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    Units Ane Measurements

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    Units & Measurements UNITS AND DIMENSIONS Physical Quantity Hed is called a physical quantity. Me Aquantity which ean be mea tity. 10 compare two similar physical quantit a physical qu used in mechanies are tenth, mass. time A physical quantity is represented completely by its magnitude an isten times the unit of length [ ke. Here 10 represents the numeric the unit of quantity under consideration, Thus in expressing: a phy si hhow many times that unit is contained in the given physical quantit Physical quantity (Q) = Magnivude » While expressing a definite amount of physical quantity, itis clear that if th also change but product ‘me’ will remain same. constant or ny, = nyu) =eonstant IL pov be: magnitude of a physical quantity and units are inversely proportional to each other. Larger the smaller will be the magnitude. 1 tL = The numerical value will change 10 — ‘The numerical value will change to 5, If we use the unit 100 J for energy, n, = 204 u 100 of initial value. Types of Physical Quantity : 1. Ratio (has numerical value only) : When a physical quantity is a ratio of two similar quantities, it has no unit, e.g. Relative density = Density of object/Density of water at 4°C Refractive index = Velocity of light in air/Velocity of ight in medium. ange in dimension/Original dimension Strain = ‘Note Angle is exceptional physical quantity, which though is a ratio of two similar physical quantities (angle = are / radius) but still requires a unit (degrees or radians) to specify it along with its numerical value, 2. Scalars (have magnitude only) : These quantities do not have any direction e.g. Length, time, work, energy etc Magnitude of a scalar physical quantity can be negative. In that case negative sign indicates that the numerical value of the quantity under consideration is negative. It does not specity the direction Jar quantities can be added or subtracted with the help of ordinary laws of addition or subtraction, Se Note Note ) : Vector physical quantities ean be added or irection ; | acco 3, Vectors (have magnitude and direc vesean : to vector laws of addition, These laws are different from laws of ordinary addito e.g. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force ete a asa vector. Fi 7 “There are certain physical quantities which behave neither as a scalar nor — a ofa r ¢ is not cha also not a scalar is nota vector as by changing the sense of rotation its value is not changed: 1's a id values in different directions (i.e. about different axes). Some such physical quantities are called Fundamental and Derived Quantities : large number of physical quantities which exist in nature, we choose, 1. Fundamental Quantities : Out of a | ies. These are chosen in a way such that all other quanti few quantities and define them as fundamental quant can be expressed in terms of these fundamental quanti 2. Derived Quantities : These physical quantities can be derived by suitable multiplication or division of different powers of fundamental quantities. These are therefore called derived quantities. e.g. If length is defined as a fundamental quantity, then area and volume are derived from length and are expressed in term of length with power 2 and 3 respectively. In mechanics, Length, Mass and Time are arbitrarily chosen as fundamental quantities. However this set of fundamental quantities is not a unique choice. In fact any three quantities in mechanics can be termed as fundamental as all other quantities in mechanics can be expressed in terms of these. e.g. if speed and time are taken as fundamental quantities, length will become a derived quantity because then length will be expressed as Speed x Time. Similarly, if force and acceleration are taken as fundamental quantities, then mass will be defined as Force/Acceleration and will be termed as a derived quantity. Fundamental and Derived Units : Normally each physical quantity requires a unit. So it appears that these must be as many units ay there af physical quantities, However it is not so. In mechanies we find that we ean express the uni or Hl other physica ay ae OE mass, length and time in mechanics Tanda Pressed in terms of Fundamental units fundamental unit as it is 8 of time, m, quantities in terms of the units of mass, length and time. § called @ nie oF base unit. Other units whic are called derived units. For example light year or km is a 5m or kgim are derived units as these are derived from u @ unit of length while iss and length, System of Units : A complete set of units, both fundamental and derived tor al k all Kinds of ph Physi. Al quantities is called system of units. The common systems are given below 1. CGS System : The system is also called Gaussian system of units. ty length 'ss.and time have been choset as the fundamental quantities and corresponding fundamental units (em), ge respectively rim (g) and second (3) 2. MKS System : The system is abso culled Giorgi system La this system aly, 5 et Mth, ass and time have been fundamental quantities, and the corresponding Fundamental unity ay ‘tte, kilogram and second. 3. FPS System : In this system foot, pound and second are used respectively mays and time. 4, S.1. System physics. There are seven fundamental quantities in this system. These quanti is Known as International system of units, and is infact extended » in the following table Quantity Name of Unit Symbol Length Metre m Mass Kilogram, ke Time ‘ond s Electric Current Ampei A Temperature Kelvin K Amount of Substance Mole mol Luminous Intensity Candela cd Besides the above seven fundamental units, two supplementary units are also defined, Radian (rad) for plane angle and Steradian (sr) for solid angle. ‘Note : 1 Apart trom fundamental and derived units we also use very frequently practical units. These may be fundamental or derived units e.g., light year is a practical unit (fundamental) of distance while horse power is a practical unit (derived) of power. J Practical units may or may not belong to a system but can be expressed in any system of units 1.6% 10° m. Standards of Length, Mass and Time : 1. Length : Standard metre was defined in 1960 in terms of wavelength of light and was called atomic standard of length. The metre is the distance containing 1650763.73 wavelength in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to orange red light emitted by an atom of krypton-86. Nowadays metre is defined as length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299,7792, 458 part of a second 2. Mass : The mass of a cylinder made of platinum-iridium alloy kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures is defined as | kg * (an isotope of carbon), On atomic scale, | kilogram is equivatent to the mays of 5.0188 x 10° atoms of ,C fal of 9192631770 vibrations of radiation in Cs-133 atom, 133. 3. Time + 1 second is defined as the time ‘This radiation corresponds to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of C’ Dimensions of a Physical Quantity ivis written 4 product of different powers When a derived quantity is expressed in te of the fundamental quantities. ‘The powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised in order to express the re called its di given physi To make it more clear, consider the physical quantity Force x Length /Time Mass Velocity _ Mass Time Time = Mass x Length x (Time) Force = mass x acceleration “iy 2 in time. Thus, the dimensions of force are | in mass, J in length and This is written as [Force] = |MLT”. Square brackets are used to indicate that the equation is among the dimensions and not among the magnituje Such an expression for a physical quantity in terms of the fundamental quantities is called the dimensional The expression on the R.H.S. of the equation is termed as the dimensional formula. Thus, dimensional formula for force is, [MET Application of Dimensional Analysis : To find the unit of a physical quantity in a given system of units : We write the dimensional formula for the quantity, ¢.g.,Work = Force x Displacement So. the dimensional formula for work is [WI=|MLT?] x {L] = (MI py So units of work in C.GS. system will be g cm’/s? which is called erg while in M.K.S. systers te units willbe kg m*/s* which is called joule. Any two terms separated by a + or ~ sign always have same dimensions. This is called the eee of a are (Dyne is the CGS unit of force) Consider the equation ( P+) (Vb) = constan : *] ) = constant. Here, P is pressure and Vis volume. The unit (A) Dyne xem? (B)— Dynexem* eee SOLUTION : (0) According to the principle of dimensional homogenity (p)—| | Lv? 2 lal = (PIV) IME ILE) IME? oF unit ot a= em i oy ee Dynex cm! here x is the distance trave Wo x-artb seconds, then the units of bare While tis the time it (Ay hints (By kes (©) kms (ks SOLUTION : (C) principle of dimensional homugenity b= WL > day-| | From the principle of di 0 : te kms The unit of surface tension in SI system is (A) Dyne/e (B) — Newton/m SOLUTION : (B) From the formula of surface tension, T = £ By substituting the S.1. units of force and length, we will get the unit of su EW rie 81 sis of sniversat gas constant (R) in equation PV = nRT is (A) Wart K~'mol™' (B) Newton K~'mot™! (©) Joule K7'mot™ (D) Erg K7'mor! SOLUTION : (C) Ideal gas equation PY = nkT (Puy) _ we're) er [aT] [mole] [K] [mole]x[K] IR] So the units will be Joule Knol! As dimensions of a phy: 2. To find dimensions of physical constant or coefficients al quantity are unique, we write any formula or equation incorporating the given constant and then by substituting the dimensional formulae of all other quantities, we can find the dimensions of the required constant or coeftici ©) Gravitational Constant : According to Newton’s law of gravitation Fr myn Substituting the dimensions of all physical quantities [G] = aie 0) Planck's Constant : According to Planck E=hy or LE is energy, v is frequency] (MI w) Substituting the dimensions of all physical quantities [/ y _ prt prt (1) Coefficient of Viscosity : According to Poiseuille’s formula LY = 227 gy y= 7" dr ql SidV dt) (MET UL) =(Mi'T-! (ee 7] : ' Substituting the dimensions of all physical quantities [77] CE rie nis of absolute perminivity is (C) Farad/meter? (D) Fay (A) Farad - meter (B) Farad/meter SOLUTION : (8) 7 From th la C= Ane )R ==> rom the formula C= 46 é D- aaR By substituting the unit of capacitance and radius : Unit of & = Faradimeter. CE vis of Stegan's constant is: (A) dst (B) ie (Cc) (D) ds SOLUTION : (B) Stefan’s formula 2 = grt = CF At art im? xsecx K* (B) Me? () merrtat (Dp) MLPrsat . OX) ira] y= XD ETAT typ . (27) urate =(ML?T*a4y, 5 imensions of ——, where symbols have their usual me Hoe leaning, are : (A ery (By (ery c) 2 ry (D) 2 (L7r~ SOLUTION : (0) We know that velocity of light C fa 2 So str P = (2 | Moto If L. Cand R denote the inductance, capacitance and resi formula for CLR is "espectively, the dimensional (ay meray BPP, (CY MEPL (Dy Lee p2,0, SOLUTION : (8) in -[e*e t] =[uer(4)] y of LCeirevitsin given by f= Leth 2a Vic and we know that frequ 1 By substituting the above dimensions in the given formula, [uc | *) ferrr er) DI jones ven by P= ar + BP where tis tne, What are the dimensions of amd b 2 (A) METS and MPT (B) MELT and MLT+ (©) MET“ and MLT® (D) MLT+ and MET! SOLUTION : (8) Fromthe ile ican megs Fat) a] = [=] Mir ley | 7 The poston of a particle a ime i given by the relation 0) constant and a> 0. The dimensions of vq and a are respectively ‘Similarly [F] = [bt?] -. (6 MLT~] =e), where vy is a op! C) MeL a oop (A) MOLT! and THB) MLIT® and THC) MOLT! and LT? (DY MPLIT and T SOLUTION : (A) =) From the principle of dimensional homogeneity [0t] = dimensionless ,, [0 | vol : Similarly Lx} = 22, [yy )=talled= IT (al EI yi dimensions of physical quantity X inthe equation Force ur} —*__ is given by Density (A) MILT? (BoM ow 2D) MIL SOLUTION : (C) [X]= [Force] x [Density] = [ML *]xIML 11 = [MoE itustration -13 Le z a crossing a unit area perpendicular 1 Number of particles is given by R=—P Ty, 2 unit volume at x, and x, respectively. Find dimenyigy ticles pel . unit time, where n, and n, are number of par (called diffusion constant). os a (D) ML! Al MelTe (By) MT (Cc) -M°LT eT SOLUTION : (D) Number of particles ]_ (M°L?7°} ' [n] = [Number of particle passing from unit area in unit ume een arm ) [ny J=[nty] = [Number of particles in unit volume] = tpt [x -: CT ML Now from he given formula (D}=H@Haa=al = ETI} [ay -m) (e") then the dimension of are : me (A) Angle (B) Length (Cc) Mass (D) Tim SOLUTION : (A) (E)= (MT? [m]=(M1, oma Substituting dimensions of above quantities, [ ee | tr 04070 . iw (8 (MT | ie., the quamtity should be an angle. the linear velocity. The dimension of k is (A) LT ‘oT co (DR) F SOLUTION : (8) ‘According to principle of dimensional homogeneity ‘A and B are dimensional constants. Find the dimensional formula for ap, From the dimensional homogene’ (B) (BIST spas eal (alte) Aswellas Te 1B] = 21 ’. [A]=IML i | Now [AB]=|ML'T ?}x{L2] =[MLT? Ey 1 The dimensions of 5 egB (Eo permittivity of free space :E = electric field) are (er (8) Mier? (C0 Mir? © wert SOLUTION : (c) 1 Seoe the energy density at a point in an electric field [1.2] =| Energy |_| me’ Te =(uc'r) ae Volume. a Laie You may not know integration at this stage. But using dimensional analysis you can check some results, In the integral [ (+) the value of n is : ‘ayo (D) SOLUTION : (C) Letx=length By principle of dimensional homogeneity [:| dimensionless <. [a]=[x]=[L] By substituting dimension of each quantity in both sides: —{41 =I) .n=0 ie A physical quantity P= where B= magnetic induction, |= length and m = 1 sion of Pis (A) MLT? (B) Mr (C0 MLL (Db) Mit SOLUTION : (8) i; 1p)=-— [MLT~ F=BIL «Dimension of [B] = —— (OL) EL] ee MT er Pe xt Now dimension of [P= ——— eee) 2nct) (mx) The equation of a stationary wave is y = 2asin oo eos| | Mark true or false. (B) The dimensions of x are (L] (A) The dimensions of ct are (L1 The unit of clA is same as that of x/R (C) The unit of ¢ is same as that of xit (D) eee 8) 2net 2nx. tere, “ aswettas 7 are dimensiones angle ce. {28 =f 2%]. ae, a ATLA J => ler]=[Al=[L] and b1=AJ=(L) => (A) and (B) are true = eure te = Gear [x] ¢)_ur Lil fer Pimenstontss ana [gt a To convert » physical quantity from one system tothe other: The measute of a physical quay & ru consent physi any Xa meson mo ALT ad dened ek quantity in two systems are [Mj'A7¢ 1 and (MSU%7$ | respectively ae : two systems respectively, then mlu]= alg] ' be the numerical values in the 5 MIMPAT l= mIMBBTS) => non[e] A [2] 2) LQ) [7%] where ML, and Tare fundamental units of mass, length ad time i the Figg known are fundamental units of mass, length and time inthe second (Unknown) gyre nt) S2St6m and ML and T alue in one system, the numeri fundamental units in two systems and numerical v 2 tite knowing the values of ‘al Value in other system muy BC evaluated, Exomple 1. Conversion of Newton into Dyne J hay dimensional formula [ML 7%) ‘The Newton is the $.1. unit of force a kyon ve SoIN : [an ‘fa i i By aning ny =| MY |B m 1 tel eelieelter-» LN = 109 Dyne Conversion of gravitational constant (G) from C.GS. to M.K.S. system. The value of G in C.GS. system j 6.67 x 10 §C.GS. units while its dimensional formula is [MET] So G=6.67x 10 Sem'ig 2 ae omy [see (FLE] oy eign Se] [tf [EY eat Po =6.67x10°8| 8" [ = (I = 667x109"! 10° gm} [107m] Lsec G= 6.67 x10! M.K.S. units CE pivsicai quantity is measured and its value is found to be nu where = numerical value and u = unit. Then which of the following relations is true ? (A) need’ (B) new (CQ) ne Ju (D) net SOLUTION : (D) 1 We know P=nu= constant, muy =Mylly or nes —, u In C.GS. system the magnitude of the force is 100 dynes. In another system where the fundamenta physical quantities are kilogram, metre and minute, the magnitude of the force is (A) 0.036 (B) 0.36 (Cc) 3.6 (D) 36 SOLUTION : (C) ny =100, My = em, Ly =em, Ty =sec and My =kg , Ly = meter, Ty = minute .x=1.y= 1. (artetay By substituting these values in the following conversion formula ny = l 1 2 ny = 100] 8) | em _) | _Se . kg | | meter | | minute. A fl 2 snp ~100| 2” cm _}[_se_]? 46 108 gm | | 10? em | | 60sec 0 be XK. When it is measured bya fay —~ The temperature of a body on Kelvin le is found to Fabre thermometer. it is found to be X F. Then X is (D) 40 (A) 301.25 (B) 574.25 (c) 313 SOLUTION :(C) K-273 Relation between centigrade and Fahrenheit “<= 73 _ X-32 According to problem =313 Which relation is wrong (A) 1 Calorie = 4.18 Joules (By 1A =10-m (C) 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10° Joules (D) 1 Newton =10~ Dynes SOLUTION : (0) Because 1 Newton = 105 Dyne, ET ie serine ite Youngs modulus ofa nir,the formu i ¥ of cross-section of the wire, AL= Change in length of the wire when stretched with a force F. The conversion factor to change it from CGS to MKS system is : (a) (By) 10 (01 (D) 0.01 : where L= length, area als SOLUTION : (c) ‘We know that the dimension of young's modulus is (MI!T~2] C.GS. unit: gm cm™! sec? and M.K.S, unit: kg. m=! set —— [its] [esd [SP -5-0 CEE Conversion of | MW power on anew system hav Idm and | minute respectively is Oe Of aes Tennis as 10ke, (A) 2.16x10! unit (B) 1.2610" unit (©) 2.16.10! unit (D) 2x10 unit SOLUTION : (A) bese Using the relation 1s =n] 7 IAS IMW Isec : 216x101? unit (Ose 2 ey a {mo systems, relations among velocity, acceleration and force are respectively vy ee 1 0 and Bare constants then relations among mass, length and time in two systems are ay =aBa, and B= Deane (B) a M;=5M).L; way Mrs eM Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii) we get : Ty (EEE Suppose we employ a system in which the unit of mass equals 100 kg, the unit of length equals 1 km and the unit of time 100 s and call the unit of energy eluoj (joule written in reverse order), then (B)— Leluoj = 10 joule (A) 1 etuoj = 10" joule : (C) 1 eluoj = 10 joule (D) I joule = 10° eluoj SOLUTION : (A) IEJ=[MUT?) 10* Joule Leluoj =[100kg]<[1km ? x[100sec} 7 = 100kg x10%m? x10 * sec ee Treer ere era raster oe = quivalent 10 " x. then number 18 0 If gmems ! = 0 Ns — 5 6x10 tay to"! (B) axt0 (cy SOLUTION : (0) ‘ Vato SNy \ finear! nee emeems |= 10 gx TO ms |= 10 TK I he present units of length, Fime and mass (ms. k8) are changed 10 100m. 100 s, ang in then, mark true or false : (A) The new unit of velocity is increased 10 times (B) The new unit of force is decreased + times (C) The new unit of energy is increased 10 times (D) The new unit of pressure is increased 1000 times SOLUTION 100m om Unit of velocity (same) (A) is false mm/sec : unit in new system = 100sec see 100m 1 100secx100see 1000 kexm Unit of force (B) is true unitin new system = FkEX Unit of energy = “2% unit in new system ee sec? 10° 100secx100sec — 10 Unit of pressure = 2 mxsee Unit in new system = kgx mx | w7 Di 100" 100seex100see ead Te check the dimensional correctness of a given physical 1. elation : This is : i homogeneity’ According to this principle the dimensions of each ‘This is based on the ‘principe of term on both sides of IX = A+ (BC)? + JDEF . then according to prin, ple of homogeneity [x Rule : I the sions of each term on both sides are same, the equ; A dimensionally correct equation may or may not be phys Example 1 Pe mss Checking dimensions of the physical quantities in the above re [F} ‘an equation must be the ee a) vol correct dimensionally. So it can never be correct physically 2 s= ut 2)at* Checking dimensions of the physical quantities in the above relation IS}=EL ton <1 YET} = Lh toe yar [tere =e) As dimensions of each term on both sides are same, this equation is dimensionally correct. However, it is physically incorrect as we know from equations of motion that s = ut-+(1/ 2)at® | itustration - 31 Check if the following equation is correct dimensionally. Tome GM SOLUTION : (A) LHS. =R.HLS. ie., the above formula is Correct. (CEE A highly rigid cubical block A of small mass M and side L is fixed rigidly onto another cubical block B of the same dimensions and of low modulus of rigidity 1 such that the lower face of A completely covers the upper face of B. The lower face of B is rigidly held on a horizontal surface. A small force F is applied perpendicular 10 one of the side faces of A. After the force is withdrawn block A executes small oscillations. Show that the time [M_ period is proportional to J. aL SOLUTION : (D) Given m = mass = |M], 1) = coefficient of rigidity = [ML'T*], L & | Checking the dimensions of the given formula Hence proved Units & Measuremen'> ro fall under gravity throws! pall attains a constant value known as , pall. (i) 1 (iit) 7 and Liv) acceleration “Aamall steel ball of radius ris allowed In of vie time the velocity of the ni mass of the of coefficient of viscosity 1. After some "ig depends on (i) the ‘p The terminal velocity d due velocity v me gravity g. Prove that *r =", SOLUTION : (A) Given v= terminal velocity = = [i], ¢= Acceleration due to gravity = [LT "] cosity = [ML 7 (Leryn = Radius =[L]. 11 = Coefficient of vi mg ig the dimension of each quantity in the formula, Vr °= nr Wl=[er ‘| fme)_ IMMLT?D Gy Pace LHS.=RIS. je. the above formulas correct. CEE 4 dimensionatty consistent relation for the volume V of a liquid of coefficient of viscosiny flowing per second through a tube of radius r and length | and having a pressure difference p across its end. is 4 pr 1 ww = ® Oo aD yoo a Spr et Birt SOLUTION : (A) Volume Given V = Rate of flow = =IET"] p= 7 te of fl see ETP = Pressure = ML"'T) r= Radius = [2] 1) = Coefficient of viscosity = [ML"'T!] = Length = [L] 4 Checking the dimension of each quantity inthe formula V= = . Sn Wj-[er"} mPrt | (Mer), ae =eTy ant | we're LHS. = RHS. ie, the above formula is dimensionally C ally Correct, ET rie tir ces1 mass my tat can be moved by af river water and acceleration due 1 gravity (g). The correct relation i river depends ‘pends on velocity (v), dev itv (P)& nue pv? 4 (Ay mens (wy ma (ne : : (Dy me PY SOLUTION : (D) Given, m= mass = [M], v= velocity = [LT '] ,6 = dens: acceleration due to gravity = [LT] By checking the dimensions of each quantity in the formula. mo £ Im} =I pve] Mes! pe 8 wry LHS. = R.HLS. ie. the above formula is correct. Ep etocity », acceleration A and force F are chosen as fundamental quantities, then the dimensional formula of angular momentum in terms of x, A and F would be : (A) Fate (B) PVA? RCV eile (Dp) PAT SOLUTION : (B) ity = [LT~'] .A =Acceleration = [LT™], F = force = [MLT By substituting the dimension of each quantity we can check the accuracy of the formula ] Hy = (MET? (LT PLT {Angular momentum) = [ F¥ (MI IMUT"'] = {Angular momentum] = [Fv"A~] 5. As a research tool to derive new relations : If one knows the dependency of a physical quantity on other quantities and if the dependency is of the product type, then using the method of dimensional analysis, relation between the quantities can be derived. Example: (i) Time Period of a Simple Pendulum : Let time period of a simple pendulum be a function of ma of the bob (m), effective length (/), acceleration due to gravity (g) then assuming the function to be product of power function of m, / and ¢ ie, T=Km*'Pg%; where K limensionless constant Iv the above relation is dimensionally correct then [M|* [L}' [LT] = [MSL 7] should be equal to [T] We Equating the exponents of similar quantities, x = 0, y = 1/2 and tak) [ae The value of K is found to be (2) through exp So the required physical relation beco ae (il) Stoke's la ue is found experimentally to depend on the radius r, the velO\ So F=f(nr,0) d, the viscous force F. opposing the -d through a fluid the mg, ee ee eae of the sphere v and the viscosity m of yo fly », F=Kn'r'v"; where K is dimensionle Let the function be product of power functions of n, rand v, F=Kn'r eS cons, “le PLP LTE If the above relation is dimensionally correct [MLT ML'T'PILPL. I 1 and - Lee) cxty+ 2 Equating the exponents of similar quantities x= 1; -2x + Solving these for x, y and z, we get So equation (i) becomes F = Knrv ‘On experimental grounds, K'= 67; 80 F This is the famous Stoke’s law. CE ithe vetocity of gir co, gravitational constant (G) and Planck's constant (h) are chosen fundamental units, then the dimensions of mass in new system is (A) 3g! (B) PGE GC) RGAE CD) ectAglaAW2 SOLUTION : (C) Let m= c'G?h? or m=Ke*Gh? ‘Substituting the dimension of each quantity in both sides (MUTE NIE PMT 2[Mo ease ge Equating the power of M, L and Tin both sides : ~y +2 = +X43y422=0, Solving above three equations x =1/2, y =~1/2 and 2=1/2 mee! 2g 2p Ifthe time period (T) of vibration of a liquid drop de Pends on surfac, drop and density (p) of the liquid, then the expression of Tis " Surface tension (8), radius (of ay T=Kyprss (By T=Kypir'/s (Cc) SOLUTION: (a) Tekan (D) None of these Lee Sp" OF P= KSheIp¢ Swbstiuting the dimension of exch quantity in both side IMSUT IMT pM SS IMe tpt Fauating the power of M, 1. and T in both sides x42=0,y Solving above three equations x = 1) Y=32,2 Sore ie peta Hermes TKS Mg fw" Vs If P represents radiation pressure, © i ) represents radiation energy striking a unit area per second, then non-zero integers x.» anil P'Q°C! is dimensiontess, are z=-l (B) oS c Kechy=hz=1(D) x=by=he Ly SOLUTION : (B) [P'Q?C’] = MOLT By substituting the dimension of each quantity in the given expression IMLT SMT PLT Ee = [Meer Le by equating the power of M, L and Tin both sides: x+y =0, —x+2=0 and -2x—3y— L2=l. by solving we get x =1, CES Tie votume V of water passing through a point of a uniform tube during 1 seconds is related to the cross-sectional area A of the tube and velocity u of water by the relation V « A“ u®t", which one of the following will be true ? (B) asB=y = (C)sa=Bey = (D)—s ae By SOLUTION : (8) Writing dimensions of both sides [7]=(L7)*(1LT'P(T}" => (127°]=12%°8 Tr? By comparing powers of both sides 2a.+B=3and y-B=0 wi 1 ch give B= and a=—3-B) ie a#B= EM velocity v, force (and energy (E) are taken as fundamental units then dimensional formula for mass will be : (A) VOFE (B)-V°FE? (vere, (D) v?PE SOLUTION : (D) Let M = V°FPES Putting dimensions of each quantities in both side [M]=[LT~!|"{MLT~ |? (ML2T" 2b- atb+2¢=0 and Equating powers of dimensions. We have b-+e Oande=1 Solving these equations, So M=IV 7F'E] EM Given tare amptide dof scattered tight is: Gi) Directs proportional ro the amplitude (Ay) of incident light. (ii) Direetly proportional to the volume (V) of the scattering particle (iii) Inversely pro yional to the 1 1 ' (Ay Awe (By Ae (C) Aw (D) Aw a at ah distance (r) from the scattered particle (iv) Depend upon the wavelength (A) of the scattered KAgvAY Let A=-———— r By substituting the dimension of each quantity in both sides (LLL (Ly [L]=[L***]; > 3+x=1 or x=-2 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis : Although dimensional analysis is very useful it cannot lead us too far as, 1. f dimensions are given, physical quantity may not be unigue as many physical quantities have same dimen For example if the dimensional formula of a physical quantity is [ML°T~*] it may be work OF energy or tone > Numerical constant having no dimensions [K] such as (1/2), | or 2p etc. cannot be deduced by the metha, dimensions. The method of dimensions can not be used to derive relations other than product of power functions For example, Ursa or y=asinot Cannot be derived by using this theory (try if you can). However, the dimensional correctness ofthese cn checked ‘The method of dimensions cannot be applied to derive formula if in mechanics a Physical quantity depends 0» ‘more than 3 Physical quantities as then there will be less number (= 3) of equations than the ushnowie ch However still we can check correctness of the given equation dimensionally. For example T = 2myi/mal os not be derived by theory of dimensions but its dimensional correctness can be, checked. Even if « physical quantity depends on 3 physical quantities, out of which two have same dime! cannot be derived by theory of dimensions, e.g, formula forthe fi r 2 ' frequeney of a tuning fork = (d/L?)v canno! be derived by theory of dimensions but can be checked. cette ae Sa eeeeeeee : IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - a ' Choose the correct alternative. Only One choice is correct snsions, the formult 1 Light year is a unit of (Ay Time (8) Mass (© Distance © Energy : The magnitude of any physical quantity : (4) Depends on the method of measurement 14) oes not depend on the method of measurement ©) Is more in SI system than in CGS system (D) Directly proportional to the fu ts OF mass, length an s. MS =a by #0P, whete Sis measured in metres and ¢in seconds. The anit of ¢ iy (Ay None “om © ms wy ee itt ttt 10. 1B. ‘Temperature can be expressed as a derived quantity in (A) Length and mass B (©) Length, mass and time (D) None of t Density of wood is 0.5 gm/ce in the CGS system of units. The corresponding value in MKS units is : (yy 500 wB 5 «05 bd) 5000 ‘The STunit of momentum is : a w # «=m oq ee (D) kg x Newton m see see ‘The CGS unit of potential energy is (A) gemisec) —(B)_—gtemlsec® = (C)_—gtem*lsec) — (D)—_gtemisec) If the unit of length and force are increased four times each, then the unit of energy is (A) Increased 4 times (B) Increased 8 times (C) Increased 16 times. (D) Decreased 16 times The unit of emf. (A) Joule (B)— Joule-Coulomb (C) —VoltCoulomb (D)__Joule/Coulomb Dimensional formula ML?7™ represents (A) Force (B) Power (©) Energy (D) Work The dimensions of calorie are A) MT Mr © Mer MET? ‘The frequency of vibration f of a mass m suspended from a spring of spring constant k is given by a relation of this type f= Cm"? ; where c is a dimensionless quantity. The value of x and y a) © The velocity of a freely falling body changes as g/t? where g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height. The values of p and g are + 1 14 1 Bs Sal D) . py 5 oO 11 wy ‘Two quantities A and B have different dimensions. Which mathematical operation given below is physically meaning ful (A) AB (B) ASB (©) A-B o 4 eoCQe>lhe=>yqj@Eee_ SIGNIFICANT FIGURES the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits in» Significant figures fi reater is the accur Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement, 81 ‘The reverse is also true. The following rules are observed in counting the number of significant figures in a given me, quantity (i) Allnon-zero digits are significant Example: 42.3 has three significant figures. 24.123 has five significant figures. (i) A zero becomes a significant figure if it appears between two non-zero digits. Example: 5.03 has three significant figures. 44 004 has four significant figures (ui) Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are never significant. Example: 0.543 has three significant figures, 0.045 has two significant figures. 0.006 has one significant figure. \) Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the number are significant Example: 433.00 has five significant figures. 343.000 has six significant figures. ») Ifthe number is without decimal part, then the trailling zeroes are not significant. Example: 12300 has three significant figures )_ Inexponental notation, the numerical portion gives the numberof significant figures Example: 1.32 10 has three significant figures. 1.096 x 10° has four significant figures, Rounding Off While rounding off measurements, we use the following rules by convention: IF the digit o be dropped isles than 5, then the preceding digit islet unchanged Example : x =7,82 is rounded off 107.8, again x =3.94 is rounded off to 3.9, | H the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit is raise y one. Pxample : = 6.87 is sounded off 0 69, again x = 12.78%s rounded off to 12.4 iii) Wthed to be dropped is 5 followed by digits oth than zero, then the * then the preceding digit is raised by one. 6.8. (is) Hf digit be dropped is 5 oF 5 followed by zexos, then preceding digits tet y 3.250 be Example: = 16.351 is rounded olf to 16.4, again. = 6.758 is rounded otf hanged, if iti Example s even. 's3.2 on rounding off, n= 12.650 becomes 12.60n round oe ling oft = 02112676 Answer =0.21 Order of Magnitude. Ins = where 1S M <10, and xis an integy Jemtfic notation the numbers are expressed as, Number = M10) eMail ss ee To determine “order of magnitude”, the value of the quantity has to be rounde He NaF oe IfM.<5, we keep the power of 10 the same If M 25 , we increase the power of 10 by I. For example, <5, we ket ower : * "mis g3<5 (1) Speed of light in vacuum = 3x10*ms~! = 10°m/s_ (ignoring 3 <5) 2) Mass of electron = 9.1107 kg = 107" kg (as 9.1 > 5). EE ech site of a cube is measured 10 be 7.203 m. Find the volume of the cube up to “propria, significant figures. SOLUTION Volume (7.023) 73.715m5 In significant figures volume of cube will be 373.7 m> because its side has four significant figures, EY oi number of signitcam figures in 0007 aw (ayo 7 (cy 3 (D) 4 SOLUTION (A Leading zeros ate not significant DES ti sensi, breadth and dictnan ek al ‘epi Which me ote measrmansomercanag EAE 155m 50 om and 0m SOLUTION Sigs cant figures in measurement of length are maximum, so this mea, The mass of a box is kg. otal mass of the box to the correct number of sig nificant figures ? 9 8 are added to it, Wi.st is the SOLUTION Total n 2.340,00215 + 0.01239 = 2.31kp * Total wiss in appropriate significant figures is 2.3 ky I tenet oyu vecnn ba rectangular sheet to the correct number. of Mgnificant figures is oe The ap 4 Of the fac. of (Ay 1.8045 em?) 1.804 em? 0). Mise SOLUTION : (D) Area = 1.521.203 = 1.8045 cm" = 1 kom (Upto correct number ot significant tigurey cube in appropriate significant figure sre (A) 175.1 em’, 157 em? (B) 175.1 (©) 175 em?, 157 em? (D) 175.08 cm SOLUTION : (B) Total surface area = 6% (5.402 175.1em? (Upto correct number of significant figure) Total volume = (5.402)' =175.64em* = 175.6cm) (Upto correct number of significant figure) EI ring ino acount she significant figures, what isthe value of 9.99 m + 0.0099 m 2 (A) 10.00 m (B) 10m (©) 9.9999 m (D) 100m SOLUTION : (A) 9.99: + 0.0099 m= 9.999m = 10,00m (In proper significant figures). ED re stue of te multiplication 3.124 x 4576 correct to three significant figures is (A) 14.295 (B) 143 (C) 14.295424 (D) 14.305 SOLUTION : (8) 3.124 4.576 = 14.295 =14.3 (Correct to three significant figures). EE rie numberof signicant figures in 11.118 « 10V is (A) 3 (BR) 4 ao 5 (0) 6 SOLUTION : (C) ‘The number of significant figure is 5 as 10° does not affect this number. cine If the value of resistance is 10.845 ohms and the value of current is 3.23 amperes, the potential difference is 35.02935 volts. Its value in significant number would be: (A) 35 (B) 35.0 (C) 35.03 V (D) 35.025 v SOLUTION : (B) Value of current (3.23 A) has minimum significant figure (3) so the value of potential difference V(= IR) have on! 3 significant figure. Hence its value is 35.0 V. ERROR ANALYSIS Inspite of our best efforts, the measured yay, ‘The measuring process is essentially a process of comparison. Inspi a ale a ca of mea quantity is always somewhat different from its actual value or tue value. This difference i called error of meauen, 1, Absolute Error : Absolute error in the measurement of a physical quantity is the magnitude of the gi ere. between the true value and the measured value. Leta physical quantity be measured n times. Let the measured values be @,, a. ay. A Hay ty The arithmetic mesy, these values is: dy, n Usually. a, is taken as the true value of the quantity, if the same is unknown otherwise. By definition, absolute errors in the measured values of the quantity are Aa, =a, im ay ‘The absolute errors may be positive in certain cases and negative in certain other cases 2. Mean Absolute Error: It is the arithmetic mean of the ma 'gnitudes of absolute errors in all the measuremens of the quantity, It is represented by Aa. Thus Fen BAAN ag ay | Big = SE At Nn ay | Hence the final result of measurement may be written as ‘This implies that any measurement of the quantity is likely to lie between (a. +i) and (a, a, 2. Relative Error or Fractional Error : The relative eror oF fractional et10F of measure; ratio ‘of mean absolute error to the mean value of the quantity measureq Thus a ‘mean absolute aa Relative error or feFractional error = Mean absolute error _ Aa ‘mean value an 4 Percentage Error : When the relative/tractional etror is expressed j nt in Percentage Aa Thus percentage error 4 19994 * ME call it percent. » error Propagation of Errors 1. Error in Sum of the Quantities Suppose x= a+b Let Ad = absolute error in measure Ax = absolute error in calculation of x ie. sum ofa and b: ‘The maximum absolute error ines Ax 44a aby (Aas aby nthe value of x sto Percentage esos NN A_CS ‘O00 oe Difference of the Quantities Suppose x = a — b solute error in measurement of «, absolute error in measurement of b ibsolute error in c: lculation of x i.e. difference of a and b. The maximum absolute error in vis Ax = +(Aa + Ab) (Aa + Ab) Percentage error in the value of X x 100% a-b 3. Error in Product of Quantities : Suppose x = a*b Let Aa = absolute error in measurement of a, Ab = absolute error in measurement of b Av = absolute error in calculation of x i.e. product of a and b. Ax (da Ab ‘The maximum fractional error in xis —~ = +] 4. x ab Percentage error in the value of x = (Percentage error in value of a) + (Percentage error in value of b) a 4, Error in division of quantities : Suppose * 5 Let Aa = absolute error in measurement of a, Ab = absolute error in measurement of b Ax = absolute error in calculation of x i.e. division of a and b. Ax { Aa Ab } ‘The maximum fractional error in.x is — = x Percentage error in the value of x = (Percentage error in value of a) + (Percentage error in value of b) 5. Error in Quantity Raised to Some Power : Suppose x = a"b" (n and m may be positive or negative) Let Aa = absolute error in measurement of a, Ab = absolute error in measurement of b Ax = absolute error in calculation of x : Ax The maximum fractional error in.xis — Percentage error in the value of x = 1 (Percentage error in value of a) + m (Percentage error in value Note: The quantity which have maximum power must be measured carefully because it’s contribution w err. ri] 6. Error in relations of the form : . 625 2.630, 3g> and 2.626 em. Calculate. (a) mean value of diameter (b) absolute error in each measurement. (©) mean absolute error (d) fractional error and (©) percentage error SOLUTION (2) Mean value of diameter ag = BEDE LEDS #2630 2628226 9 spoon? 626em (rounding off to three decimal places) (>) Taking a, as the true value, the absolute errors in diffeent observatins are, ‘Aaj = 2.626-2.620 = +0,006em, ay =2.626~2.625 = +0.001em -0.004em, Aay = 2.626~2.628 Aas = 2.626 -2.626 = 0.0000m Aay = 2.626~ 2.6% 0.0020m (©) Mean absolute error a [sc +a = 205+ B401+ 0.004 +0.002+ 0000 6035.04 (rounding off to three decimal places), DT 1h isn of no bios ove measured o be V,=(i02s00Ron ond ale 4:£0.01)om Calewalte sum and diffeence in volumes with error limits SOLUTION Vj =(1020.02)em} and V3 =(6.4+0.01)em? (AV, | + | AV2 |) = +(0.02+0.01)em> = + 0.03cm> Vj +¥2 =(10.2 +6.4)em? =16.6em* and 10.2-6.4)em? =3.80m* Hence, sum of volumes =(16.6+0.03)em> and difference of volumes ~ 3.840.03)em> ET estar percentage error in determination of time period ofa pendula ran where land g are measured with +1% and 42% errors. sowion 8T sop a{

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