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Digital Modulation: Kate Ching-Ju Lin Academia Sinica
Digital Modulation: Kate Ching-Ju Lin Academia Sinica
Digital Modulation: Kate Ching-Ju Lin Academia Sinica
TX
bit
stream
1
0
1
1
0
x(t)
modula7on
signal
s(t)
wireless
channel
Demodulation
§ Map signals to bits
TX RX
bit
stream
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
x(t)
modula7on demodula7on
signal
s(t)
wireless
channel
Considerations
§ Data rate
– Bits per second
§ Bandwidth requirement
– MHz
§ Power efficiency
– ∑t|s(t)|2
§ Bit error rate
– Related to SNR (Eb/N0)
§ Hardware cost
Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§ Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
– s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§ Sinusoid with phase shift
– s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§ Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
– s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§ Sinusoid with phase shift
– s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§ Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
– s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§ Sinusoid with phase shift
– s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§ Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
– s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§ Sinusoid with phase shift
– s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§ Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
– s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§ Sinusoid with phase shift
– s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*cos(2πfct+π/2)
I I I I
Delay
in
)me
domain
=
Phase
shi1
in
frequency
domain
=
Rota)on
in
I-‐Q
plane
Types of Modulation
§ s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙))
§ Amplitude
– ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§ Frequency
– FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§ Phase
– M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§ Amplitude + Phase
– M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (PSK)
§ Represent samples using different amplitudes
– ‘1’àA=1, ‘0’àA=0
TX RX
bit
stream
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
s(t)
modula7on demodula7on
signal
s(t)
PSK
§ Pros
– Easy to implement
– Energy efficient
– Low bandwidth requirement
§ Cons
– Low data rate
• bit-rate = baud rate
1
baud
1
second
§ Amplitude
– ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§ Frequency
– FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§ Phase
– M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§ Amplitude + Phase
– M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
§ Represent samples using different frequencies
– ‘1’àf=f1, ‘0’àf=f2
TX RX
bit
stream
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
s(t)
modula7on demodula7on
signal
s(t)
FSK
§ Pros
– Easy to implement
– Better noise immunity than ASK
§ Cons
– Low data rate
• Bit-rate = baud rate
– Require higher bandwidth
• BW(min) = Nb + Nb
Types of Modulation
§ s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙)
§ Amplitude
– ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§ Frequency
– FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§ Phase
– M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§ Amplitude + Phase
– M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
BPSK
§ Represent samples using different phases
– ‘1’à𝜙=0, ‘0’à𝜙=π
TX RX
bit
stream
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
s(t)
modula7on demodula7on
signal
s(t)
Constellation Points for BPSK
§ ‘1’à𝜙=0 § ‘0’à𝜙=π
§ cos(2πfct+0) § cos(2πfct+π)
= cos(0)cos(2πfct)-sin(0)sin(2πfct) = cos(π)cos(2πfct)-sin(π)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct) = sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
𝜙=0 Q 𝜙=π Q
I I
‘0’
Q
‘1’
s’=a+bi
n0
n1
I
s=1+0i
n1=|s’-‐(1+0i)|,
n0=|s’-‐(-‐1+0i)|
Since
n1
<
n0,
map
s’
to
(1+0i)
=
‘1’
Demodulate BPSK
§ Decoding error
‘0’
Q
‘1’
s’=a+bi
I
s=1+0i
s’
=
a+bi
n
I
2 2 2
s' s' a + bi
SNR = 2
= 2
= 2
n s'− s (a + bi) − (1+ 0i)
SNRdB = 10 log10 (SNR)
" E %
b
Bit error rate: Pb = Q $$ ''
# N0 &
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
§ Use 2 degrees of freedom in I-Q plane
§ Represent two bits as a constellation point
– Rotate the constellations by π/2
– Double the bit-rate
– No free lunch: Higher error probability (Why?)
Q
‘01’ ‘00’
I
‘11’
‘10’
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
§ Maximum power is bounded
– Amplitude of each point should still be 1
Q
Bits
Symbols
‘00’
1/√2+1/√2i
1
‘01’
2 ‘00’
=
1/√2(1+1i)
’01’
-‐1/√2+1/√2i
1
I
‘10’
1/√2-‐1/√2i
− 1
2
2
‘11’
-‐1/√2-‐1/√2i
‘11’
−
1
2
‘10’
Higher BER in QPSK
§ For a particular error n, the symbol could be
decoded correctly in BPSK, but not in QPSK
– Why? Each sample only gets half power.
Q
Q
‘0’
‘1’
‘x1’
‘x0’
n
I
I
1
n
1/√2
✔ in
BPSK
✗ In
QPSK
! 2E $( 1 2Eb +
b
Bit error rate: Pb = 2Q ## &&*1− Q -
" N 0 %) 2 N 0 ,
Types of Modulation
§ s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙)
§ Amplitude
– ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§ Frequency
– FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§ Phase
– M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§ Amplitude + Phase
– M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
§ Change both amplitude and phase
§ s(t)=Acos(2πfct+𝜙))
Q
‘0000’
‘0100’
‘1100’
‘1000’
Bits
Symbols
‘1000’
s1=3a+3ai
‘0001’
‘0101’
‘1101’
‘1001’
’1001’
s2=3a+ai
a
3a
I
‘1100’
s3=a+3ai
‘0011’
‘0111’
‘1111’
‘1011’
‘1101’
s4=a+ai
‘0010’
‘0110’
‘1110’
‘1010’
expected power: E !" si #$ = 1
2
16-QAM
~3dB
54
48
36
24
18
12
6
24
18
12
6