Traveling

Concrete Mixer

Manual Concrete
Mixer 51
 Quality of concrete
• How a concrete structure performs throughout its
service life is largely affected by the methods of
mixing, transporting, placing, and curing the
concrete in the field.
• In fact, the ingredients of a “good” concrete may
be the same as those of a “bad” concrete.
• The difference, however, is often the expertise of
the engineer and technicians who are handling
the concrete during construction
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Mixing, placing, & handling fresh concrete
• The proper batching, mixing, and handling of
fresh concrete are important prerequisites for
strong and durable concrete structures.
• Batching is measuring and introducing concrete
ingredients into the mixer.
• Batching by weight is more accurate than
batching by volume, since weight batching avoids
problems created by bulking of damp sand.

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Mixing, placing, & handling fresh concrete

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Mixing, placing, & handling fresh concrete
• Specifications usually required a minimum of 1
minute mixing for stationary mixers up to 1 yd3
(0.75 m3) of capacity, with an increase of 15 sec
for each additional 1 yd3 capacity.
• At first 10% water is added, then solids and 80 %
water is added, at last remainder of water is
added.

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 Ready-mixed concrete
• Ready-mixed concrete is mixed in a central plant, and
delivered to the job site in mixing trucks ready for
placing.
• Three methods used:
– Central-mixed concrete is mixed completely in a stationary
mixer and delivered in an agitator truck (2-6 rpm).
– Shrink-mixed concrete is partially mixed in a stationary mixer
and completed in a mixer truck (4-16 rpm).
– Truck-mixed concrete is mixed completely in a mixer truck (4-16
rpm).

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Vertical batching mixing plant

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Non-tilting drum type concrete mixer

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 Mobile batcher mixed concrete
• Concrete can be mixed in a mobile batcher at the
job site.
• Aggregate, cement, water, and admixtures are fed
continuously by volume, and concrete is usually
pumped into the forms.

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 Depositing concrete
• Concrete should be deposited continuously as
close as possible to its final position.
• Advance planning and good workmanship is
essential to reduce delay, early stiffening and
drying out, and segregation.
• Pumped concrete:
– Special pumps deliver the concrete directly into the
forms. The slump should be 40 – 100 mm before
pumping. During pumping, slump decreases by about
12-25 mm.

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Slump test

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Slump test

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Slump test
Truncated steel cone
Height – 30 cm
Base diameter – 20 cm
Top diameter – 10 cm
Each concrete layer 7.5 cm
25 rammings of 16 mm dia rammer

Slump size
2.5 to 5 cm mass concrete
Road work

5 to 10 cm beams and slabs

7.5 to 12.5 cm columns, vertical

sections, retaining
walls

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Slump values for concrete

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Slump and reinforcement

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Concrete pump

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Concrete pump

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Concrete pump

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Pouring concrete wall

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Pouring ground slab

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Pouring concrete in curvature of wall

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Concrete placing with pump

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 Pouring concrete with pump

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Concrete pouring with pump

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Concrete pouring with pump (close view)

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Pouring beam using Caisson/bucket

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 Consolidation of concrete
• Quality concrete requires thorough consolidation
to reduce the entrapped air in the mix.
• Ramming and tamping is sufficient for small jobs.
• Vibrators are used for large jobs.
• Internal vibrator are most common type used on
construction projects.
• External vibrators, vibrating tables, are used in
precast concrete production.

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Concrete vibrators

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 Vibration of concrete

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 Vibration of concrete

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 Pitfalls and precautions for mixing water
• Water-cement ratio plays important role in concrete
quality, the water is carefully controlled in field.
• Water should not be added to concrete during
transportation.
• If water is added, hardened concrete will suffer serious
loss in quality and strength.
• The engineer in the field must prevent any attempt to
increase amount of mixing water in concrete beyond that
which is specified in the mix design.

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 Spreading and finishing concrete
• Different methods are available to spread and
finish concrete.
• Tools and equipment used for spreading and
finishing concrete include hand floats, power
floats, darbies, bullfloats, straightedges, trowels,
vibratory screed, and slip forms.

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Spreading and finishing concrete

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Strike-off board

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Bull float

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Darby

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Edging concrete

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Wood float

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 Exposed aggregate Finish

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 Finishing patterns

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 Curing concrete
• Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory
moisture content and temperature in the
concrete for a definite period of time.
• Hydration of cement is long-term process and
requires water and proper temperature.
• Curing allows continued hydration, and continued
gains in concrete strength.
• Fig. 7.19
• Curing is started after the final set of cement
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Relative humidity & concrete drying

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Wind velocity & concrete drying

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Temperature & concrete drying

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Effect of curing time on compressive strength

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 Curing techniques
• Ponding or immersion
• Wet covering
• Spraying or fogging
• Impervious papers or plastic sheets
• Membrane-forming compounds
• Forms left in place
• Steam curing
• Insulating blankets or covers
• Electrical, hot oil and infrared curing
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Curing using textile

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Curing – spraying chemical

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Plastic sheets to protect evaporation

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Curing - ponding

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Curing – covering with sheets

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 Alternatives to conventional concrete
• Self-consolidating concrete
• Flowable fill
• Shotcrete
• High-strength concrete
• Fiber-reinforced concrete
• Heavyweight concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete

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