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Obligations and Contract Reviewer Pt.1: Jannella Sarmiento
Obligations and Contract Reviewer Pt.1: Jannella Sarmiento
Obligations and Contract Reviewer Pt.1: Jannella Sarmiento
ART. 1156-1162
o Obligation - a juridical necessity to give to do or not to do.
Requisites
1. Active subject- (obligee) entitled to demand
2. Passive subject- (obligor) has a duty
3. Prestation/Object- subject matter
4. Juridical/Legal tie- efficient cause; binds or connect the parties.
NATURE OF OBLIGATION:
Sources of obligation
1. Law - imposed by law itself
2. Special laws - laws that's not contained in the Civil code
3. Contract - arise from stipulation of the parties; meeting of minds between 2 person
o Breach of Contract - failure to comply obligation w/o legal reason
ART. 1163-1178
NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATION
Determinate if specific or particularly designated; debtor cannot substitute
Generic if not determinate; cannot be pointed out; debtor can give anything
Why to know?
Loss of determinate thing through fortuitous event extinguishes obligation.
The creditor has personal right to the fruit from the obligation to deliver arises but no real
right to it.
o Personal right - right to demand; can enforced by 1 person to another
o Real right - right or interest over specific thing; enforceable against the world
REMEDIES OF CREDITOR
3. Delay (Mora)
o Ordinary - merely failure to perform obligation on time
4. Contravention of the tenor of the obligation - violations of the terms and conditions in
obligation
Damages
harm done
some of money that may be recovered in reperation for the harm done.
o Injury-wrongful unlawful tortious act that causes harm to others.
Kinds of damages
A. Actual or compensatory
B. Moral
C. Nominal
D. Temperate or moderate
E. Liquidated damages
F. Exemplary or corrective damages
Fortuitous events are those events that cannot be foreseen or if can be foreseen is inevitable.
o ACTS OF MAN - intentional acts of man
o ACTS OF GOD (force majeure)- independent will of human; flood, earthquake etc.
MUTUUM (Simple loan) - same amount of the same kind and quality shall be paid; gratuitous.
USURY - receiving imterests in excess of the loan
o Presumption - inference of fact; arises from usual connection
Classification of Conditions
o Suspense - will give rise to an
obligation
As to Effect
o Resolutely - will extinguish an
obligation
o Divisible - susceptible
As to divisibility
o Indivisible - not susceptible
o Period - future and certain event upon arrival; day certain to come
GENERAL RULE: obligation is not demandable before the lapse of the period
o Facultative obligation - only one prestation are due but debtor may substitute another