IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO.
6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020
Entanglement Sustainability in Quantum Radar
Ahmad Salmanogli , Dincer Gokcen , and H. Selcuk Gecim
Abstract—In this study, some important parts of a quantum
radar are designed using the quantum electrodynamics theory
and significantly focused on entanglement conservation. Quantum
radar is generally defined as a detection sensor that utilizes the
microwave photons like a classical radar and simultaneously em-
ploys quantum phenomena to improve detection, identification,
and resolution capabilities. However, the entanglement is so fragile,
unstable, and difficult to preserve for a long time. Also, more
importantly, the entangled states have a tendency to leak away
due to the noise. The points mentioned enforces that the entangled
states should be carefully studied at each step of the quantum
radar detection processes such as the creation of the entangled
photons in the tripartite system, the amplification of the photons,
the propagation into the atmosphere, and the reflection from the
target. At each step, the parameters related to the real mediums
and target material can affect the entangled states to leak away
easily. The results of simulations indicate that the features of the
tripartite system and amplifier are so important to lead the detected
photons to remain entangled with the optical modes. Nonetheless, it
is found that a lot of entangled photons lose the related non-classical
correlation.
Index Terms—Quantum radar, entanglement, tripartite system,
Quantum theory.
I. INTRODUCTION
N RECENT years, the idea of using quantum phenomena in
I classical sensors has been utilized to develop the character-
istics of the classical detection systems [1], [2]. It is considered
to be a breakthrough utilizing quantum phenomena to improve
the performance of the classical sensors such as radars [1]–[4],
enhancing the image resolution [5]–[7], designing quantum
illumination system [8]–[12], quantum communication network
[13], [14], improving the plasmonic photodetector responsivity
[15], enhancing the plasmonic system decay rate [16], and
improving Raman signals [17].
Manuscript received January 9, 2020; revised April 17, 2020 and July 21,
2020; accepted August 27, 2020. Date of publication September 3, 2020; date
of current version September 15, 2020. (Corresponding author: Dincer Gokcen.)
Ahmad Salmanogli is with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey,
and also with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical and Electronics En-
gineering Department, Çankaya University, Ankara 35350, Turkey (e-mail:
salmanogli@cankaya.edu.tr).
Dincer Gokcen is with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey (e-mail:
dgokcen@hacettepe.edu.tr).
H. Selcuk Gecim is with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, Çankaya University, Ankara 35350, Turkey (e-mail:
segecim@gmail.com).
This article has supplementary downloadable material available at https://
ieeexplore.ieee.org, provided by the authors.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online
at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSTQE.2020.3020620
1077-260X © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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9200211
Generally, a quantum radar is recognized as a standoff sensor
by which the entangled microwave photons are employed, to
enhance the detection, identification, and resolution [1], [4], [9],
[10]. Entanglement is established when two quantum particles,
i.e. photons, are interacted, resulting in interrelated properties
with no dependency on the distance between them [5], [18].
Quantum radars have an efficient penetration in clouds and
fogs due to microwave photons which is the basic advantage
of the classical radars. It has been reported that quantum radars
using entangled photons dramatically enhance the signal to noise
ratio, resolution, and probability of detection as compared with
the non-entangled photons [1], [2], [9], [10]. Furthermore, the
“effective visibility” of certain targets can be enhanced by using
the quantum radar [1]. Also, countermeasures such as jamming
can be more efficiently eliminated in case of the quantum radar
that employs the entanglement [1], [2]. It has been found that all
of the advantages of the quantum radar is specifically devoted
to the entanglement. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the
entanglement is so fragile and unstable, and also it is generally
difficult to create and preserve. Additionally, entangled states
have a tendency to leak away as a result of the noise [12],
[17]. Naturally, the entanglement is strongly distorted due to
propagation in the atmosphere, and reflection from unknown
targets, while it is employed by the quantum radar systems.
Then, the fragility of entangled states utilized by a quantum radar
is dramatically increased. This point has been investigated in
more details in some published works [9], [10]. In these studies,
microwave quantum illumination system had been designed and
investigated some critical quantities such as teleportation fidelity
[10] and signal to noise ratio and error probability [9]. Especially,
[9] one of interesting work in this field which has focused on
microwave-optical entanglement, studied the influence of the
quantum noise and quantum Brownian noise. It has been shown
that the quantum illumination system has an error probability
that is orders of magnitude lower than that of the coherent-state
system.
However, in this study, by considering the above cited works,
we want to model a quantum radar utilizing full quantum theory
to cover more details about how one can manipulate the coupling
between subsystems in tripartite system [21]–[26], how the ac-
tive and passive mediums can affect the non-classical correlation
between states when the signal propagates into mediums [27],
and how an incident mode can contribute to the scattering pa-
rameters from the target. As an important task, the preservation
of the entanglement properties at all steps of quantum radar
processing is highly emphasized. It is noteworthy to indicate that
this work is a theoretical simulation of a quantum illumination
system in which some parts are considered as an ideal subsystem.
For example, it is supposed that we can intensify the entangled
9200211 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020
Fig. 1. The schematic of the quantum radar; solid red arrow indicates the transmitted photons, and the dashed red arrows stand for the back-coming the photons.
photons in a same way of the classical approach to generate more
non-classical photons.
The major steps of this study are as follows: I. Creation of
the entangled states by a tripartite system, II. Amplification of
the entangled microwave photons, III. Propagation of the signal
into atmosphere, IV. Reflection from the target. The entangled
states can be affected by the parameters, mentioned above, that
results in leakages. Thus, in this study, the quantum radar system
is designed, to minimize the leaking away of the entangled
modes with the knowledge that the entangled states are so
fragile. To analyze the quantum radar consisting of a tripartite
system, amplifier, propagation channel, and reflection medium,
the quantum electrodynamics theory is considered [28], [29],
and the dynamics of quantum radar system are theoretically
derived with Heisenberg-Langevin equations [30], [31]. Also,
the Peres-Horodecki separability criterion is used for continuous
variable system [32]–[34] to calculate the separability between
modes.
II. BACKGROUNDS AND THEORY OF THE DESIGN SYSTEM
The schematic of the quantum radar system with some details
is illustrated in Fig. 1. The process begins with the interaction of
high-intensity laser with a nonlinear material to create entangled
optical photon (signal and idler) [5], [18]. The idler is maintained
to establish the entanglement process with the backscattered
microwave photons. On the other hand, the signal excites the
OC to couple the MR through the optical pressure applied to the
oscillator [22], [10]. Oscillation of the MR resonator changes the
MC capacitance by which the resonant frequency of the cavity
is manipulated.
For the next step, one can define the conjugate variable of
fields A, X, and Φ based on the classical definition of the
conjugate variables [25], then the contributed Hamiltonian in
terms of the creation and annihilation operators is expressed by:
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In the tripartite system, it is found that OC, MC, and MR
modes couple to each other which means that the contributed
modes are affected. It has been shown that, by engineering the
tripartite system, the non-classical correlation can be established
between the modes [21]–[26]. That means that the OC and MC
modes can be entangled. It is the key point that we need to utilize
in the quantum radar system. So, the MC output mode Cω ,
entangled with the optical cavity mode as , is firstly amplified
through the active medium (with the assumption of ideal active
medium) and then propagated into the atmosphere to detect the
target. The active medium schematic is illustrated in Fig. 1.
It contains N number of beam-splitters (BS) considered as an
amplification component in the active medium. According to the
quantum electrodynamics theory, the inverted thermally excited
photons intensify the incoming photons at each BS [27]. So, Caω
is the active medium output mode, and its entanglement should
be studied with the OC modes. The design mainly concerns
about preserving the entanglement at each step of the quantum
radar system by engineering the parameters. The results show
that the active medium properties including gain κa , wave vector
Ka , and the medium length strongly affect the entanglement
behavior. Second, the output modes of the active medium Caω
is transmitted into the atmosphere (attenuation medium) to
propagate. The attenuation medium is modeled in the same way
with N discrete scattering components by which the propagated
photons will be manipulated in the phase and amplitude. It is
shown that the output modes of the attenuation medium Ca is
mainly affected by the channel length R and imaginary part of
the wave vector κatm derived by the thermally excited photons.
Other critical parameters in the attenuation channel are related
to the varying atmospheric conditions such as temperature and
pressure [1], [27]. Consequently, the attenuation medium is one
of the most important factors that can strongly manipulate the
entanglement behavior in the quantum system. Third, this study
also covers the reflection from the target. Similarly, quantum
SALMANOGLI et al.: ENTANGLEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN QUANTUM RADAR 9200211


α c 2 ωm  ∧  ∧
electrodynamics theory is employed to investigate the reflection
∧
which refers to the total amount of scattering from the target. HOC−M R =  a c + + a Px
2ε0 ωc m c
In fact, reflection is basically defined as the interaction of the
electromagnetic field with the atom’s quantum field. The target   
ωω  ∧ ∧ ∧+
material is the key factor that influences the incoming photons HM C−M R = Cp Ct qx c s − c 2
2 ωm m s
and can strongly affect the entanglement between Ct and OC ∧ 
∧
modes, where Ct is the reflection mode operator. After this Hoc−drive = iEc ac +e(−jωL t) − ae(jωL t) (2)
c
step, the reflection photons backscatter into the atmosphere and
then before the detection, they should be intensified once again. where (ac + , ac ), and (cω + , cω ) are the creation and annihilation
Herein, it is necessary to study the effect of the different mediums operators for optical and microwave cavities, respectively. Also,
on the entanglement between the OC modes and the contributed ω L , Px , qx , Ec , and h are the input laser angular frequency,
modes. The clear relationship between the mediums and the the momentum and position normalized quadrature operator,
output modes is completely illustrated in Fig. 1. OC cavity input driving rate, Plank’s constants, respectively.
Moreover, Cp and Ct are derived by Cp = C’ (x)/[C(x) + Cd ]2
A. The Analysis of the Tripartite System With Canonical and Ct = Cd +C(x0 ), where x0 indicates the equilibrium position
Quantization (Or Microscopic) Methods of MR resonator. In Eq. 2, the second term in HMC stands for the
cavity driving by the external source. The dynamics equations
After a short discussion about the general operation of the of motion of the system are derived using Heisenberg-Langevin
system illustrated in Fig. 1, the quantum radar system is the- equations. Moreover, it is necessary to consider the effect of the
oretically analyzed. Quantum electrodynamics theory is used damping rate and noise which is due to the interaction of the
to analyze the system [28], [29], [40]. The theory starts with tripartite system with the medium. Finally, the system dynamics
analyzing the dynamics equations of motion of the tripartite equation of motions is given by:
system, as a subsystem in quantum radar. Following the standard
approach in quantum electrodynamics, the contribution of the • ∧ ∧ √ ∧
as = − (iΔc + κc ) ac −iG1 Px +Ec + 2κs ain
total Lagrangian for the tripartite system is given as:
• ∧ ∧ ∧ √ ∧
  cω = − (iΔω + κω ) cω +iΔoω1 G2 q cω +Eω + 2κcs cin
ε0 •2 x
LOC = A −ωc 2 A2  
2 • ∧ ∧
∧
• qx = ωm Px +G1 ac + + ac
1 1
LM R = m X 2 − mωm 2 X 2
2 2 • ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ ∧
1 •
1 1 • Px = − γm Px −ωm q + Δω G2 cω + cω + bin (3)
LM C = C(x) φ2 − φ2 + Cd (vd − φ)2 x
2 2L 2 where κc , γ m , and κω are the optical cavity, microres-
•
LOC−M R = − αc A X (1) onator, and microwave cavity damping rate, respectively. Also,
Δc , and Δω are the related detuning frequencies, and G1
The total Lagrangian is Ltot = LOC + LMR + LMC + = (αc 2 ω m /2ε0 mω c ), G2 = Cp Ct (ћ/mω ms ), and Eω =
LOC-MR where LOC, LMR , LMC , and LOC-MR are the optical Vd Cd (ω ω /2ћCt ). Moreover, the driving field of the optical
cavity, microresonator, microwave cavity, and optical cavity cavity is given as Ec = (2Pc κc /ћω L ) where Pc is the excitation
and microresonator interaction Lagrangian, respectively. Also, power [21]–[23].
ε0 , A, X, and ω m , are the free space dielectric constant, vec- A simple way to achieve a stationary and robust entanglement
tor potential (incident field amplitude), MR resonator position in continuous modes is to select a constant point that the OC,
(microscopically defines as the matter oscillator field [40]), MC, and MR are driven and worked with. Under the condition
and microresonator oscillation angular frequency, respectively. that the interaction field is so strong, it is appropriate to focus on
Additionally, αc is the interaction coefficient between OC and the linearization and calculate the quantum fluctuation around
MR; ω c , L, Φ, Vd , C(x), Cd and m are optical cavity angu- the semi-classical constant point [21], [26]. Therefore, the cav-
lar frequency, inductance, magnetic flux, input driving field, ity modes are expressed as the composition of the stable and
variable capacitor, fix capacitor between Vd and LC circuit, fluctuating parts as: ac = As + δac , cω = Cs + δcω , qx = Xs +
and MR resonator mass, respectively. It is worthy to note that, δqx , and Px = Ps + δpx , where the capital letter with subscript
the interaction Lagrangian between MC and MR is implicitly “s” denotes the stationary point, and δ indicates the fluctuation
defined by the C(x) in LMC . around the constant point. In the steady-state condition, Eq. 3
becomes:
∧ ∧
HOC = ωc ac + ac
  − (iΔc + κc )As − iG1 Ps + Ec = 0
ωm ∧ ∧
HM R = Px 2 + qx 2 − (iΔω + κω )Cs + iΔoω1 G2 Xs Cs + Eω = 0
2
 ωm Ps + 2G1 Re{As } = 0
∧ ∧ ωω  ∧ ∧

HM C = ωω cω + cω −jVd Cd c − cω + − γm Ps − ωm Xs + Δω G2 |Cs |2 = 0 (4)
2Ct ω

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9200211 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020

To solve Eq. 4, it is assumed Re{As }>>1 and also |Cs |>>1. < cin ∗ (s) cin (s ) >= [N (ωω )]δ(s − s )
It should be noted that the fluctuation in modes is not affected
by the selection of the constant points. Finally, the dynamics < bin (s)bin ∗ (s ) >= [N (ωm ) + 1]δ(s − s ) ;
equations of the mode fluctuations around the steady-state points < bin ∗ (s) bin (s ) >= [N (ωm )]δ(s − s ) (7)
(As , Ps , Xs , and Cs ) are given by:
where N(ω) = [exp(ћω/kB T)-1]−1 , kB and T are the Boltzmann’s
• ∧ √ ∧ ∧
δas = − (iΔc + κc ) δac −iG1 δpx + 2κs δain constant and operational temperature, respectively. Also, N(ω) is
the equilibrium mean of the thermal photon numbers of different
• ∧ ∧
δcω = iΔoω1 G2 {δq Cs + Xs δcω } modes. Solving Eq. 6 gives the cavity modes fluctuation, then
x one can calculate the entanglement between the modes. In a
√ ∧ ∧ tripartite system, which is an essential part of quantum radar,
+ 2κcs δcin −(iΔω + κω ) δcω the entanglement between OC and MC modes are so important.
• ∧ ∧ ∧ Then, in the following, we just focus on the entanglement
δqx = ωm δpx +G1 (δac + + δac ) between MC and OC modes. Also, the parameters that can
• ∧ ∧ ∧
destroy the non-classical correlation between the modes, are
δpx = − γm δpx +Δω G2 {δ cω + Cs + Cs ∗ δcω } considered. To study the entanglement between two modes, one
∧ ∧
can use Simon-Peres-Horodecki criterion for continuous state
− ωm δq + δbin (5) separability as [28]–[31]:
x

The interaction among cavities can generate CV entangle- λSP H = det(A). det(B) + (0.25 − | det(C)|)2
ment, i.e. the quantum correlation between quadrature operator − tr(AJCJBJC T J) − 0.25 × (det(A) + det(B)) ≥ 0
of the two intra-cavity fields and the microresonator position (8)
and momentum [16]–[18]. Eventually, the matrix form of the
quantum electrodynamic equations of the system is introduced where J = [0, 1; −1, 0] and notation “tr” indicates the trace of
as: the matrix. This criterion is a necessary and sufficient condition
⎡ • ⎤ for the separability of all bipartite Gaussian states system. So,
δq
⎢ x ⎥ ⎡ √ ⎤ if it is assumed that the contributed states in the present system
⎢ • ⎥ 0 ωm G1 2 0 0 0 are Gaussian, the entanglement of the modes can normally be
⎢ δpx ⎥ ⎢ −ω
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ m −γm 0 Gm 0 0 ⎥⎥ studied using Eq. 8. Moreover, A, B, and C in Eq. 8 are 2 × 2
⎢ • ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ δX ⎥ ⎢ −κ ⎥ correlation matrix elements [A, C; CT , B] which can be presented
⎢ c ⎥ 0 0 Δ 0 0
⎢ • ⎥= ⎢ ⎥
c c
⎢ √
⎢
⎢ δYc ⎥
⎥ ⎢ 0 −G1 2 −Δc −κc 0 0 ⎥⎥
for the case of OC-MC modes (9) shown at the bottom of the
⎢ • ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ next page.
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ G11 0 0 0 −κω1 Δω1 ⎦
⎢ δXω ⎥ Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the expectation value
⎣ ⎦ G22 0 0 0 −Δω1 −κω1 of the quadrature modes operators (e.g. <δXc >, <δXω >,
•
δYω <δXc 2 >, <δXω 2 >, etc) to study the entanglement between
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ modes. So far, the tripartite system dynamics equations of mo-
δqx 0 tions are analytically derived using the canonical quantization
⎢ δp ⎥ ⎢ δbin ⎥ Method and Heisenberg-Langevin equations. Moreover, Simon-
⎢ x ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢√ in ⎥ Peres-Horodecki criterion is used to analyze the entanglement
⎢ δXc ⎥ ⎢ 2κc δXc ⎥
×⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ δY ⎥ + ⎢ √2κ δY in ⎥
⎥ (6) between two modes in the system. As a significant goal of this
⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ c c ⎥ study, the tripartite system should be designed in such a way
⎢ ⎥ ⎢√ ⎥
⎣ δXω ⎦ ⎣ 2κω δXω ⎦ in
that the sustainability of the entanglement between OC-MC
√ modes is ensured. Then, in the next step, the microwave cavity
δYω 2κω δYω in
photons should be transferred into the active medium, at which
where Gm = 2 ∗ G2 Δω Cs , G11 = −2∗G2ΔωIm{Cs }, G22 the intensity of the photons is amplified to become ready to
= 2 ∗ G2ΔωRe{Cs }, κω1 = κω + G2 Δω Im{qs }, and Δω1 = propagate into the atmosphere.
Δω -G2 Δω Re{qs }. Also, in Eq. 6, δXc in , δYc in , δXω in , and δYω in
are the quadrature operator of the related noises. The solution B. The Amplification of the Entangled Microwave Photons
of Eq. 6 yields to a general form as u(t) = exp(Ai,j t)u(0) +
(exp(Ai,j s).n(t-s))ds, where n(s) is the noise column matrix. In this section, the details of the active medium using quantum
The input noises in the system obey the following correlation electrodynamic theory to intensify the microwave photons are
function [18]–[22]. explained. The main idea is to emphasis the intensifying the
incoming microwave photons by preserving the nonclassical
< ain (s) ain ∗ (s ) >= [N (ωc ) + 1]δ(s − s ); correlation behavior of the entangled photon’s. It should be
noted that in a real active medium, due to the fragility of the
< ain ∗ (s) ain (s ) >= [N (ωc )]δ(s − s )
entanglement, all of the non-classical correlation between states
< cin (s) cin ∗ (s ) >= [N (ωω ) + 1]δ(s − s ) ; can be destroyed. Nevertheless, herein, we just assume that the

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SALMANOGLI et al.: ENTANGLEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN QUANTUM RADAR
active medium is a medium with a restricted thermally excited
photons and can amplify the entangled photons.
The schematic of the active medium is shown in Fig. 1. The
input of the active medium is microwave mode operator, cω , and
the output of the medium is caω . The purpose of the study is to
investigate the effect of the active medium on the entanglement
between cω and cω . The active medium can be macroscopically
modeled by a series of beam splitters (BS) connected to each
other. Each BS can be operated as an amplifier by inverting
the harmonic oscillator. That is associated with the thermally
excited photons ba → ba + where ba is the thermally excited
photon operator [27]. Then, the microwave signal can be inten-
sified as it propagates along the active medium by interacting
with an inverted atomic population. This interaction is realized
between the interaction of the electromagnetic quantum and
the atomic quantum fields. The coupling between the atom
quantum field and the electromagnetic quantum field is ex-
pressed by the electric and magnetic dipole coupling. Using the
active medium’s complex coupling coefficient satisfying |t(ω)|2 -
|r(ω)|2 = 1, the output modes in the continuous form can be
expressed as:
∧ ∧
caω (ω) = e[iKa +κa (ω)]za cω (ω)
  za ∧ in attenuation medium, atmosphere, to detect the target. In the
+ i 2κa (ω) dze[iKa +κa (ω)](za −z) ba + (ω, z)
0
(10)
where cω (ω), Ka and κa (ω) are the active medium output mode
operator, the real part of the wave vector, and the imaginary part
of the wave vector, respectively. It is clearly seen from Eq. 10,
that the active medium intensifies the microwave cavity output
mode operator (the first term), and also introduces the effect from
the noise operators (the second term). The continuous form of
the active medium output operators is derived in terms of input
operators of MC mode. Therefore, one can study the effect of
the active medium parameters on the entanglement between caω
and as . Here in this work, we try to preserve the first term of Eq.
8 and annihilate the second term. Nevertheless, in a real medium
the effect of the second term is significant and cause to destroys
the non-classical correlation between states. This means that in
reality the amplification of entangled photons to generate more
entangled photons are so crucial [37].
Nonetheless, it has been recently shown that it is possible
to amplify the entangled photons using Josephson parametric
amplifier (JPC) [38]. It is due to the nonlinearity of JPC by
 
< δXc 2 > − < δXc >2
A=
0.5× < δXc δYc + δYc δXc > − < δXc >< δYc >
 
< δXω 2 > − < δXω >2
B=
0.5× < δYω δXω + δXω δYω > − < δYω >< δXω >
 
0.5× < δXc δXω + δXω δXc > − < δXc >< δXω > 0.5× < δXc δYω + δYω δXc > − < δXc >< δYω >
C=
0.5× < δYc δXω + δXω δYc > − < δYc >< δXω >
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9200211
which the entangled photons can be amplified. Thus, our initial
assumption to amplify the entangled photons to generate more
entangled photons can be logic.
The examination of the entanglement between two modes
is then followed using Eq. 8. The simulation results show
that the active medium intensifies the either entanglement or
separability. In other words, when the entangled microwave
photons interact with the atom’s quantum field, the entanglement
is strongly enhanced. Naturally, entanglement properties are
distorted at the most detuning frequencies.
C. Propagation of the Intensified Photons in Lossy Medium
In the previous stages, firstly, design of the quantum system
was theoretically analyzed by which the optical and microwave
cavity modes are non-classically correlated with each other;
Secondly, in order to intensify the microwave cavity signal, the
amplifier was designed utilizing the quantum electrodynamics
theory. Thus, the relationship was theoretically derived between
the microwave cavity mode operator and the amplifier output
mode. The active medium intensifies the microwave cavity mode
operator by a factor being dependent on the active medium
properties (Ka , κa ). Then, the intensified signal is propagated
classical picture, there are some statistical models to simulate the
atmosphere properties and study the effect of the atmosphere on
the propagating signal [1]. The most critical feature of the atmo-
sphere is its randomly changing properties. However, quantum
radar has the major advantage of employing microwave photons
propagating in the atmosphere as compared with laser radar
[1], [20], [36]. Whereas in the quantum picture, the atmosphere
is considered to be a package involving the scattering centers.
These centers are basically known to behave as a function of
the atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, and
altitude.
The scattering centers using quantum electrodynamic can
be modeled with BS shown in Fig. 1. In contrast to the ac-
tive medium modeling, the attenuation modeling focuses on
the thermally excited photons that play an important role. It
will also be shown that the latter mentioned factor drastically
affects the entanglement behavior. The modeling starts with
the attenuation medium scattering agent’s in which for jth BS,
the input is (caω j , bj ) and output is (caω(j + 1) , asj ). Conse-
quently, the continuous form using the attenuation medium’s
complex coupling coefficient satisfying |t(ω)|2 + |r(ω)|2 = 1,
0.5× < δXc δYc + δYc δXc > − < δXc >< δYc >
< δYc 2 > − < δYc >2
0.5× < δXω δYω + δYω δXω > − < δXω >< δYω >
< δYω 2 > − < δYω >2
(9)
0.5× < δYc δYω + δYω δYc > − < δYc >< δYω >
9200211 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020
given as:
∧ ∧
ca (ω) = e[iKatm−κatm (ω)]R caω (ω)
  R
∧
+ i 2κatm (ω) dze[iKatm+κatm (ω)](R−z) b(ω, z)
0
where ca (ω), Katm and κatm (ω) are the attenuation medium
output mode operator, the real part of the wave vector, and the
imaginary part of the wave vector, respectively. The effect of
the attenuation channel is expressed in Eq. 11. It is readily seen
that the scattering agents exponentially attenuate the input mode
operator and also introduce the effect of the noise operator.
The input operator in Eq. 11 is active medium output which
was intensified with regard to Eq. 10. In the same way, it will
be possible to examine the entanglement between two modes
using Eq. 8. The simulation results show that by changing the
properties of the attenuation medium, the entanglement behavior
will strongly be influenced.
D. Reflection of the Microwave Photons From the Target
In this section, the effect of the reflection from the target is
investigated on the microwave photons. In the same way with
the previous sections, the quantum electrodynamics is utilized
to model the effect. The model to analyze the reflection effect is
depicted in Fig. 1. The reflection from the target, in the quantum
picture, can be defined as the scattering from the target atoms.
This process describes the interaction between the electromag-
netic quantum field with the atoms quantum field. During the
scattering from the target, the thermally excited photons play
an important role through which the entanglement behavior is
strongly affected. To describe the process, jth BS is considered
as a reflection agent on the target, and the related expression
between the input and output operators is given in the continuous
form as: (12) shown at the bottom of this page, where ct (ω), Kt
and κt (ω) are the target’s scattering output mode operator, the
real part of the wave vector, and the imaginary part of the wave
vector, respectively. The effect of the reflection from the target
is expressed in Eq. 12 in which the first term handles the direct
effect of the target’s imaginary part of the dielectric constant,
while in the second term, the effect of the thermally excited
photons is added. In other words, this equation expresses that
the amplitude of the incident wave (here in this step, it is the
output of the attenuation channel) is dramatically decreased.
More importantly, the phase raised due to the thermally excited
photons in the second term of Eq. 12 strongly distorts the
entanglement. After the calculation of the reflection from the
target, the reflected photons are scattered into the atmosphere
medium. So, it is necessary to apply the atmosphere effect once
again to complete the processes in quantum radar. Before the
detection of the backscattered propagated photons, they should
be intensified. Then, it means that an amplifier medium effect
   
∧ [iKtΔzt ]
zt
ct (ω) = t(ω)e + 2κt (ω) Δzt
0
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TABLE I
CONSTANT DATA USED TO SIMULATE THE SYSTEM [21], [22], [26]
(11)
should be considered once again as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this
study, we ignore to study the entangled state after detection,
however one can see [9], [10] to fully understand about the
detection effect and the related quantities such as signal to noise
ratio and error probability and so forth.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this section, all simulation results are explained in detail.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the entanglement
between modes at each step of the quantum radar and show
the effect of the related parameters addressed in Fig. 1. Some
constant data used to simulate the process involved in quantum
radar is tabulated in Table I. It is worthy to note that Cs and
qs in Eq. 4 can be assumed to be a real number for the sake of
simplicity to clearly explore the results. For simplicity, we start
with this assumption, then use the complex number to increase
the results accuracy.
First of all, the tripartite cavity modes are considered and
the simulation results are illustrated in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, the
entanglement between OC-MC (as & cω ), OC-MR (as & am ),
and MR-MC (am & cω ) are studied. This figure demonstrates
a comparison among the cavity modes and it is shown that for
such a design of the tripartite system, all modes become en-
tangled around Δω/ω ∼ 0. Thus, the microwave cavity photons
entangled with the optical cavity photons can be transmitted into
the atmosphere to detect the target.
The effect of tripartite system related parameters such as MR
damping rate, incident wavelength, and temperature are investi-
gated on the cavity modes entanglement, and that is addressed
in Appendix A.
Following the study of the tripartite system modes entan-
glement, and by considering the optimized conditions that the
system should work with, herein, the external medium effects are
introduced. The initial design is considered for T = 200 mK, R =
100 Km, λc = 808 nm, m = 18 ng, γ m = 120 1/s, κa = 8.7 1/m,
κatm = 5.2 ∗ 10−7 1/m, κt = 18.2 1/m, depicted in Fig. 3. For
(zt −z) 
[iKt−κt (ω)] ∧  ∧
dz t(ω)e ca (ω) + i κt (ω)Δzt e[iKt−κt (ω)]zt bt (ω) (12)
SALMANOGLI et al.: ENTANGLEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN QUANTUM RADAR
Fig. 2. Entanglement between cavities modes; T = 200 mK, λc = 808 nm,
m = 18 ng, γ m = 120 1/s.
a better comparison, the cavity modes entanglement between
OC and MC is illustrated in Fig. 3(a). Then the microwave
cavity output modes are intensified by the active medium, and
the entanglement behavior of modes is studied with OC modes,
as illustrated with the solid line in Fig. 3(b). Interestingly, it is
shown that the entanglement is slightly distorted by the active
medium. It is because of the engineering of Eq. 10 in which
the first term which is the responsible for amplification of the
signal is strongly enhanced while the second term is attenuated.
Sequentially, the attenuation medium effect is applied, and the
result is shown with the dashed line in Fig. 3(b). By making
a comparison between solid and dashed line, it is clearly seen
that the separability of the modes is increased after the atten-
uation medium (blue dashed-circle), while the entanglement is
decreased (red dashed-circle). So, it means that the attenuation
medium with different conditions [33] (temperature, pressure,
and so on) can strongly distort the quantum property that is
critical for the sustainable entangled operation of the quantum
radar.
In the next step, the effect of the reflection from the target
is considered. In this study, a flat target made of Aluminum is
supposed. The simulation result is illustrated in Fig. 3(c). In
comparison with the attenuation medium output, the amplitude
of the signal is dramatically decreased due to the attenuation
factor that the target material has. However, around Δω/ω ∼ 0
the resulting modes remain entangled. Of course, a target with
a different shape and material can affect and distort the entan-
glement between modes. Following, the reflected mode from
the target endures the attenuation medium effect once again,
then it is intensified by the active medium with κa = 0.87 1/m
before the detection. The results of the latter mentioned effects
are demonstrated in Fig. 3(d). It is clearly observable that the
output modes before the detection have shown some entangled
behavior. That is an interesting finding that we expected.
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9200211
In the above simulation results, it was supposed that Cs and
qs in Eq. 4 are real. However, it seems to be a logical assumption
with regards to choose of the phase references [22]. Nonetheless,
we consider the effect of the constant’s imaginary part which is
important in the real system. In the following, Cs and qs are
considered to be complex. Fig. 4a shows OC and MC cavi-
ties modes entanglement behavior which is especially occurred
around Δω/ω ∼ 0 and also reveals some small oscillation at other
detuning frequencies. The result demonstrates a slight differ-
ence compared with Fig. 3(a). In the following, the microwave
photons which are entangled with the optical cavity modes at
a narrow detuning frequency should be intensified, propagated
into attenuation medium, reflected from the target, backscattered
into the attenuation medium, and finally intensified to be de-
tected (Fig. 4b). From Fig. 4b, the microcavity entangled signal
is initially intensified (solid black-line), indicating that either
separable or entangled parts are intensified. Also, the small oscil-
lation of microwave photons at off-detuning frequencies (Δω/ω
 0) are strongly resonated. However, by the propagation of the
output photons into the attenuation medium (dashed black line),
the entangled behavior is dramatically distorted. That means that
a lot of photons lose the related non-classical correlations. Then
the propagated photons interact with the target and this causes
to lose a lot of non-classicality correlation between photons due
to the absorption and scattering (dotted black line). For better
illustration, an important section of the figure Δω/ω = 0 is
exaggerated and illustrated as an inset figure indicating with the
red-dashed arrow. From the exaggerated figure, the oscillation of
the reflected signal with a minute amplitude and the backscat-
tered propagated photons into the atmosphere are shown. At
last, the intensified photons before the detection is depicted
with blue-color in the figure. It shows that the blue color signal
(before detection) is not the same with the transmitted signal
(solid black-line). It is because of the effect of the reflection
from the target and the attenuation medium effect on the signal.
The result (blue color one) reveals that there is a negligible trace
of entanglement which means that all of the photons lost the
related non-classicality. Thus, even if the presumption of the
amplifier be true for entangled photons, at a distance such as
R = 100 Km, due to the fragility of the entanglement, the photons
non-classicality will be wiped out.
In the following, the effect of the attenuation medium on the
entanglement is studied and the results are illustrated in Ap-
pendix A. Form the illustrated results, it can be pointed out that
the operational temperature of the active medium is so critical. In
this work, it is supposed that the active medium is operated with
the same temperature of tripartite system. In order to study of the
active medium operational temperature effect and also attenua-
tion distance some simulations are carried out with operational
temperature at 1500 mK and R = 10 Km (Fig. 5). In Fig. 5,
the behavior of the entanglement is dramatically changed as
compared to Fig. 4. This figure shows a complete separable states
at off-detuning frequencies. Nonetheless, we just emphasize on
the on-detuning frequencies Δω/ω ∼ 0. It is also shown that by
increasing temperature up to 1500 mK, the detected signal (solid
blue line) is deformed due to the medium effects, and also the
entanglement behavior is changed. A lot of the incident photons
9200211 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020

Fig. 3. Entanglement between modes at different levels of quantum radar, Cs and qs are real; T = 200 mK, R = 100 Km, λc = 808 nm, m = 18 ng, γ m =
120 1/s, κa = 8.7 1/m, κatm = 5.2 ∗ 10−7 1/m, κt = 18.2 1/m.

Fig. 4. Entanglement between modes at different level of quantum radar, Cs and qs are complex; T = 200 mK, R = 100 Km, λc = 808 nm, m = 18 ng, γ m =
120 1/s, κa = 10.7 1/m, κatm = 20 ∗ 10−7 1/m, κt = 18.2 1/m.

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SALMANOGLI et al.: ENTANGLEMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN QUANTUM RADAR 9200211

Fig. 5. Entanglement between modes at different levels of quantum radar, Cs and qs are complex; T = 1500 mK, R = 10 Km, λc = 808 nm, m = 18 ng, γ m =
120 1/s, κa = 10.7 1/m, κatm = 100∗10−7 1/m, κt = 18.2 1/m.

Fig. 6. Active medium effect on entanglement between modes at different levels of quantum radar, Cs and qs are complex; T = 1500 mK, R = 10 Km, λc =
808 nm, m = 18 ng, γ m = 120 1/s, κa = 0.0 1/m, κatm = 100 ∗ 10−7 1/m, κt = 18.2 1/m.

missed the non-classical correlation which means that one has
to just consider the classical correlation between photons after
missing the entanglement. This point indicates that, in reality, the
large percent of the entangled incident photons will be distorted,
which can be due to the atmospheric bad conditions, receiver
and transmitter noise effect, loss of the idler photons and so
on. In the following illustrations, this point will be discussed in
detail.
Finally, the effect of the active medium on the entanglement
between modes at different level of the quantum radar is studied.
Before that it is worthy to mention that a real medium can
strongly affect the phase responsivity and phase estimation
errors [1], [4]. Specially in the case of the active medium, it can
be shown that if the active medium gain approaches to zero, the
Heisenberg limit for phase estimation errors is strictly attainable.
Thus, one can show that how the entanglement behavior can

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9200211 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020
be affected by nullifying the active medium gain to attain the
Heisenberg limit. The main question is how the sustainability
of the entanglement can be maintained if a quantum radar
operates without of the active medium (amplifier). To answer the
question, one can consider the result displayed in Fig. 6. Fig. 6(a)
illustrates the entanglement between OC and MC modes around
Δω/ω ∼ 0. Then, the microwave photons are directly propagated
into the atmosphere without any amplification. Here, the effect
of active medium is studied and the results show the importance
of an amplifier in the quantum radar system. In Fig. 6(b), it is
clearly seen that the attenuation medium dramatically distorts
the entanglement between modes, and also the modes in the
detection system (solid-blue) become entirely separable. That
means that all of the photons lose the related entanglement.
To get a better understanding, one can compare the results
of Fig. 6(b) with Fig. 5b. The result illustrated in Fig. 6(b)
is comparable with the results of published work [1], [34]. It
means that without the amplifier in the quantum illumination
system [34], it is impossible to utilize the advantage of perfect
entanglement in the detection system to improve the quantum
radar performance such as jamming the quantum radar [1], [39],
restricting phase estimation error [1], and improving RCS [39].
It is because, all of the non-classicality will be lost without of
the signal amplification.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this article, a quantum radar system was theoretically
designed and examined to investigate the entanglement behavior
at the generation, intensification, propagation, and reflection
stages. Generally, the novelty and advantages of the quantum
radar are related to the utilization of the entangled photons.
Nevertheless, it was mentioned that the entangled states are
so fragile and unstable. Thus, the entanglement behavior was
completely investigated as a major purpose of the study. First of
all, a tripartite cavity was designed and the related theory was
derived using the canonical quantization Method. It was shown
that for such a typical design, the optical and microwave cavities
modes were entangled. Then, the entangled microwave photons
were intensified in the active medium, propagated through an
attenuation medium, and finally reflected from the target. All the
different medium effects were theoretically analyzed utilizing
the quantum electrodynamics theory. The results interestingly
showed the sustainability of the entanglement before detection if
just one could intensify the entangled photons to generate more
nonclassical photons. In this study, the effect of the different
parameters such as MR damping rate, temperature, atmospheric
absorption coefficient, and excitation source wavelength were
studied on the entanglement behavior. The results showed that
if the system works at the limited temperature about 200 mK,
and in the bad atmospheric condition κatm = 20 ∗ 10−7 1/m, the
reflected microwaves photons from the target at R = 10 Km can
slightly exhibit the entangled states around Δω/ω ∼ 0; whereas
at other frequencies, the non-classicality correlation between
photons are completely lost. As a main conclusion, it was shown
that without of the amplifier in the quantum illumination system,
it is impossible to utilize the non-classical correlation advantage
to improve the quantum radar performance.
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Ahmad Salmanogli received the B.S. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engi-
neering from Tabriz University. He has been working in Çankaya University
as a Research Assistant since 2018. Also, he is a Ph.D. Candidate in electrical
engineering in Hacettepe University. His major research interests include quan-
tum electronics, quantum plasmonic, plasmonic-photonic engineering, quantum
optics, and plasmonic based nanosensor.

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