GROUPS AND PERIODS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table is distributed in periods and groups of elements in which

they are classified depending on their functions and compounds, which in the
end will be used to create other substances or objects, such as medicines,
soaps, light bulbs, etc.

Group I A/ Alkali Metals: They have low density, low melting and boiling
points, are conductors of heat and electricity and react when exposed to air.

Group II A/ Alkaline Earth: They have a higher density and high

melting and boiling points. their reactivity increases as their size increases,
they react with water at room temperature and oxidize with air.

Group II A/ Basic Metals: Metals, shiny solids, are room temperature,

with characteristic high melting points and densities. Many of the properties of
metals, including a large atomic radius, low ionization energy, and low
electronegativity, are because the electrons in the valence shell of metal
atoms can be removed easily.

Group IB to VIIIB / Transition Metal: have large charge/radius ratio

are hard and have high densities, melting and boiling points, form compounds
which are often paramagnetic show variable oxidation states, also form
coloured ions and compounds with profound catalytic activity

Group XVII/ Halogen: are highly reactive, and they can be harmful or
lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities. This reactivity is due to
high electronegativity and high effective nuclear charge. Halogens can gain an
electron by reacting with atoms of other elements.

Group III / Semimetals: Metalloids usually look like metals but behave
largely like nonmetals. Physically, they are shiny, brittle solids with
intermediate to relatively good electrical conductivity and the electronic band
structure of a semimetal or semiconductor.

S in group 1 (hydrogen); one in group 14 (carbon); two in group

15 /non-metals: Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during
chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements
with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor
conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases,
liquids or solids.
Group XVIII / Noble gases: they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic
gases with very low chemical reactivity. Their melting and boiling points are
close together giving them a very narrow liquid range.The elements are used in
lamps, such as neon lights and headlamps with krypton, and lasers.

Rare Earth: The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or grey metals. The
metals have a high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical
conductivity and they are very small differences in solubility and complex
formation between the rare earths. They were called this because they are
spread very evenly over the Earth.
PERIODS
The number of energy levels an atom has determines the period to which it
belongs. Each level is divided into different sublevels, which as its atomic
number increases

Period 1 indicates that the atom has electrons in a single energy level.
Hydrogen, Helium
Period 2 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in two energy
levels. Example Lithium: belonging to Group IA, it is an alkaline metal, soft,
which oxidizes easily in water or air. and Beryllium belongs to Group IIA, it is
an alkaline earth metal, light and hard but at the same time it is also brittle.
Period 3 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in three energy
levels, e.g. Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Chlorine, Argon.
Period 4 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in four energy
levels. There are 18 elements
Period 5 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in five energy
levels. There are 18 elements
Period 6 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in six energy levels.
Period 7 indicates that the atom has electrons distributed in six energy levels.
Emmanuela Díaz
https://concepto.de/grupos-de-la-tabla-
periodica/#:~:text=De%20hecho%2C%20la%20funci%C3%B3n%20primaria,d
e%20sus%20componentes%20m%C3%A1s%20importantes.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-26809-5_3
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-noble-gases-group-
18/
https://www.ecured.cu/Per%C3%ADodos(Tabla_Peri%C3%B3dica)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid#:~:text=taxonomy%20in%20use.-
,Properties,of%20a%20semimetal%20or%20semiconductor.