L&B FINAL CH.

5
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1. 1. Who among the following behaviorists proposed the A 7. 7. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, B
stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning? the _____ acts as a substitute for the _____.

a. Ivan Pavlov a. CS; NS

b. Rosalie Rayner b. CS; US
c. John Watson c. US; CS
d. Joseph Wolpe d. NS; US
2. 2. Which of the following statements is true of the C 8. 8. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, A
stimulus-substitution theory? the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome
because
a. It explains why the UR and the CR are substantially
different in many instances of conditioning. a. the metronome acts as a substitute for the food.
b. It explains how a CS elicits a compensatory response b. the food acts as a substitute for the metronome.
after a primary response. c. the dog has an innate tendency to respond to
c. It suggests how classical conditioning illustrates the certain sounds.
neurological processes in the brain. d. the salivation helps the dog prepare for the
d. It describes the effect of each conditioning trial on presentation of food.
the strength of a CS in its relationship to a US.
9. 9. According to the ___________ theory, the CR should be B
3. 3. According to the stimulus-substitution model of A quite similar to the UR.
conditioning, the
a. stimulus-stimulus
a. CS acts as a substitute for the US. b. stimulus-substitution
b. CR becomes associated with the US. c. Rescorla-Wagner
c. UR acts as a substitute for the NS. d. preparatory response
d. UR becomes associated with the US.
10. 10. Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example A
4. 4. According to the stimulus-substitution model of C of a(n) .
conditioning, the CS should elicit
a. S-S model
a. a response that is different from the UR. b. S-R model
b. a response that is identical to the US. c. compensatory-response model
c. a response that is highly similar to the UR. d. preparatory response model
d. a response that is somehow related to the NS.
11. 11. Dean believes that his black suit is a bad omen C
5. 5. Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near B because he had an accident the last time he wore it. In
her town and, as a result, developed a strong fear of this scenario, Dean's belief illustrates the _____ theory of
those woods. In this scenario, Suzie's fear of the woods conditioning.
is based on a(n) _____ association.
a. compensatory response
a. S-R b. preparatory response
b. S-S c. stimulus-substitution
c. R-S d. compensatory-substitution
d. R-R
12. 12. Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS B
6. 6. Karen was once attacked by a robber in her B with a US resulted in the formation of a neural
bedroom. After that incident, she feels very afraid to connection between
go into her bedroom. In this scenario, Karen's fear is
based on a(n) _____ association. a. different reflex arcs within the spinal cord.
b. different areas in the cortex that are activated by
a. S-U each type of stimulus.
b. S-S c. the cortex and the thalamus.
c. S-R d. sensory and motor regions of the cortex.
d. Both a and b are correct.
13. 13. The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus- B 18. 18. In a conditioning trial with drugs, drug A
substitution theory is that the ________ are sometimes administration is paired with cues. According to the
quite ____________ . compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, the
US is _____ and the UR is _____.
a. CR and UR; similar
b. CR and UR; different a. the primary effect of the drug on the body; the
c. CS and US; similar compensatory response to the primary effect
d. CS and US; different b. the sight of the drug; the physiological reaction to
the drug
14. 14. According to the preparatory-response theory of B
c. the b-process; the a-process
conditioning, the purpose of the _____ is to enable an
d. the compensatory response to the drug; the primary
organism to get ready for the _____.
drug effect
a. NS; US 19. 19. If the primary effect of a drug is an increase in A
b. CR; US heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is a(n)
c. UR; US
d. CR; CS a. decrease in heart rate.
b. increase in heart rate.
15. 15. In an experiment, a rat that receives a foot shock C
c. stable heart rate.
(the US) jumps (the UR). However, when it sees a light
d. fluctuation in heart rate.
(CS) that has been paired with a foot shock, it freezes
(the CR). The fact that a rat's fear response to an 20. 20. One of the primary effects of the induction of C
aversive CS is likely to be quite___________ its response to amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to
the aversive US is best explained by the _____. the compensatory-response model, in a drug
conditioning trial with amphetamine, the US would be
a. similar to; opponent process theory a(n) ___________ and the UR would be a(n) ___________
b. different from; S-R theory
c. different from, preparatory-response theory
d. similar to; stimulus-substitution theory a. decrease in heart rate; increase in heart rate
b. increase in heart rate; increase in heart rate
16. 16. Which of the following theories of conditioning is D
c. increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
proved by the classical conditioning of compensatory
d. decrease in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
responses?
21. 21. In which of the following environments is an D
a. The R-S theory average person likely to get intoxicated quickly?
b. The S-R theory
c. The stimulus-substitution theory a. In a lounge or bar
d. The preparatory-response theory b. At a loud, noisy party
c. At a small, quiet party
17. 17. Which of the following observations validates the D
d. While taking a shower
preparatory-response theory of conditioning?
22. 22. Given that each drink contains the same amount of D
a. The CS is usually quite different from the US. alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate,
b. The CS is often quite similar to the US. you will most likely get drunk quickly if you are
c. The CR and UR are often quite similar. drinking a(n) _________ drink.
d. The CR can sometimes be quite different from the
UR. a. well-known
b. recognizable
c. familiar
d. unfamiliar
23. 23. According to the compensatory-response model of B 29.
conditioning (and assuming that it applies to situations
such as these), a couple who have been married for
many years would be most aroused if they made love
a. in a familiar motel room.
b. in a strange hotel room.
c. in their bedroom.
d. following a hangover from alcohol.
24. 24. According to the compensatory-response model of A
conditioning, if a certain drug has a tendency to
increase blood pressure, then just being in an 30.
environment associated with taking the drug may
a. decrease blood pressure.
b. stabilize blood pressure.
c. further increase blood pressure.
d. cause wide fluctuations in blood pressure.
25. 25. The compensatory-response model of conditioning D
predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit
smoking 31.
a. gradually.
b. suddenly.
c. in a smoking-related environment.
d. in an environment not related to smoking.
26. 26. According to the compensatory-response model of C
conditioning (and assuming that it is relevant to 32.
relationships), it would be easier to go through a
marriage break-up
a. if you are married for a long time.
b. if you get into the habit of drinking.
c. if you move to a different apartment from where
you had lived with your former partner.
33.
d. if you stay in the same apartment that you had lived
in with your partner.
27. 27. In contradiction to the compensatory-response A available for the ego (the rational component of
model of conditioning, the CS for some drugs elicit
reactions that
29. There are multiple reports of drug overdoses where D
an individual administers a normal dose of a drug but in
a novel place. As a result of the novel situation, the
user's tolerance is reduced. According to the
compensatory-response model, which of the following
factors is missing from the conditioning scenario?
a. CS
b. CR
c. US
d. Both a and b are correct.
30. In keeping with the compensatory-response model C
of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when an
addict injects a(n)
dosage of a drug in a setting that is _____ to drug use.
a. normal; strongly related
b. unusually large; unrelated
c. normal; unrelated
d. unusually large; strongly related
31. According to the _____ theory, a given US can A
support only so much conditioning.
a. Rescorla-Wagner
b. opponent process
c. preparatory-response
d. compensatory-response
32. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, a given B
US
a. compensates for the effect of the CS.
b. can support only so much conditioning.
c. often has unpredictable effects.
d. can support unlimited levels of conditioning.
33. According to Freud's notions of psychic energy, the C
investment of more energy in the id (the instinctual
component of personality) means that less energy is
personality). This model is analogous to the _____ theory
of classical conditioning.

a. mimic the effect of the drug. a. preparatory-response

b. reduce the effect of the drug. b. stimulus-substitution
c. are the opposite of the effect of the drug. c. Rescorla-Wagner
d. Both b and c are correct. d. Rescorla-Epling
28. 28. In keeping with the _________ model of conditioning, B 34. 34. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the C
many drug fatalities occur when a person injects a amount of conditioning that occurs:
normal dosage of the drug in a(n) ________ environment.
a. is unlimited.
a. S-S; familiar b. is unaffected by the number of CSs.
b. compensatory-response; unfamiliar c. is limited and must be distributed among the various
c. compensatory-response; familiar CSs available.
d. S-R; unfamiliar d. Both a and b are correct
35. 35. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if a bell
and a light are simultaneously associated with a shock,
then the amount of fear elicited by the bell will be
a. the same as that elicited by the light.
b. different from that elicited by the light.
c. unaffected by the amount of conditioning that
occurs to the light.
d. affected by the amount of conditioning that occurs
to the light.
36. 36. Consider a US that supports a maximum associative
value of 10. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory,
if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 7 units
of associative value, the other CS will at most have
acquired _____ units of associative value.
a. 3
b. 7
c. 10
d. 17
37. 37. Suppose a US supports a maximum associative value
of 30. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one
CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 10 units of
associative value, then the other CS will at most have
acquired _________ units of associative value.
a. 15
b. 30
c. 10
d. 20
38. 38. A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a
light flash, each of which has 0 units of associative
value. This compound stimulus is then repeatedly
paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum
associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings,
the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value.
This means that the light flash has at most ________ of
associative value which is a demonstration of _____.
a. 1 unit; overshadowing
b. 1 unit; blocking
c. 15 units; simple conditioning
d. 14 units; the overexpectation effect
39. 39. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory of
conditioning, blocking occurs because
a. the US has already taken up most of the available
associative strength.
b. familiar stimuli are more difficult to condition.
c. the CS gathers more associative strength than the
US.
d. one CS has already taken up the maximum
associative value.
D 40. 40. In an experiment, a click is paired with a shock that D
can support a maximum associative value of 15 units.
Once the click picks up 15 units of associative value, it
is transformed into a compound stimulus by pairing
with a scent. Following these pairings, the scent will
likely have ________ units of associative value, which is a
demonstration of _________
a. 0; overshadowing
b. 7.5; the overexpectation effect
c. 15; overshadowing
A
d. 0; blocking
41. 41. In a conditioning experiment, to say that a CS has D
high associative value is equivalent, in more cognitive
terms, to saying that:
a. the subject expects that the CS will be followed by
the US.
b. the CS is a good predictor of the US.
c. the CS is a good substitute for the US.
d. Both a and b are correct.
D
42. 42. A click and a scent are each separately paired with B
a shock and conditioned to a maximum associative
value. The click and scent are then combined into a
compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings
with the same shock. A likely result is that the
associative value of one CS will _______ and the
associative value of the other CS will _________.
a. decrease; increase
b. decrease; also decrease
A
c. remain unchanged; remain unchanged
d. increase; also increase
43. 43. Don was equally attracted to Sasha and Dominique, B
whom he dated separately. Over time, he learned to
become very aroused by Sasha's style of dress and by
Dominique's perfume. Later, he struck up a relationship
with Marnie, who dressed like Sasha and wore the same
perfume as Dominique. According to the Rescorla-
Wagner theory, the amount of arousal Don experiences
from the perfume alone will most likely __________.
a. increase
b. decrease
D
c. remain the same
d. fluctuate
44. 44. A click and a scent are separately paired with a B 49. 49. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little A
shock and each conditioned to the maximum Albert, the CS was a _________ .
associative value. The click and the scent are then
combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to a. rat
further pairings with the shock. This is most likely an b. loud noise
experiment on the ____________ effect. c. steel bar
a. blocking d. Santa Claus mask
b. overexpectation
50. 50. In the "Little Albert" experiment, the loud noise is B
c. overshadowing
to the white rat as a _________ is to a _____________
d. sensory preconditioning
.
45. 45. An aversive blast of air has a maximum associative C a. CS; NS
value of 15 units. A compound stimulus consisting of a b. US; CS
click and a scent is repeatedly paired with the puff of c. CS; US
air, until the maximum conditioning has been reached. d. UR; CS
The scent acquires 13 units of associative value. This
51. 51. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little B
means that the click must have acquired ___________ units
Albert, the rat was
of associative value which is an example of __________ .
a. initially the CS.
a. 13; overshadowing
b. initially an NS.
b. 2; blocking
c. a US.
c. 2; overshadowing
d. a UR.
d. 13; blocking
52. 52. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little C
46. 46. Selby receives invitations to attend two events B
Albert, Albert's fear of the ________ was regarded as
taking place on the same day. While one invitation is
evidence of stimulus generalization.
from a distant cousin, the other one is from a close
friend. Though she wants to attend both, she decides
a. rat
to attend the function hosted by her close friend.
b. loud noise
Selby's behavior illustrates the _____ theory of classical
c. Santa Claus mask
conditioning.
d. steel bar

a. stimulus-substitution 53. 53. Which of the following observations demonstrates D

b. Rescorla-Wagner the limitations of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert
c. compensatory-response experiment as an example of phobic conditioning?
d. stimulus-response
a. The rat had to be repeatedly paired with the loud
47. 47. In general, phobias represent a process of _____. C
noise.
b. Albert's fear started to diminish following a rest
a. discrimination
period of several days.
b. dishabituation
c. Albert's fear was easily diminished by thumb sucking.
c. overgeneralization
d. All of these are correct.
d. reciprocal inhibition
54. 54. Which of the following factors suggests that Little B
48. 48. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little B
Albert did not grow up to have a phobia of furry
Albert, the US was a ________:
objects?
.
a. rat
a. Little Albert had been exposed to only one pairing
b. loud noise
of the rat and the loud noise.
c. shock
b. Little Albert did not have the kind of temperament
d. Santa Claus mask
often associated with phobias.
c. Rats are not an appropriate stimulus for phobic
conditioning.
d. Little Albert already hated rats.
55. 55. In the context of the debates on the real "Little D 61. 61. Aaron is more reactive to loud noises and sudden B
Albert," which of the following conclusions can be events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in
drawn regarding the claim that Douglas Merritte was the text, we would say that there seems to be a
"Little Albert"? difference in _________ between Aaron and Kevin. This
difference is to a large extent ___________.
a. It has been confirmed.
b. It has been debunked. a. preparedness; learned
c. It is nearly certain. b. temperament; genetically determined
d. It is unclear. c. preparedness; inherited
d. temperament; learned
56. 56. During the Second World War, the vast majority of A
people exposed to air raids developed 62. 62. People acquire a fear of snakes easily as opposed D
to a fear of birds. This is an example of the effect of
a. temporary fear reactions that quickly disappeared. __________. Certain people acquire a fear of snakes more
b. intense fear reactions that took several years to easily than other people do. This is an example of the
disappear. effect of ____________
c. repressed fear reactions that never disappeared. .
d. repressed fear reactions that grew worse as years a. preparedness; US revaluation
passed. b. US revaluation; preparedness
c. temperament; preparedness
57. 57. During the Second World War, a major predictor of A
d. preparedness; temperament
whether children developed an intense fear of air raids
was whether their mothers 63. 63. The concept of _____ refers to an innate disposition C
to learn certain types of behaviors or certain types of
a. were fearful. associations more easily than others.
b. paid attention to them for being fearful.
c. failed to comfort them when they were fearful. a. temperament
d. were divorced. b. incubation
c. preparedness
58. 58. If we inherit a tendency to learn fears by B
d. selective sensitization
observation, then the display of fear by others serves
as a(n) _____ for a fear response in ourselves. 64. 64. Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson D
and Rayner's results when he attempted to condition
a. NS his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate
b. US objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence
c. UR for the importance of _______ in phobic development.
d. CS
a. selective sensitization
59. 59. If we have an innate tendency to acquire B
b. incubation
conditioned fears through the observation of fearful
c. observational learning
reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must
d. preparedness
be functioning as a(n) _____.
65. 65. Valentine (1930) failed when he tried to produce a A
a. conditioned stimulus phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle
b. unconditioned stimulus when she touched certain objects. He speculated that
c. discriminative stimulus this was because
d. neutral stimulus
a. the objects were ones that people are not naturally
60. 60. Temperament is an individual's B
inclined to fear.
b. the whistle was not loud enough.
a. level of emotional intuitiveness.
c. it is difficult to condition a fear response using an
b. level of emotional reactivity.
auditory stimulus.
c. level of cognitive capacity.
d.his daughter was too young to be conditioned.
d. Both a and b are correct.
66. 66. Researchers have found that monkeys can develop A 72. 72. Shawna is terrified of cats as she was bitten by a B
fear reactions through observational learning when the cat in her childhood. She consciously avoids
feared object is a _____ event. encountering cats and leaves places quickly if she
happens to see one. As explained by the process of
a. fear-relevant _____, these brief encounters may _____ Shawna's fear of
b. fear-irrelevant cats.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. None of the above are correct. a. incubation; reduce
b. incubation; enhance
67. 67. In an experiment, subjects were exposed to B
c. selective sensitization; enhance
subliminally presented pictures paired with an electric
d. selective sensitization; reduce
shock. Researchers found that the subjects
subsequently displayed signs of conditioned anxiety 73. 73. Arlo was once attacked by a crow in a marketplace. A
when the pictures were of After that incident, he develops a fear of crows and
runs away each time he encounters one. According to
a. flowers and mushrooms. the concept of _____, Arlo's withdrawal may result in a(n)
b. snakes and spiders. _____ in his fear response.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct. a. incubation; increase
b. incubation; decrease
68. 68. Which of the following scenarios illustrates the B
c. US revaluation; increase
influence of temperament on the development of
d. US revaluation; decrease
phobias?
74. 74. Antonio is stung by a bee during a trip. After that C
a. Paula is more afraid of insects than she is afraid of incident, he develops a fear of bees and hides
lizards. whenever he sees one. These brief encounters with
b. Burton is more afraid of heights than Benny is. bees may result in a(n) _____ in Antonio's fear response,
c. Rachel starts fearing snakes after she learns that her which illustrates the process known as _____.
best friend is afraid of snakes.
d. Vivian is more afraid of ghosts than he is afraid of a. decrease; incubation
thieves. b. increase; selective sensitization
c. increase; incubation
69. 69. The ease with which a conditioned fear response is D
d. decrease; selective sensitization
acquired can be affected by _____.
75. 75. Heather was mildly nervous about skiing after she A
a. temperament slightly twisted her ankle during a skiing session. Later,
b. observational learning she suffered a serious and painful leg injury in a
c. selective sensitization boating accident. After full recovery, she is now fearful
d. All of these are correct. of both boating and skiing. Heather's behavior
illustrates the process of _____.
70. 70. The process of _____ is the strengthening of a C
conditioned fear response as a result of brief
a. US revaluation
exposures to an aversive CS.
b. incubation
c. selective sensitization
a. preparedness
d. preparedness
b. selective sensitization
c. incubation 76. 76. US revaluation can strengthen a phobia through D
d. US revaluation
a. direct exposure to a stronger US.
71. 71. The process of _____ is the strengthening of a D
b. observational learning.
conditioned fear response as a result of _____ exposures
c. verbally transmitted information.
to an aversive CS.
d. All of these are correct.
a. selective sensitization; prolonged
b. incubation; prolonged
c. selective sensitization; brief
d. incubation; brief
77. 77. Although Jolene was always mildly nervous while A 83. 83. Dilbert has a mild fear of darkness. During exam B
driving, she became extremely frightened of driving days, he finds that he becomes particularly fearful of
after witnessing a terrible car accident. Jolene's going out for walks at night. Dilbert's behavior is best
behavior is best described as an example of . described as an example of .
a. US revaluation
b. incubation a. US revaluation
c. selective sensitization b. selective sensitization
d. preparedness c. incubation
d. preparedness
78. 78. During a counseling session, Stan is told that he has B
been permanently damaged by the abuse he suffered 84. 84. Which of the following processes leads to the D
as a child. After the session, he starts experiencing aggravation of previously mild fears?
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In this
scenario, Stan's behavior illustrates the process of _____. a. Incubation
b. US revaluation
a. incubation c. Selective sensitization
b. US revaluation d. All of these are correct.
c. selective sensitization
85. 85. A mild fear can grow into a major phobia as a result B
d. stimulus generalization
of ... .
79. 79. Through the process of _____________, a person's C
reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus could a. blocking
increase following exposure to an unrelated stressful b. selective sensitization
event. c. sensory preconditioning
d. Both a and b are correct.
a. US revaluation
86. 86. Which of the following strategies was used in Mary C
b. incubation
Cover Jones's experiment to eliminate the fear of
c. selective sensitization
rabbits in Peter, a two-year- old boy?
d. preparedness
80. 80. Through the process of selective sensitization, a D a. The rabbit was gradually moved closer to the boy.
person's fears may strengthen following exposure to b. The presentation of the rabbit was paired with the
supply of cookies.
a. a US of much greater intensity. c. Both a and b are correct.
b. a CS of much greater intensity. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
c. an unfamiliar stimulus.
87. 87. Which of the following strategies was used in Mary D
d. a stressful event of some sort.
Cover Jones's experiment to eliminate the fear of
81. 81. In the context of phobic development, selective A rabbits in Peter, a two-year- old boy?
sensitization differs from US revaluation in that the
event which intensifies an individual's fear response is a. The rabbit was placed in Peter's lap for long periods
of time.
a. unrelated to the original fear conditioning. b. The presentation of the rabbit was paired with
b. somehow involved in the original fear conditioning. relaxation.
c. less salient than the original CS. c. Both a and b are correct.
d. more salient than the original CS. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
82. 82. Tammy used to love horror movies. One night, while C 88. 88. Wolpe's treatment of experimentally-induced A
watching her favorite horror movie, she became phobias in cats was similar to Mary Cover Jones's
unusually fearful. Since then, she has found that treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits in that both used
whenever she is feeling stressed at work, she has _____ to counter the fear response.
nightmares of being chased by dead people. Which of
the following processes explains Tammy's behavior? a. food
b. relaxation
a. US revaluation c. drugs
b. Flooding d. intense exercise
c. Selective sensitization
d. Semantic recovery
89. 89. In _____, a CS that elicits one type of response is B 95. 95. The method of ___________ involves pairing relaxation A
associated with another event that elicits a(n) _____ with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels
response. of fear.
a. counterconditioning; similar
b. counterconditioning; incompatible a. systematic desensitization
c. selective sensitization; similar b. exposure and response prevention
d. selective sensitization; opposite c. flooding
d. implosive therapy
90. 90. Wolpe proposed that the underlying process in C
counterconditioning is _____. 96. 96. With in vivo desensitization, the phobic stimulus is D
presented
a. selective sensitization
b. sensory preconditioning a. subliminally.
c. reciprocal inhibition b. with sudden intensity.
d. sensory preparedness c. in imaginary form.
d. in reality.
91. 91. I cannot be both angry and happy at the same time, D
which means that a good joke can often defuse my 97. 97. With the method of ___________, there are no worries B
anger about about whether the treatment effect will generalize to
something. This is an example of _____________ the real world.

a. counterpreparedness a. flooding
b. reciprocal preparedness b. in vivo desensitization
c. covert conditioning c. imaginary desensitization
d. reciprocal inhibition d. covert sensitization
92. 92. Ned found that if he ate cookies while thinking B 98. 98. Systematic desensitization is most likely to be B
about his recurrent nightmare, the frequency and effective with a person who is afraid of .
severity of those nightmares decreased. Ned's behavior
illustrates the principle of... a. crowds
. b. spiders
a. extinction c. meeting new people
b. reciprocal inhibition d. All of these are correct.
c. covert conditioning
99. 99. Which of the following statements is true of A
d. systematic desensitization
systematic desensitization?
93. 93. Which of the following is a step in systematic C
desensitization? a. It employs deep muscle relaxation to combat the
effects of anxiety.
a. The creation of a hierarchy of progressively more b. It involves the administration of an emetic to a
fearful imaginary scenes patient.
b. Training in deep muscle relaxation c. It tends to be very effective with patients who
c. Both a and b are correct. suffer from social phobias.
d. Neither a nor b is correct. d. It results in an extreme increase in heart rate.
94. 94. Systematic desensitization involves pairing ________ C 100. 100. A treatment method that involves prolonged A
with a succession of stimuli that elicit _________ levels of exposure to a feared stimulus is _____.
fear.
a. flooding
a. relaxation; decreasing b. systematic desensitization
b. muscle tension; increasing c. in vivo desensitization
c. relaxation; increasing d. reality therapy
d. muscle tension; decreasing
101. 101. Gradual is to intense as _____ is to _____. C 108. 108. Öst's single-session treatment procedure for B
phobias is similar to systematic desensitization in that
a. flooding; systematic desensitization it adopts a _____.
b. in vivo flooding; imaginal flooding
c. systematic desensitization; flooding a. prolonged exposure
d. in vivo desensitization; imaginal desensitization b. gradual approach
c. sudden approach
102. 102. The basic principle involved in flooding is . A
d. brief exposure
a. extinction 109. 109. Which of the following is a feature of Öst's single- D
b. counterconditioning session treatment procedure for phobias?
c. incubation
d. dishabituation a. A gradual approach
b. Participant modeling
103. 103. For flooding to be effective, the period of C
c. Endurance of a fairly intense level of anxiety
exposure to the feared stimulus must be .
d. All of these are correct.
a. gradually increased 110. 110. The procedure of _____ is also called contact A
b. gradually decreased desensitization.
c. sufficiently long
d. quite short a. participant modeling
b. nonparticipatory modeling
104. 104. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the C
c. counterconditioning
method of flooding?
d. covert conditioning
a. The patient under treatment may become so 111. 111. Sigmund Freud overcame his fear of heights using a B
stressed that medical complications ensue. process similar to ________
b. The treatment might sometimes worsen a phobia.
c. Both a and b are correct. a. systematic desensitization
d. Neither a nor b is correct. b. flooding
c. covert sensitization
105. 105. One must be particularly cautious about using D
d. counterconditioning
flooding therapy with a person who suffers from _____.
112. 112. Sigmund Freud believed that the first step in the B
a. depression treatment of a phobia should involve a(n)
b. snake phobias
c. dog phobias a. uncovering of traumatic memories.
d. post-traumatic stress disorder b. direct exposure to what a person is afraid of.
c. brief, indirect exposure to what a person is afraid of.
106. 106. Which of the following statements is true of in B
d. Both a and c are correct.
vivo flooding?
113. 113. The treatment method known as _____ involves C
a. It is ideal for treating a fear of house fires. reducing the attractiveness of a desired event by
b. It is independent of a client's visualization ability. associating it with an unpleasant stimulus.
c. It is based on the principle of counterconditioning.
d. It is now considered the treatment choice for a. systematic desensitization
phobic disorders. b. flooding
c. aversion therapy
107. 107. Öst's single-session treatment procedure for D
d. appetitive therapy
phobias involved

a. an in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus.

b. eliciting relatively intense levels of fear.
c. encouraging a client to gradually approach the
feared event.
d. All of these are correct.
114. 114. Sam, an alcohol addict, approaches a therapist for A 121. 121. In order to overcome her addiction to hamburgers, B
treatment. During his therapy sessions, Sam is asked to Sheila imagines that the meat contains ground
drink alcohol while he is administered a drug that cockroaches. Which of the following therapeutic
causes agitation. Which of the following treatment techniques does Sheila employ?
procedures does this scenario illustrate?
a. Flooding
a. Aversion therapy b. Covert sensitization
b. Covert sensitization c. Desensitization
c. Flooding d. Contact desensitization
d. Implosive therapy
122. 122. Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato A
115. 115. Which of the following statements is true of the C sandwiches after imagining finding a spider in such a
method of rapid smoking? sandwich illustrates the treatment procedure known as
_____.
a. It is a form of aversion therapy.
b. It involves taking a puff every 6-10 seconds. a. covert sensitization
c. Both a and b are correct. b. imaginal desensitization
d. Neither a nor b is correct. c. imaginal flooding
d. covert flooding
116. 116. Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves D
123. 123. If a person displays an allergic reaction to the C
a. the use of an emetic. mere sight of an artificial flower, the allergic reaction
b. pairing alcohol ingestion with nausea. is most likely a .
c. pairing alcohol ingestion with relaxation.
d. Both a and b are correct. a. CS
b. US
117. 117. In the context of aversion therapy, for both B
c. CR
smoking and alcoholism, _________ treatments are more
d. UR
effective than _________ treatments.
124. 124. Research revealed that patients who received D
a. shock-based; nausea-based chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently
b. nausea-based; shock-based experienced a(n) _____ immune response when they
c. flooding; covert sensitization visited the hospital again but did not receive
d. desensitization; sensitization chemotherapy. In this example, the _________ would be
the US.
118. 118. Aversion therapy has been used to treat _____. D

a. enhanced; hospital
a. sex offenders
b. suppressed; hospital
b. smokers
c. enhanced; chemotherapy
c. alcoholics
d. suppressed; chemotherapy
d. All of these are correct.
125. 125. Research revealed that patients who received B
119. 119. Covert sensitization involves the use of C
chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently
experienced a(n) _____ immune response when they
a. an emetic.
visited the hospital again but did not receive
b. a fear hierarchy.
chemotherapy. In this case, the _____ would be
c. imaginal stimuli.
classified as the CS.
d. All of these are correct.
120. 120. Harry attempts to eliminate his attraction to his D a. enhanced; hospital
former partner by imagining her covered in vomit. This b. suppressed; hospital
exercise is an example of c. enhanced; chemotherapy
_____. d. suppressed; chemotherapy

a. counterconditioning
b. in vivo flooding
c. systematic sensitization
d. covert sensitization
126. 126. In an experiment, the scent of lilacs is repeatedly C 131. 131. In drug research, a(n) _____ is an inert substance that A
paired with shots of adrenaline which facilitates appears to be a drug but in reality has no
immune system activity. As a result, the scent of lilacs pharmacological value.
is likely to elicit a(n)...
a. placebo
a. stress response. b. emetic
b. suppression of the immune system. c. enema
c. enhanced functioning of the immune system. d. anesthetic
d. occasion setting.
127. 127. While applying a placebo effect for treatment, a C
little white pill functions as the ________ while the
original drug functions as the
_____.

a. US; CS
b. UR; CR
c. CS; US
d. CR; UR
128. 128. Which of the following observations suggests that D
classical conditioning often underlies placebo effects?

a. The effects are less likely to occur following a

period of treatment with the real drug.
b. The repeated administration of the placebo by itself
strengthens its effectiveness.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.
129. 129. In drug research, a(n) _____ is achieved by pairing B
the appearance of a drug with the active ingredients
of the drug.

a. overshadowing effect
b. placebo effect
c. blocking effect
d. overexpectation effect
130. 130. Which of the following statements is true of the A
placebo effect?

a. It is more likely to occur following a period of

treatment with an active drug.
b. It is achieved by administering an emetic to a
patient.
c. It demonstrates how different CSs in a compound
stimuli receive different associative values.
d. It illustrates the functioning of operant conditioning.