Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela

Tongco St., Maysan, Valenzuela, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Electrical Engineering (AC 1)

PRACTICE EXERCISE # 2
NAME: Raniel G. Francisco
COURSE & SECTION: BSCE 2-1

Instructions: Answer the following questions provided. Submit either typewritten or handwritten
output (Solutions shall be handwritten always).

1. Explain and illustrate the two different theories of the phenomenon of the electricity.
• Classical Theory
In classical theory, the electric current is simply the flow of the electron. An
atom consists of electron which is located outside of the nucleus (proton and
neutron) and can be found to the orbital shells. Electrons are the sub-atomic
particles that will manifest the idea that the energy flows. Electrons can’t be freed
if it is near the nucleus. Electrons that were found on the outer orbital shells (valence
electron) have a weaker force which means that they can easily be attracted by
outside force and will definitely moves to another higher orbital shells. This
movement of electrons will justify the concept of the electric current flow.

• Modern Theory
In modern theory, this
includes the attractive and repulsive
force. Not all sub-atomic particles are
charged and be either attract or repel,
only the charged particles were
experience the two forces above
stated. The electromagnetic force
between two charged particles is
greater than the gravitational force
between the two, so flow of
electricity is the flow of charged
subatomic particles caused by these
repelling and attracting forces.

AC 1 – FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1
 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
Tongco St., Maysan, Valenzuela, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Electrical Engineering (AC 1)

2. What are the factors affecting the resistance of a material? Indicate their relationships.
There are four factors affecting the resistance of the material:
• Length (directly proportional to its length, 𝒍𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑹 ∝ 𝒍)
The resistance of a longer wire is greater than that of a shorter wire. Since
current must travel a longer distance through a longer cable, there are more chances
for it to collide with matter particles.
• Cross-sectional area (inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, 𝒂𝑖.𝑒. 𝑹 ∝
𝟏/𝑨)
A long wire of the same material has less resistance than a narrow wire. The
flow of electricity through a wire is similar to the flow of water through a hose. A
big hose can carry more water than a narrow hose. In the same way, a big wire will
carry more current than a narrow wire.
• Nature of material (a resistivity constant, depending upon the nature of material,
𝝆𝑖.𝑒. 𝝆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕. Thus, 𝑹 ∝ 𝒍/𝑨 or 𝑹=𝝆 [𝒍/𝑨])
All materials do have resistance to electric current flow. However, some
materials resist it more or less than others. Plastics, for example, have a high
resistance to electric current. Electric insulators are what they're called. Metals, for
example, have a low resistance to electrical current. Electric conductors are what
they're called.
• Temperature ([metallic] directly proportional to rise in temperature, 𝒕,
[nonmetallic] RESIS, 𝒕)
The resistance of a colder wire is lower than that of a warmer wire. The
kinetic energy of cooler particles is lower, so they travel more slowly. As a result,
they are less likely to interfere with current-carrying electrons. When
superconductors are cooled to extremely low temperatures, they have virtually no
resistance.

3. How to read the resistor color code? Show their corresponding values in a tabular form.
Since resistors are thin, printing numbers or the resistance value onto their small
surface area is difficult. As a result, resistor color codes are used instead of explicitly
printing numbers onto the resistor. Resistors may have three, four, five, or six bands. The
resistance, tolerance, and temperature coefficient are all represented by colored bands. To
read the resistors, the table below will give the corresponding values of each color band.
The first three color bands are the significant values, the fourth band is the multiplier, the
fifth band is the tolerance value/level, and lastly, the sixth band is the temperature
coefficient. For example, a 4-band resistor having colors; red, red, brown, orange; will have
a resistance value of 22 x 103 ohms, ± 1 % (F).

AC 1 – FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
2
 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
Tongco St., Maysan, Valenzuela, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basic Electrical Engineering (AC 1)

4. State what is ohm’s law. Identify its relationship with power and energy.
According to Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor between two
points is proportional to the voltage around the conductor. In an electrical circuit, it's a
formula for calculating the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Joule's
law, which states that the heat generated in resistance is proportional to the square of the
current flowing through it over a given time, is directly related to Ohm's law, and power is
the rate at which we transform electric energy into some other kind of energy, typically
heat but also motion, as in a motor.

AC 1 – FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
3