGodwhocr eatedev eryt
hingbutont heotherhand,theywere
seeingt hediscoveri
esofsci ence.So, t
heywer edoubt ful
aboutscienceand
rel
igiousbecausesci encewasi nfrontoft hem l
i
kedi scover
iesofelect
ri
cit
y,
photogr aphyetc.andreli
giousi ntheirsoulswhichtheycouldnotidentif
y.So,
theyt houghtthatwast her
eaGodornot ?
DemandsofBooks
Peopl
eoft hatt
imeespeci
all
ymiddl
eclasspeopl
edevelopedt
heinter
esttor
ead
booksandmagazines.Ther
efor
e,peopl
elovedbooksandboughtthem t
ogain
knowledge.
Gol
denAge
Thisagei
sconsider
edthegol
denagef
ornovelaswell
asmen.Nov
elsbecame
themaini
nter
estofpeopl
eandmenhadfreedom i
nthi
sage.
Ar
tforAr
t’
sSake
Oneofthemostf amouschar acterist
icsoft hatage,Peterrepresent
edthis
movement.Thismov ementinspiredt hepoet saswel l
aspeopl eofVict
orianage.
Artf
orArt
’sSakewasaFr enchsl oganf rom theearl
ynineteenthcentur
y.It
expr
essedthephilosophythatthev al
ueofar t,
andtheonl ytruearti
sdivorced
fr
om anydidact
ic,moraloruti
li
tarianf unct
ion.
Pr
e-Raphael
it
eMov
ement
Thismov ementwasi nspiredbytheIt
ali
anpaint
ersbef or
eRaphael.In1848,a
groupofthr eeyoungpainter
s,whower eal
sopoet s,f
oundedthePr e-
Raphael
it
e
Mov ement .Thesepoetsalsoref
err
edtoast heFleshySchool.Thesearethe
charact
eristicsofVi
ctori
anErawhichrefl
ectthesocietyoft
hattime.
“TheVictori
anAgewasagol denagef ornov elaswel lasmen.Theyhadt heri
ght
tocasttheirvot
eandt hefr
eedom towr i
teanyki ndofnov el
.Butthewomenhad
notthattypeoffreedom.Theywer enottreatednicelyandr est
ri
ctionsonthem t
o
writ
enov elsandanykindoflit
erat
ure.Butinspiteoft heserestr
icti
ons,some
femalenov el
ist
sli
keCharl
otteBronteandEmi l
yBr ont
est art
edtowr it
enovels
thatbecamet hefamousnov el
sofEngl i
shLi t
erature.

10