AP and Advanced Latin Literature Grammar Review Outline

You are expected to have mastery of the following grammar:

I Noun, Adjective, and Pronoun Case Endings

II Cases Uses (Review Comprehensive Case Use Review)

III Verb Synopses (regular and irregular)

IV Participles

1. translation of all participial forms

2. ablative absolutes
3. gerunds (future passive participle used as a neuter singular noun in all cases but
nominative)
4. gerundives (future passive participle used as an adjective that describes a noun)
5. purpose clauses with ad + acc. gerund(ive) or gratia/causa + gen. gerund(ive)
6. passive periphrastic (future passive participle + sum, esse)

V Indirect Statement
E.G. Marcus dixit Ciceronem esse oratorem optimum.
Marcus said that Cicero was the best orator.

VI Independent Uses of the Subjunctive

1. volitive Eamus Romam (Let us go to Rome)

2. optative Utinam pater meus adesset. (If only my father were here.)

3. potential Non ausim pugnare. (I would not dare to fight.)

4. deliberative Maneam aut eam? (Should I stay or should I go)

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VII Purpose Clauses ut / ne + subjunctive

E.G. Collem ascendimus ut templum videamus.

We are climbing the hill so that we may see the temple.
We are climbing the hill in order to see the temple.
We are climbing the hill to see the temple.

VIII Result Clauses ut / ut non + subjunctive

E.G. Quintus tam verecundus erat ut vix dicere posset.
Quintus was so shy that he was scarcely able to speak.

IX Indirect Commands ut / ne + subjunctive

E.G. Senex puerum rogat ut se adiuvet.

The old man asks the boy to help him.

X Fear Clauses ne / ut (or ne non) + subjunctive

E.G. Timeo ne id credant.

I fear that they may believe it.
I fear that they will believe it.

XI Indirect Questions interrogative + subjunctive

E.G. Nescio quid senatores fecerint.

I do not know what the senators have done.

XII Cum Clauses

1. cum + indicative = when

2. cum + subjunctive = when
3. cum + subjunctive = since
4. cum + subjunctive = although (look for tamen in the main clause)

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XIII Dum Clauses

1. dum + indicative = while

2. dum + indicative = until
3. dum + subjunctive = expresses purpose
E.G. In foro manemus dum pater veniat.
We are waiting in the forum for our father to come (literally: until our father may come)

XIV Conditional Sentences

protasis (if clause) apodosis (then clause)

1. simple present present indicative present indicative

2. simple past past indicative past indicative

3. future more vivid future/future perfect indicative future indicative

4. present contrary to fact imperfect subjunctive (were to) imperfect subjunctive (would)

5. past contrary to fact pluperfect subjunctive (had) pluperfect subj. (would have)

6. future less vivid present subjunctive (should) present subjunctive (would)

XV Relative Clauses

1. explanatory (indicative ) Sum vir quem petis.

I am the man whom you seek.

2. purpose (subjunctive) Misi milites qui Ciceronem necarent.

I sent soldiers in order to kill Cicero.
Literally: I sent soldiers who might kill Cicero.

3. characteristic (subjunctive) Sunt aliqui oratores qui populo persuadeant.

There are some orators who persuade the people.

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XVI Impersonal Verbs

1. me iuvat, iuvare, iuvit (+inf.) it delights me = I like to

2. mihi licet, licere, licuit (+inf.) it is allowed to me = I may
3. me oportet, oportere, oportuit (+inf.) it behoves me = I ought
4. mihi placet, placere, placuit (+inf.) it is pleasing to me = I decide
5. me taedet, taedere, taeduit (+gen.) it wearies me = I am tired of
6. mihi accidit, accidere, accidit (+ ut) it happens to me