Minute of Meeting for Electrical Machines Laboratory

EEEB281
Semester: 2 Year: 20/21
Experiment: 4
Section: 5 Group: 2

Date : 8/4/2021
Venue : BL-1-015/016
Attendance (Name and Signature):

1) Mohamad Noor Khushaini Bin Mohd Rani

2) Muhammad Danial Bin Nor Azlan

3) Ahmad Suhail Bin Asmat Nizam

Matters /Problems Action

- Prelab Questions - Answer and discuss the possible answers by

referring reliable sources.

- Discuss the wiring connection and reading - Make sure all connections are tight and
values connected to the right port.

- Task delegation and the compilation of - Delegate the tasks among the team members.
report
Matters /Problems Action

- Tasks Delegation Suhail - Use appropriate simulation software and

produces the graph needed and prelab.

Khushaini - Recorded all the values needed for

from observation and proofread the
report.

Danial - Recorded and assisting in recording the

values, checked all the connections and
prepared the report.
 Experiment 4
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering
Semester: II Academic Year: 2020 / 2021

COURSE CODE: EPPB3051 SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY

DATE:8/4/2021 TIME:8.00 am COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Muhamad Safwan Bin Abd Rahman, Dr.
TITLE: DC MOTOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
OBJECTIVE: To recognise the synchronous generator operation.
To determine the open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics of a MARKS
MARKS
synchronous generator. (OBE)
To determine the load characteristics of a synchronous generator operating
alone.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION:
1. Machine-to-machine /3
2. Machine-to-device /3
3. Device-to-device /3 /15
4. Neatness /3
5. Equipment and connectors /3
EXPERIMENT RESULTS:
Experiment 4.1 : Table /8
: Graph /11 /43
Experiment 4.2 : Table /12
: Graph /12
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Experiment 4.1 /6
Experiment 4.2 /6 /14
CONCLUSION: /2
THEORY APPLICATION: /4
SAFETY:
1. Grounding /1
2. Attire /1 /3
3. Etiquette /1
GROUP MEMBERS: ROLES: /79
1. Mohamad Noor Khushaini Bin Mohd Rani EXPERIMENT 4.2 SECTION:
2. Muhammad Danial Bin Nor Azlan EXPERIMENT 4.1 5

3. Ahmad Suhail Bin Asmat Nizam PRELAB

GROUP:
2
EXPERIMENT 4.1 – THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPEN-
CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

Figure 1 - Circuit configuration for 3-phase synchronous generator open-circuit and short-
circuit characteristics (1st configuration)

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is constructed as shown in the figure 1 above.

2. The synchronous generator is set to its rated speed by adjusting the control unit.
3. The corresponding open-circuit voltage values is measured by adjusting the
field/excitation current from 0 until 4 A.
4. All the equipments are turned off and modified to a new connection as shown in the figure
2 below.

Figure 2 - Circuit configuration after being modified (2nd configuration)

5. The speed of the synchronous generator is set to its rated speed by adjusting the control
unit.
6. The corresponding short-circuit current values are measured by adjusted the
field/excitation current from 0 until 4 A.
7. The open-circuit voltage and short circuit current are represented as functions of excitation
current in a single graph.
RESULTS

Excitation Current, Open-circuit voltage,

Torque (N.m) Speed (RPM)
IF (A) Vo (V)
0.03 0 0.22 1500

0.5 125.4 0.21 1500

1.0 231.5 0.17 1500

1.5 310.2 0.15 1500

2.0 355.2 0.12 1500

2.5 375.6 0.11 1500

3.0 398.6 0.08 1500

3.5 415.3 0.07 1500

4.0 429.3 0.05 1500

Table 1 – Corresponding values of the 1st configuration

Excitation Current, Short-circuit current,

Torque (N.m) Speed (RPM)
IF (A) ISC (A)
0 0.01 0.22 1500

0.5 0.12 0.21 1500

1.0 0.23 0.18 1500

1.5 0.36 0.13 1500

2.0 0.50 0.06 1500

2.5 0.63 -0.02 1500

3.0 0.74 -0.15 1500

3.5 0.82 -0.27 1500

4.0 0.94 -0.40 1500

Table 2 - Corresponding values of the 2nd configuration

 500 1
450 0.9
400 0.8

Short-circuit current, ISC (A)

Open-circuit voltage, Vo (V)

350 0.7
300 0.6
250 0.5
200 0.4
150 0.3
100 0.2
50 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Excitation Current, IF (A)

Open-circuit voltage, Vo (V) Short-circuit current, ISC (A)

Figure 3 – Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current as functions of excitation current

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the 1st configuration, it is used to measure the open-circuit voltage of the three-phase
synchronous generator. To measure this value, the voltmeter is placed across V1 and W1. Most
importantly, it is required to set the synchronous generator at its rated speed which is at 1500
rpm. This is because it is easier to make comparison since the speed is kept constant through
the whole experiment. From the values obtained, during low current value, the open-circuit
voltage is also low. Similarly, during high current value, the open-circuit voltage is also high.
The relationship between current and voltage is directly proportional to each other. However,
the torque value decreases when both current and voltage increases.

Based on the 2nd configuration, it is used to measure the short-circuit current value of the three-
phase synchronous generator. The short-circuit current value is measured by placing the
ammeter, when both L1 and L2 being shorted together. The synchronous generator is also set
to its rated speed which is at 1500 rpm. Based on the values obtained, when excitation current
is increased, the short-circuit current is also increases. However, the torque value decreases
until it reaches a negative value.
4.2 THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS.

Figure 4 - Circuit Configuration for Three-Phase Synchronous Generator Load

Characteristics

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit was established as shown from the Figure above.

2. The speed of synchronous generator and field/excitation current was set to its rated
values by adjusting the control unit and DC voltage supply, respectively.
3. The load resistance was set initially at maximum (100%) load and the inductive load at
6.0 H. Then, the load resistance was adjusted until the power factor is as close as
possible to 0.8 to measure the terminal voltage/output voltage, line current and power
factor from 0.8 H until 6.0 H.
4. The output power of a single phase was calculated based on the measurements.
5. The terminal voltage/output voltage and output power were represented as functions of
line current in a single graph.
RESULTS

Load Power Terminal Output Line Output

Inductive
Resistance, Factor, Voltage/Output Voltage, Current, Power
Load, (H)
(R) (pf) Voltage, (VL) VΦ IL (A) (Pout)
100 6.0 0.80 384.2 221.82 0.15 26.62
80 4.8 0.79 392.5 226.61 0.18 32.22
55 2.4 0.79 367.5 212.18 0.30 50.29
30 1.2 0.81 321.5 185.62 0.48 72.17
25 1.0 0.80 280.2 161.77 0.59 76.36
16 0.8 0.79 268.8 155.19 0.65 79.69

Table 5 – Corresponding values of the configuration

GRAPH

450 160.00

400 140.00
350
120.00
Output Voltage, (V)

Output Power, (W)

300
100.00
250
80.00
200
60.00
150
40.00
100

50 20.00

0 0.00
0.15 0.18 0.30 0.48 0.59 0.65
Line Current, (I)

Output Voltage, (V) Output Power, (W)

Figure 6 – Output voltage and output power as functions of line current

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Based on results gathered above, the excitation current was set to its rated value at constant
value by adjusting the control unit and DC voltage supply, respectively. The power factor is
configured to be around 0.8 for this experiment by controlling the load resistance. From the
table above, when the load inductance is increased respectively, the output voltage will increase
proportionally due to the cross-magnetisation. On the other hand, the line current will decrease
as the inductive load increases.

By using the formula below to acquire the data for the values of power output based on the
results obtained from this part of the experiment, the graph of the terminal voltage/output
voltage and output power were represented as functions of line current in a single graph can be
acquired as well. The value of power factor is included in the calculation of the output power
for the sake of accuracy.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ cos 𝜃
Where:
• Pout is the Output Power.
• V is the Terminal Voltage.
• I is the line current.
• cos 𝜃 is the power factor.

Based on the graph above, as the terminal voltage increases and the line current decreases when
the load varies, the power output will decrease as well based on these relationships.
CALCULATION

The four-pole, 415-V, 50Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator in this experiment is supplied
with a field current of 4 A. At these settings you measured VOC, ISC, and given that RA is 34
Ω, calculate the approximate synchronous reactance.

ANSWER
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, experiment 4 is divided into two experiments which are the three-phase
synchronous generator with open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics and load
characteristics. For the first experiment, the synchronous generator moves at rated speed
without load connection. While the output is left open, no current flows through thus making
the internal generated voltage EA equal to Vphase. Observing the graph, the line is a bit curved
due to saturation. For experiment two, the three-phase synchronous generator load
characteristics with the consideration of constant speed and constant excitation, can be studied
and observed in this part of the experiment by analysing the relationships of the varying load
values of the reactance and the results of output voltage and line current acquired. The
increment in load allows the increase in current flowing through the circuit. Maintaining the
power factor at constant 0.8 by adjusting the resistive load prevents the lagging effect caused
by the generator. This allows only the output voltage and phase current as the only variables.