SOCIAL RELEVANCE PROJECT

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report submitted by me to the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MASTER OF
MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS) of the University of Mumbai is a
bonafide work undertaken by me and it has not been submitted to any other
University or institution for the award of any other degree or diploma certificate
or published any time before.

Name: JAY KIRAN SHAH

Roll No. 2017226 Signature of the student

JAY KIRAN SHAH

 Certificate

This is to certify that the “WASTE MANAGEMENT”, has been successfully

completed by Mr. JAY KIRAN SHAH during the MMS II, SEM IV in partial
fulfillment of the Master’s degree in Management Studies recognized by the
University of Mumbai for the academic year 2017 – 2019. This project work is
original and has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree, diploma
or associateship of any other University / Institution.

Date : 16th March, 2019

------------------------------ ---------------------------
DR. V. B. ANGADI PROF. BALA NATARAJAN
DIRECTOR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has been a great learning experience for me. I take this opportunity
to thank Prof. Bala Natarajan my internal project guide whose valuable
guidance & suggestions made this project possible. I am extremely thankful to
him/her for his support. He has encouraged me and channelized my enthusiasm
effectively.

I express my heart-felt gratitude towards my parent NUTAN KIRAN SHAH,

siblings and all those friends who have willingly and with utmost commitment
helped me during the course of my project work.

I also express my profound gratitude to Dr. V. B. Angadi, Director of Lala

Lajpatrai Institute of Management for giving me the opportunity to work on the
projects and broaden my knowledge and experience.

I would like to thank all the professors and the staff of Lala Lajpatrai Institute
especially the Library staff who were very helpful in providing books and
articles I needed for my project.

Last but not the least, I am thankful to all those who indirectly extended their
co-operation and invaluable support to me.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of
the environment and of human health .It is not only a technical environmental issue but also a
highly political one. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban
lifestyles, resource consumption pattern, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and
cultural factors.
Waste prevention and minimization has positive environmental, human health and safety and
economic impacts. Implementing a “less is better” concept provides better protection of human
health and safety by reducing exposures, generating less demand for disposal on the
environment. Less Waste also lowers disposal cost.
Arising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had an unintended
and negative impact on the urban environment – generation of wastes far beyond the handling
capacities of urban governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of
high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies and the
impact of wastes on the local and global environment.
But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions-
involving the community and the private sector, involving innovative technologies and disposal
methods, and involving behavior changes and awareness raising. These issues have amply
demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world. There is a need for a
complete rethinking of “waste”- to analyze if waste is indeed waste.
 Contents of Social Relevance Project

Chapte Description Page No.

r No.

I INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
HISTORY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

II LITERATURE REVIEW

III CASE STUDY

IV CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

“There are few things certain in life – one is death, second is change and the other is waste.”
No one can stop these things to take place in our lives. But with better management we can
prepare ourselves. Here we will talk about waste and waste management. Each of us has a
right to clean air, water and food. This right can be fulfilled by maintaining a clear and
healthy environment. Now for the first question, what is waste? Any material which is not
needed by the owner, producer or processor is waste. Generally, waste is defined as at the end
of the product life cycle and is disposed of in European Scientific Journal June 2015
/SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 106 landfills. Most
businesses define waste as “anything that does not create value” (BSR, 2010). In a common
man’s eye anything that is unwanted or not useful is garbage or waste. However scientifically
speaking there is no waste as such in the world. Almost all the components of solid waste
have some potential if it is converted or treated in a scientific manner. Hence we can define
solid waste as “Organic or inorganic waste materials produced out of household or
commercial activities, that have lost their value in the eyes of the first owner but which may
be of great value to somebody else.” (Robinson, W.D.1986). Generation of waste is inevitable
in every habitation howsoever big or small. Since the dawn of civilization humanity has
gradually deviated from nature & today there has been a drastic change in the lifestyle of
human society. Direct reflection of this change is found in the nature & quantity of garbage
that a community generates. We can dispose the waste or reuse the waste and can earn money
through proper management. Indian cities which are fast competing with global economies in
their drive for fast economic development have so far failed to effectively manage the huge
quantity of waste generated. There are about 593 districts and approximately 5,000 towns in
India. About 27.8 percent of India’s total population of more than 1 billion (as per Census
2001) lives in urban areas. The projected urban population percentage is 33.4 percent by the
year 2026. The quantum of waste generated in Indian towns and cities is increasing day by-
day on account of its increasing population and increased GDP. The annual quantity of solid
waste generated in Indian cities has increased from six million tons in 1947 to 48 million tons
in 1997 with an annual growth rate of 4.25 percent, and it is expected to increase to 300
million tons by 2,047 (CPCB, 1998). Population explosion, coupled with improved life style
of people, results in increased generation of solid wastes in urban as well as rural areas of the
country. In India like all other sectors there is a marked distinction between the solid waste
from urban & rural areas. However, due to ever increasing urbanization, fast adoption of ‘use
& throw concept’& equally fast communication between urban & rural areas the gap between
the two is diminishing. The solid waste from rural areas is more of a biodegradable nature &
the same from urban areas contains more non-biodegradable components like plastics &
packaging. The repugnant attitude towards solid waste & its management is however,
common in both the sectors. Universally ‘making garbage out of sight’ is the commonly
followed practice. In India, the urban local bodies, popularly known as the municipal
corporations/councils, are responsible for management of activities related to public health.
However, with increasing public and political awareness as well as new possibilities opened
by economic growth, solid waste European Scientific Journal June 2015 /SPECIAL/ edition
ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 107 management is starting to receive due
attention. The various initiatives taken by government, NGOs, private companies, and local
public drastically increased in the past few decades. Nonetheless, land filling is still the
dominant solid waste management option for the United States as well as many other
countries like India around the world. It is well known that waste management policies, as
they exist now, are not sustainable in the long term. Thus, waste management is undergoing
drastic change to offer more options that are more sustainable. We look at these options in the
hope of offering the waste management industry a more economically viable and socially
acceptable solution to our current waste management dilemma. This paper outlines various
advances in the area of waste management. It focuses on current practices related to waste
management initiatives taken by India. It also highlights some initiatives taken by the US
federal government, states and industry groups. The purpose of this paper is to gain
knowledge about various initiatives in both countries and locate the scope for improvement in
the management of waste.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To assess the activities involved for the proposed and determine the type, nature and
estimated volumes of waste to be generated;

 To identify any potential environmental impacts from the generation of waste at the
site;

 To recommend appropriate waste handling and disposal measures / routings in

accordance with the current legislative and administrative requirements;

 To categorise waste material where practicable (inert material / waste fractions) for
disposal considerations i.e. public filling areas / landfill

 To gain knowledge about various initiatives taken for waste management

 To recommend practices for managing waste

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT:

The only limitation or rather, an opportunity that could have taken this study to another level,
I felt was, in terms of my inability to go to places across India or overseas to see for myself the
situation there and how the local authorities are tackling it. Someday, an opportunity to this will
certainly bring a new dimension to my understanding of this project.

HISTORY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Historically, the amount of wastes generated by human population was insignificant mainly
due to the low population densities, coupled with the fact there was very little exploitation of
natural resources. Common wastes produced during the early ages were mainly ashes and
human & biodegradable wastes, and these were released back into the ground locally, with
minimal environmental impact.
Before the widespread use of metals, wood was widely used for most applications. However,
reuse of wood has been well documented nevertheless, it is once again well documented that
reuse and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans. With the advent
of industrial revolution, waste management became a critical issue. This was due to the
increase in population and the massive migration of people to industrial towns and cities from
rural areas during the18th century. There was a consequent increase in industrial and
domestic wastes posing threat to human health and environment. Waste has played a
tremendous role in history. The Plague, cholera and typhoid fever, to mention a few, were
diseases that altered the populations of many countries. They were perpetuated by filth that
harbored rats, and contaminated water supply. It was not uncommon for everybody to throw
their waste and human wastes out of the window which would decompose in the street.
LITERATURE REVIEW
WHAT IS WASTE?

Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage or junk is unwanted or undesired material. There are a number
of different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid or gas or as waste heat. When released
in the latter two states the wastes can be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked
with pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities.
The term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.
Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste stream. E.g. plastic
bottles, metals, glass or paper The biodegradable component of wastes e.g. paper & food waste)
can be composted or anaerobic digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is
not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions and by implication climate change.
There are two main definitions of waste. One view comes from the individual or the
organization preceding the material, the second is the view of government, and is set out in
different acts of waste management. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal
disposal of the waste.

SOURCES OF WASTE

Below waste is categorized according to the sector generating it. Different sectors generate
specific types of waste, and collection systems are adapted to the sectors and their specific
waste.
Information on specific waste sectors:
 Waste from the building and construction sector
 Packaging waste
 Waste from households
 Waste from industry
 Waste from institutions , trade and offices
 Waste from power plants and wastewater treatment plants.
TYPES OF WASTE

Waste can be divided into many different types. The most common methods of classification are
by their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One important classification is by
their consistency. Solid waste is waste materials that contain less than 70% water. This class
includes as household garbage, some industrial waste, some mining waste, and oilfield waste
such as drill cutting. Liquid wastes are usually waste water that contains less than 1 % solids.
Such waste may contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class of
waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3% & 25% solids, while the rest
of the material is water dissolved materials.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Industrial waste is waste type produced by industrial factories, mills and mines. It has existed
since the outset of the industrial revolution. Toxic waste and chemical waste are two
designations of industrial waste. It is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substance.
Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable or explosive; and react when
exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India generates around 7 millions tones of hazardous wastes
every year, most of which is concentrated in 4 states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and
Tamil Nadu. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,
chemical paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to
chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to
human health or the environment. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse.
Hazardous waste can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludge’s. They can be the by-
products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products like cleaning
fluid or pesticides. It exhibits at least one of four characters – ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity,
or toxicity. Hazardous waste is regulated under the Resource Conservation and the Recovery Act
(RCRA) Subtitle.
HOSPITAL WASTE

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of the human
beings or the animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of
biological. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical, waste,
discarded medicines, chemical waste etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to the human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been
roughly estimated that 4 kg of waste generated in hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and
commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change on lifestyle and food habits, the
amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In
1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimates 6 million tons of solid waste; in 1997 it
was about 48 million tones.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE

Radioactive waste arises primarily from nuclear generation; smaller quantities are derived
from military sources and a variety of uses in medical, industrial and university
establishments. There are many types of radioactive waste which can be classified either
according to their radioactive properties or according to the sources from which they
originated. Low level radioactive wastes generally consist of contaminated laboratory debris,
biological materials, building materials. High level of radioactive waste consists of spent
 fuels from nuclear power reactors, together with liquid and solid residues from reprocessing
of spent fuels.

NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
Non-hazardous are those that pose no immediate threat to human health and the environment.
Household garbage is included into this category.

WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?

The term “management” characterizes the process of and/or the personnel leading and directing
all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of
resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible)
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word “mange” comes from the Italian mangier
(to handle-especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin Manus (hand). The French
word management (later management) influenced the development in meaning of the English
word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling or
disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their
effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. Waste management can involve solid,
liquid or gaseous substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural
areas and for residential, industrial and commercial producers. Waste management for non-
hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of
the local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and
industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
Basic waste management principles of waste management are to:
 Reduce environmental and health impacts and
 To save resources.

PURPOSE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Protect people who handle waste items from accidental injury.
 Prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers who handle the waste.
 Prevent the spread of infection to the local community.
 Safely dispose of hazardous materials.
 Open piles of waste should be avoided because they are a risk to those who scavenge and
unknowingly reuses contaminate items.
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
There are number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:
 Waste hierarchy – The waste hierarchy refers to the “3 Rs” reduce, reuse and recycle which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
 Extended producer responsibility- Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a strategy
designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their
lifecycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. Extended
producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products
and packaging introduced to the market. This means that firms which manufacture, import
and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products after their useful life as well
as during manufacture.
 Polluter pays principle- The polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this
generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the
waste.

THE WASTE HIERARCHY

There are a number of concepts about waste management, which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. The waste hierarchy:
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycle

REDUCE
Waste minimization or reduction is a process of waste management at the top of the Waste
hierarchy.
Waste management has traditionally been focused on processing wastes after they are created
rather than reducing their production. This latter process usually requires specific knowledge of
the production process, unlike post creation processes such as re-use, recycling, composting or
waste –to-energy.
To reduce waste volume, it is first necessary to determine the composition of the waste and
reason for its creation. Therefore, no general procedures apply to the general case, and each case
must be processed individually.
Commercial waste is often produced because of delivery procedures set by a central supply
system, or it may be the result of the machinery used, which often requires considerable
investment for appropriate upgrades.
Most waste comes from the (manufacturing) industry, agriculture, construction and demolition
industries. Household waste only constitutes a small percentage of overall waste, and therefore
has less affect on the overall waste volume.
REUSE
Reuse is using an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used
a number of times for the same function, and new life reuse where a new use is found for the
item. It is distinct from recycling, where the used item is broken down into raw materials which
are used to make new items.
Reuse can have both financial and environmental benefits, and either of these can be the main
motivation for it. The financial motivation historically did, and in the developing world still
does, lead to very high levels of reuse, but rising wages and consequent consumer demand for
the convenience of disposable products made the reuse of low value items such as packaging
uneconomic in richer countries, leading to the demise of many reuse schemes – indeed we have
gone a long way down the road to being a disposable society. Current environmental awareness
is gradually changing attitudes and regulations, such as the new packaging regulations, are
gradually beginning to reverse the situation. The classic example of conventional reuse is the
doorstep delivery of milk in reusable bottles; other examples include the retreading of tyres and
the use of plastic delivery trays (transit packaging) in place of cardboard cartons
RECYCLING
Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products. Recycling prevents useful material
resources being wasted, reduces the consumption of raw materials and reduces energy usage,
and hence greenhouse gas emissions, compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key concept
of modern waste management and is the third components of the waste hierarchy. Recyclable
materials, also called “recyclables” or “recyclates” may originate from a wide range of sources
including the home and industry. They include glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, textiles and
plastics. Biodegradable waste, such as food waste or garden waste is also recyclable with the
assistance of microorganisms through composting or anaerobic digestion.
Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a fourth R: “Rethink” with the
implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly
effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste. Some
re-think solutions may be counterintuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with slightly more
“waste material” left the now larger scraps are than used for cutting small parts of pattern,
resulting in a decrease in net waste. This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing
industry. Source reduction involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by
modifying industrial production. It also involves changes in manufacturing technology, raw
materials input, and product formulation. At times the term “pollution prevention” may refer to
source reduction.
TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT

 The overall goal of urban solid waste management is to collect, treat and dispose of solid
wastes generated by all urban population groups in an environmentally and socially satisfactory
manner using the most economical means available.
 Local governments are usually authorized to have responsibility for providing solid waste
management services, and most local government laws give them exclusive ownership over
waste once it has been placed outside a home or establishment for collection.
 As cities grow economically, business activity and consumption patterns drive up solid waste
quantities.
 At the same time, increased traffic congestion adversely affects the productivity of the solid
waste fleet.
 Productivity loss is exacerbated by longer hauls required of the fleet, as open lands for
disposal are further and further away from urban centers.
 The challenge is to rationalize worker and vehicle performance, while expanding services to
a growing urban population.

MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to products being
packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such non biodegradable items that cause
incalculable harm to the environment. In India, some municipal areas have banned the use of
Plastics and they seem to have achieved success.
 For example, today one will not see a single piece of plastic in the entire district of Latah
where the local authorities imposed a ban on plastics in 1998.
 Other states should follow the example of this region and ban the use of items that cause
harm to the environment.
 One positive note is that in many large cities, shops have begun packing items in reusable or
biodegradable bags.
 Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact proper handling of the
biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden of solid waste that each city has to
tackle.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Radioactive waste management involves dealing safely with the wastes from processes
involving radioactivity.
 This waste comes from a number of sources, and ranges from paper towels used in hospitals
to nitric acid solution formed as a result of reprocessing nuclear fuel.
 Most radioactive waste is currently stored safely on major sites under license from the Health
and Safety Executive’s Nuclear Installations Inspectorate and is subject to strict regulatory
control.

SEGREGATION

Certain things that are not needed around the house are kept aside to be sold to the kabadiwala
or the man who buys old items. These items are newspapers, used bottles, magazines, carry
bags, old exercise books, oilcans, etc. This is one form of segregation, which is done as a routine
in all households in India. Separating our waste is essential as the amount of waste being
generated today causes immense problem. Segregation of municipal solid waste can be clearly
understood by schematic representation. Certain items are not biodegradable but can be reused
or recycled.In fact, it is believed that a larger portion can be recycled; a part of it can be
converted to compost, and only a smaller portion of real waste that has no use and has to be
discarded. Household waste should be separated daily into different bags for the
different categories of waste such as wet and dry waste, which should be disposed of separately.
One should also keep a bin for toxic wastes such as medicines, batteries, dried paint, old bulbs,
and dried shoe polish. Wet waste, which consists of leftover foodstuff, vegetable peels, etc.,
should be put in a compost pit and the compost could be used as manure in the garden. Dry
waste consisting of cans, aluminium foils, plastics, metal glass, and paper could be recycled. If
we do not dispose of the waste in a more systematic manner, more than 1400 sq. km of land,
which is size of the city of Delhi, would be required in the country by the year 2047 to dispose
of it.

Waste can be segregated as

1 Biodegradable.
2 Non-biodegradable

Biodegradable waste:
It includes organic waste, e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers leaves from the garden,
and paper.

Non-biodegradable waste:
It can be further segregated into.
a Recyclable waste – plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc.
b Toxic waste – old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, batteries, shoe polish.
c Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids Toxic and soiled
waste must be disposed of with utmost care.
PROCEDURE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
The above four key aspects of waste management – disposal, processing, recycling and
minimization – is presented here in the form of a dual axis continuum, which helps in
understanding the actions to be taken, and in building a comprehensive waste management
strategy for local governments in cities for developing countries.

Waste Minimization
Waste Processing

Waste Disposal Waste Recycling

Waste Disposal:
Historically, efforts in the management of waste have focused primarily on the
disposal part of the waste. Whilst there is now a general move towards the recovery of resources
from waste, disposal is still the most common form of managing waste. Dumping, land filling of
waste and incerination are some of the common methods of waste disposal.

Waste Minimization
Waste Processing

Waste disposal Waste Recycling

Recycling is the breaking down of materials from waste streams into raw materials, which are
then, reprocessed either in to the same material or a new product, generally including waste
separation and material reprocessing. There are various materials that are capable of being
recycled, and technology is advancing to allow the recycling of more materials.
The benefits of recycling do not lie solely in diversion of waste away from disposal but, even
more importantly, in the reduction of the amount of virgin resources that need to be harvested
and processed for the manufacture of new products.
 Waste Minimization
Waste Processing

Waste Disposal Waste Recycling

Waste processing is the range of activities characterized by the treatment and recovery of
materials or energy from waste through thermal, chemical, or biological means. It also covers
hazardous waste handling. Generally there are two main groups of processes to be considered,
1. Biological Processes, such as open composting, enclosed composting, anaerobic digestion,
and vermiculture.
2. Thermal processes, such as incerination, and gasification.
WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
Disposal methods for waste products vary widely, depending on the area and the type of waste
material. For example, in Australia the most common method of disposal of solid household
waste is in landfill sites, as it is a large country with a low density population. By contrast in
Japan it is more common for waste to be incinerated, because the country is smaller and land is
scarce. Other waste types will be disposed off in different ways in both countries.

WASTE DISPOSAL

RESOURCE
LANDFIILL INCINERAT RECOVERY RECOVERY
ION

LANDFILL
Disposing of waste in a landfill is one of the most traditional methods of waste
disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries. Historically, landfills were often
established in discussed quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly –designed and well-
managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste
materials in a way that minimizes their impact on the local environment. Older, poorly –
designed or poorly – managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts
such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of leach ate where result of rain
percolating through the waste and reacting with the products of decomposition, chemicals and
other materials in the waste to produce the leach ate which can pollute groundwater and surface
water.
Another byproduct of the landfills is landfill gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon
dioxide) which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobic ally. This gas creates odor
problems, kills surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas. Characteristics of a modern landfill
include methods to contain leach ate, such as clay or plastic lining material.

Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stabilize the new landform,
and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the amount of wind-
blown litter. Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to
extract the landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the
landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.
Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the
atmosphere, as this consumes the methane, which is far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon
dioxide.
Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new
landfills due to the opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their
local neighborhood. As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive
as material must be transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods)
This fact ,as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption ,
has given rise to efforts to minimize the amount of orts include taxing or levying waste sent to
landfill , recycling the materials , converting material to energy, designing products that use less
material , and legislation mandating that manufactures become responsible for disposal costs of
products or packaging. A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows
between industries is studied. The byproducts of one industry may be a useful commodity to
another, leading to a reduced materials waste stream.

INCINERATION
Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste material. Incineration and
other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as “thermal treatment”.
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, team and ash.
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry.
It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It recognized as a practical method of
disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration
is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous
pollutants.
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is scarcer, as these facilities
generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste –to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-
waste (EfW) is broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat,
steam and/or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been
concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular
concern has focused on some very persistent organics such as dioxins, furans; PAHs….which
may be created within the incinerator and afterwards in the incinerator plume which may have
serious environmental consequences in the area immediately around the incinerator. On the
other hand this method or the more being anaerobic digestion produces heat that can be used as
energy.

RESOURCE RECOVERY
A relatively recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste material as a resource
to be exploited, instead of simply a challenge to be managed and disposed of. There are a
number of different methods by which resources may be extracted from waste: the materials
may be extracted or recycled, or the calorific content of the waste may be converted to
electricity.
The process of extracting resources or value from waste is variously referred to as secondary
resource recovery, recycling and other terms. The practice of treating waste materials as a
resource is becoming more common, especially in metropolitan areas where space for new
landfills is becoming scarcer. There is also a growing acknowledgement that simply disposing of
waste materials is unsustainable in the long term, as there is a finite supply of most raw
materials.
There are a number of methods of recovering resources from waste materials, with new
technologies and methods being developed continuously.
In some developing nations some resource already takes place by way of manual laborers who
sift through un-segregated waste to salvage material that can be sold in the recycling market.
These unrecognized workers called waste pickers or rag pickers are part of the informal sector,
but play a significant role in reducing the load on the Municipalities solid waste management
departments. There is an increasing trend in recognizing their contribution to the environment
and there are efforts to try and integrate them into the formal waste management systems, which
is proven to be both cost effective and also appears to help in urban poverty alleviation.
However, the very high human cost of these activities including diseases, injury and reduced life
expectancy through contact with or infectious materials would not be tolerated in a developed
country.

RECOVERY (RECYCLING)
Recycling means to recover for other use a material that would otherwise be considered waste
the popular meaning of “recycling” in the most developed countries has come to refer to the
widespread collection and reuse of various everyday waste materials. They are collected and
sorted into common groups, so that the raw materials from these items can be used again
(recycled).
In developed countries the most common consumer items recycled include aluminum beverage
cans, steel, food and aerosol cans, HDPE and PET plastic bottles, glass bottles and jars,
paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and cardboard. Other types of plastic (PVC, LDPE,
PP and PS: see resin identification code) are also recyclable, although not as commonly
collected. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively
easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of obsolete computers and electronic
equipment is important, but, more costly due to the separation and extraction problems. Much
electronic waste is sent to Asia, where recovery of the gold and copper can cause environmental
problems (monitors contain lead and various “heavy metals” such as selenium and cadmium;
both are commonly found in electronic items)
Recycled or used materials have to compete in the marketplace with new (virgin) materials. The
cost of collection and sorting the materials often the case in developed countries where
industries producing the raw materials are well-established. Practices such as trash picking can
reduce this value further as choice items are removed9such as aluminum cans). In some
countries, recycling programs are subsidized by deposits paid on beverage containers (see
container deposit legislation)
However, most economic systems do not account for the benefits to the environment of
recycling these materials, compared with extracting virgin materials. It usually requires
significantly less energy, water and other resources to recycle materials than to produce new
materials. For example , recycling 1000 kg of aluminum cans saves approximately 5000 kg of
bauxite ore being mined and prevents the generation of 15.17 tones CO 2 greenhouse gases;
recycling steel saves about 95% of the energy used to refine virgin ore.

HEALTH IMPACTS OF WASTE

Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and of the main aspects of
concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth – be it land, air, and waste. With increase in the
global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in
the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown
into municipal waste collection centers from where it is collected by the area municipalities to
be further thrown into the landfills and dumps. However, either due to the resource crunch or
inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and transported to the final
dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious
impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.
Waste is not properly managed; especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from
household and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious
diseases. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn
spread disease. Normally it is the waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor. This leads to
unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. This plague outbreak in Surat
is a good example of a city suffering due to the callous attitude of the local body in maintaining
cleanliness in the city. Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid waste
that is generated should be controlled by taking certain preventive measures.
IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE ON HEALTH
The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste includes the population in areas
where there is no proper waste disposal method, especially the pre-school children, waste
workers and workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group
includes population living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply has become
contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites. Uncontrolled solid
waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.
In particular organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferments, creating
conditions favorable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid
waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and
the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more vulnerable to these
pollutants. In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the release
of chemical waste into the environment leads to the chemical poisoning. Many studies have
been carried out in various parts of the world to establish a connection between health and
hazardous waste.
Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks. Other than this, co-
disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to chemical and
radioactive hazards. Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in
the forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease. Waste dumped
near a water source also causes contamination of the water body or the ground water source.
Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas and lakes results in the accumulation of toxic
substances in the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on it
Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires special attention since this can create
major health hazards. This waste generated from the hospitals, health care centers, medical
laboratories and research centers such as discarded syringe needles, bandages, swabs, plasters
and other types of infectious waste are often disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.
Waste treatment and disposal sites can also create health hazards for the neighborhood.
Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution and improperly managed and
designed landfills attract all types of insects and rodents that spread disease. Ideally these sites
should be located at a safe distance from all human settlement. Landfill sites should be well
lined and walled to ensure that there is no leakage into nearby ground water sources.
Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not taken. Workers working with
waste containing chemical and metals may experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health care
wastes require special attention since it can create major health hazards, such as Hepatitis B and
C, through wounds caused by discarded syringes. Rag pickers and others, who are involved in
scavenging in the waste dumps for items that can be recycled, may sustain injuries and come
into direct contact with these infectious items.

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE HANDLING

INFECTIONS
Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds.
Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during
landfill operations.
Different diseases that result from the bites if animals feeding on the waste. Intestinal infections
that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste

CHRONIC DIDEASES
Incineration operators are at risk of chronic diseases, including cancers resulting from exposure
to dust and hazardous compounds.

ACCIDENTS
Bone and muscle disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers infecting wounds
resulting from contact with sharp objects.
Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical
waste mixed with general waste.
Burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites or from
methane gas explosion at landfill sites.
DISEASES
Certain chemicals if released untreated example cyanides, mercury and polychlorinated
biphenyls are highly toxic and exposure can lead to disease or death. Some studies have detected
excesses of cancer in residents exposed to hazardous waste. Many studies have been carried out
in various parts of the world to establish a connection between health and hazardous waste.
THE ROLE OF PLASTICS
The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effects on human health has become a matter
of concern. Colored plastics are harmful as their pigment contains heavy metals that are highly
toxic. Some of the harmful metals found in plastics are copper, lead, chromium, cobalt,
selenium, and cadmium. In most industrialized countries, color plastics have been legally
banned. In India, the government of Himachal Pradesh has banned the use of plastics and so has
Latah district. Other states should emulate their example.

PREVENTION MEASURES
Proper methods of waste disposal have to be undertaken to ensure that it does not affect the
environment around the area or cause health hazards to the people living there.
At the household level proper segregation of waste has to be done and it should be ensured that
all organic matter is kept aside for composting which is undoubtedly the best method for the
correct disposal of this segment of the waste. In fact the organic part of the waste that is
generated decomposes more easily, attracts insects and causes disease. Organic waste can be
composted and then used as a fertilizer.

WASTE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

In general waste prevention can be achieved either:
 By reducing the demand to be met (immaterialisation )
 By using less harmful material for meeting the demand ( dematerialization)

Usually a waste prevention techniques is related to a certain process, to a certain product,

service or product service system or to a certain consumption behavior.
Process related waste prevention comprises those techniques which reduce waste arising during
production by – establishing internal cycles for auxiliary materials and production wastes
substituting hazardous materials introducing more efficient technologies.

Product related waste prevention comprises techniques which

 Allow a repeated use of products or parts of the product
 Extend product life and or make products easier to repair or
 Change the design of a product in a way that it contains less material or less harmful
material.
 Service oriented waste prevention either replaces products by services for meeting the
demand, or complements products with a service system in order to maintain the
products in an efficient way.
 Consumption related waste prevention comprise those techniques which effect the life
style or the consumption behavior
WASTE MANGEMENT IN INDIA
There is no Indian policy document, which remains examines waste as part of a cycle of
production – consumption – recovery or perceives the issue of waste through a prism of
overall sustainability. In fact, interventions have been fragmented and are often contradictory.
The new Municipal Rules 2000, which came into effect from January 2004, fails even to
mange waste in a cyclic process. Waste management still is a linear system of collection and
disposal, creating health and environmental hazards.

Urban India is likely to face a massive waste disposal problem in the coming years. Till now,
the problem of waste has been as one of cleaning and disposing as rubbish. But a closer look
at the current and future scenario reveals that waste needs to be treated holistically,
recognizing its natural resource roots as well as health impacts. Waste can be wealth, which
has tremendous potential not only for generating livelihoods for the urban poor but can also
enrich the earth through composting and recycling rather than spreading pollution as has been
the case. Increasing urban migration and a high density of population will make waste
management a difficult issue to handle in the near future, if a new paradigm for approaching
it is not created.
 Developing countries, such as India, are undergoing a massive migration of their
population from rural to urban centers. New consumption patterns and social linkages are
emerging. India will have more than 40% that is 400 million people clustered in cities over
the next thirty years (UN 1995). Modern urban living brings on the problems of waste, which
increases in quantity, and changes in composition with each passing day. There is, however,
an adequate understanding of the problem, both of infrastructure requirements as well as its
social dimensions. Urban planners municipal agencies, environmental regulators, labor
groups, citizens group and non-governmental organizations need to develop a variety of
response which are rooted in local dynamics rather than borrow non-contextual solutions
from elsewhere.
There have been a variety of policy responses to the problem of urban solid waste in India,
especially over the past few years, yet sustainable either of organic or inorganic waste remains
an untapped and unattended area. All policy documents as well as legislation dealing with urban
solid waste mention or acknowledge recycling as one of the ways of diverting waste, but they
do so in a piece meal manner and do not address the framework needed to enable this to happen.
Critical issues such as industry responsibility, a critical paradigm to enable sustainable recycling
and to catalyze waste reduction through, say better packing, has not been touched upon.
This new paradigm should include a cradle-to-grave approach with responsibility being shared
by many stakeholders, including product manufacturers, consumers and communities, the
recycling industry, trade, municipalities and the urban poor.
HOW TO CONTRIBUTE EVERYDAY

All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate. Give these points a
good, serious thought;
Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run on electricity
generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal power plants run on fossil fuels
(mostly coal) and are responsible for the emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases and
other pollutants.
Cars, buses and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people are transported in most
of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel both fossil fuels. We generate large
quantities of waste in the form of plastics that remain in the environment for many years and
cause damage.
We use huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices. Have we ever thought
about the number of trees that we use in a day??
Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which means that large areas of
forest have to be cut down.
A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because the land area available
for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually shrinking as a result of ecological degradation),
high-yielding varieties of crop are being grown to increase the agriculture output from a given
area of land. However, such high – yielding varieties of crops require large quantities of
fertilizers; and more fertilizer means more emissions of nitrous oxide.

EFFORTS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

The World Bank Group currently has about 120 active projects with solid waste management
components. There are about 85 projects under supervision with $3.5 billion in loan/grant
commitments, of which about 85% is designated for ‘urban environment’ activities. Solid waste
management is the main component in more than half of these projects. At least 20 projects with
large solid waste components are now under preparation within the $4.5 billion (minimum)
urban environment pipeline. An estimated 20 additional projects are in the pipeline.
A large number of NGOs are working in the field of solid waste management such as clean
Ahmadabad Abhiyan in Ahmadabad, waste wise in Bangalore, Mumbai environmental action
group in Mumbai, and Vatavaran and Srishti in Delhi. They are all successfully creating
awareness among the citizens about their rights and responsibilities towards solid waste and the
cleanliness of their city. These organizations promote environmental education and awareness in
schools and involve communities in the management of solid waste.

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important
from global perspective of resource management. The Tallories declaration is a declaration for
sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution
and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local , regional and global air pollution;
accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, soil and
water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of “green house” gases threaten the survival of
humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the
security of nations and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented
the Tallories Declaration by establishing environmental management and waste management
programs, example the waste management university project. University and vocational
education are promoted by various organizations, example WAMITAB and Chartered Institution
of Wastes Management. Many supermarkets encourage customers to use their reverse vending
machine to deposit used containers and receive a refund from the recycling fees. Brands that
manufacture such machines include Tomra and Envipco.
CASE STUDY
WASTE MANAGEMENT OF THE GRAND CENTRAL, PAREL
(INDIAN TOBACCO CORPORATION)

INTRODUCTION OF INDIAN TOBACCO CORPORATION

ITC was incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India
Limited. As the Company's ownership progressively Indianised, the name of the Company was
changed from Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited to India Tobacco Company Limited
in 1970 and then to I.T.C. Limited in 1974. In recognition of the Company's multi-business
portfolio encompassing a wide range of businesses - Cigarettes & Tobacco, Hotels, Information
Technology, Packaging, Paperboards & Specialty Papers, Agri-business, Foods, Lifestyle
Retailing, Education & Stationery and Personal Care - the full stops in the Company's name
were removed effective September 18, 2001. The Company now stands rechristened 'ITC
Limited'.

Though the first six decades of the Company's existence were primarily devoted to the growth
and consolidation of the Cigarettes and Leaf Tobacco businesses, the Seventies witnessed the
beginnings of a corporate transformation that would usher in momentous changes in the life of
the Company.

ITC's Packaging & Printing Business was set up in 1925 as a strategic backward integration for
ITC's Cigarettes business. It is today India's most sophisticated packaging house.

In 1975 the Company launched its Hotels business with the acquisition of a hotel in Chennai
which was rechristened 'ITC-Welcome group Hotel Chola'. The objective of ITC's entry into the
hotels business was rooted in the concept of creating value for the nation. ITC chose the hotels
business for its potential to earn high levels of foreign exchange, create tourism infrastructure
and generate large scale direct and indirect employment. Since then ITC's Hotels business has
grown to occupy a position of leadership, with over 100 owned and managed properties spread
across India.
 PROCEDURE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

ITC prides itself on being Solid Waste recycling positive - recycling more waste than its
businesses generates. All ITC units/businesses, apart from minimizing waste generation, are
mandated to recycle 100% of waste generated by their operations. Waste recycling provides
solutions for saving natural resources and energy. It also reduces costs and environmental
pollution. Recycling prevents wastes from reaching landfills and creates significant employment
opportunities.
Waste paper is a key input in the manufacture of recycled paperboards. ITC PSPD has
commenced a strategic initiative for wastepaper recycling called "WOW" (Wealth Out of
Waste). This intervention has established an efficient collection and recycling chain - targeting
larger sources of aggregation such as schools, offices and residential colonies. Apart from
contributing to a cleaner environment, WOW is an important source of cost competitiveness for
the industry. The waste that is generated in the hotel is been classified in to three
types:
 Food waste.
 Water waste.
 Oil waste.

TYPES OF
WASTE

FOOD WATER OIL

WASTE WASTE WASTE
FOOD WASTE:
The waste that is collected from the kitchens contributes the food waste. It
consists of salads, vegetable cuttings, food that is ordered and wasted from the customers. All
the waste that is collected from the kitchen is segregated in to degradable and non-degradable
waste.

FOOD WASTE
SEGREGATION

DEGRADABLE NON-
WASTE DEGRADABLE
DEGRADABLE WASTE: WASTE
The degradable waste is collected in green bins. As the waste that is collected is
degradable that is it gets decomposed so it is collected in green colored bins. To manage this
degradable waste they have two types of machines i.e.
 Organic waste controller.
 Two stage shredder.

ORGANIC WASTE CONTROLLER:

The organic waste controller is a machine which converts the degradable waste in to an
organic powder that can be used as a manure.

Non – degradable waste:

The non- degradable waste collected in yellow bins. As the waste that is collected is non-
degradable it is collected in yellow bins. This waste consists of the aluminium foils, plastic
materials, bottles etc.

WATER WASTE:
 Waste water comprises of the water from the kitchens, toilets, swimming pools etc.
 It is collected at the effluent treatment plant (ETP). This one of the waste water
management plant.
 Through ETP process two layers of water are formed.
 The lower water level is of bacteria. The upper level is the purified water.
 This purified water is used for flushing purposes, irrigation purposes etc.
 This water is also used in the cooling tower. This is a part of the air conditioning system.
 They use the entire water for the hotel purpose. They do not give it to the BMC.

OIL WASTE:
Oil waste is generated from the drainage water. This water contains a surface of oil at
the top of it. This oil is collected and then sold it to the vendors for further treatment. The
vendors convert this oil in to a bio diesel fuel. The vendors then sell it to many hospitals etc.
the hospitals that follow waste management buy this bio diesel fuel. They use this to treat
their hospital waste as it cannot be disposed haphazardly. They use this bio diesel fuel in
incerinators to treat the bio medical waste.

CONCLUSION
 Vasundhara or earth is the only planet in our solar system which can support life so it is
very important to save it from various waste hazards.
Thus, waste management is of great concern to mankind as it affects the entire planet and all
its living creatures. Increasing amounts of wastes generated everyday is becoming a major
problem particularly in urban cities around the globe.
With the rapid growth of population, there has been a substantial increase in the generation of
solid waste resulting into the contamination of air, water and land resources. Human activities
create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of that
pose risks to the environment and to public health.

Thus, it is rightly said that God Gives Enough to Satisfy Every Man’s Need but not
Every Man’s Greed. End Waste Before It Ends Your Life.